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第十章,汉英翻译中的衔接与连贯,在Halliday和Hasan看来,衔接是一种非结构性语篇意义关系,它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语义联系。他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型: 照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接。,Reference- personal reference,我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间（我）也将赤裸裸的回去罢？但（我）不能平的，(我)为什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？ I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for nothing!(张培基，2002：74),Demonstrative Reference,这(些),那(些)-to refer to person or objects 这儿,那儿,这里,那里-to refer to the location in space 这会儿,那会儿-to refer to the location in time 这么,那么,这样,那样-to refer to quality, state and degree,He has his own positive opinion on all matters; not an unwise one, usually, for his own ends; and will ask no advice of yours. 它对于所有的事情都有明确的主见。就达到目的而言，其见解往往并非愚鲁之见。 Here we know that repetition is the phenomena that English tries to avoid but strongly favored by Chinese.,Substitution,1)Efforts on the part of the developing nations are certainly required. So is a re-ordering of priorities to give agriculture the first call on national resources. (Takashi Oka: The Hungry World) 发展中国家作出努力当然是必须的。调整重点让农业优先占有自然资源也当然是必须的。,2)Darcy took up a book; Miss Bingley did the same. (J.Austin: Pride and Prejudice) 达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿起一本书来。(蔡基刚,2003:10),Ellipsis,He has no work to do-tyrannical insects to obey. The earthworm has his digging; the bee her gathering and building; the spider her cunning network; the ant her treasury and accounts. 它无所事事，因为它不受任何残暴的虫子的摆布。蚯蚓要挖土打动，蜜蜂要采蜜筑窝，蜘蛛要巧织迷网，蚂蚁要聚财盘宝。,2)Reading make a full man; Conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. (F.Bacon:Of Studies) 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。(王佐良译),4)夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的力气了；巩固这个胜利，则是要很长的时间和要花费很大的力气的事情。 To win this victory will not require much time and efforts, but to consolidate it will.,Conjunction,他小的时候，他妈叫他去买红塘，他买了白糖回来。 One day, when he was a child, his mother sent him out to buy her some brown sugar, but he returned with some white sugar instead.(张培基,2002:18)(Adversative),14)人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的是他或她的优点。 Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. 15)男孩哭得心都快碎了，当问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。 The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he dad had no food for two days.,词汇衔接,重复 泛指词 同义词 反义词 上下义关系 搭配,同义词,例一: （中华民族洗雪了百年耻辱, 振奋了民族精神,）感到无比的骄傲和自豪。 相对于英语而言, 在一般语篇中汉语的同义词并列现象比较多, 它们译成英语后往往只用一个词便可以表达意义 译文: we are very proud of it.,同样, 单个英语单词也可以译成并列的同义词来加强生动性。 例二: We must have this ambition. 译文: 我们就是要有这个雄心壮志,You will need to take some tools with you; you can get a hammer, a saw and a screwdriver from big department stores.,你得随身带上锤子、锯子和改锥, 这些工具从百货商店就能买到。,上下义关系,虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大的进步,但还未完全实现平等就业机会。 译文: It is t rue that Chinese women have made enormous strides toward equality. But the goals of equal opportunity of employment for women have not been fully realized.,搭配,“实现平等就业机会”中文很通顺,但英文中没有这种搭配, 英语一般说“realize/ accomplish the goal/ aim”。因此注意搭配衔接手段的 使用, 译成: “实现平等就业机会的目标”, 符合英语的表达。,With all the above cohesive devices combined, we have our own way on how to combine two sentences or several segments together in C-E translation. Although it cannot apply on all occasions, we do find it very helpful in guiding translation practices.,Same subject,我想，富人们大概过不惯冷清的郊野的冬天，都集向热闹的城市里去了。 I guess the wealthy residents, (who are) unaccustomed to the cold and lonesome winter there, must have swarmed into the bustling city.(中国翻译),Same predicate：,于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备，转首肯为摇头。(Repetition of verbs) Consequently, your over joy would give way to anger; your praises would to criticism or even fault-picking; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. (ellipsis)(中国翻译),我们坚信社会主义是有伟大的前途，我们坚信我国亿万人民有伟大的前途。 (Repetition of verbs and same objects) We believe that socialism has a bright future and so do our hundreds of millions of people. (Substitution),Same object：,Darcy took up a book; Miss Bingley did the same. (J.Austin: Pride and Prejudice) 达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿起一本书来。(蔡基刚,2003:10),Same attributive：,这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这各种必要性正义性。(or:这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这是完全必要的和完全正义的)。 This is absolutely necessary and just, and the entire people know that it is so.,Same adverbials,一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。 One spring evening, myriads of flowers were in full bloom in the garden where my parents held a party in honor of many guests. Their arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats.,Using certain logical relation,冬天，（因为）在四周围都是山地的这里，（所以）看见太阳的日子真实太少了。（但是）今天，难得雾是这么稀薄，空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光，把地上的一切，好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。 In winter, sunny days were scarce here, as it was surrounded by hills all around. Today, however, the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden sunlight that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.(中国翻译),（星星）也不过只是星星点点闪烁的光明，而（我）相看惯了（星星），（我）偶然不见（星星），（我）也有些想望与无聊。（冰心:雨雪时候的星辰） Though they were a mere sprinkle of twinkling dots, yet I had become accustomed to them that their occasional absence would bring me loneliness and ennui.(张培基译),
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