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,Module 4,Sandstorms in Asia,Module 4 Grammar Infinitive 1.不定式的用法 2.不定式的时态与语态,1. To master a foreign language is necessary for a college student. 2. It is good manners to help people in trouble.,1. 作主语,Your job is to wash dishes. All I did was (to) give him some advice.,2. 作表语,当作表语的不定式解释主语中do的意义时，to可以省略。,She promised to give him a chance.,3. 作宾语,agree, demand, ask, decide, expect, hope, want, offer, plan, pretend, promise, afford, prepare, refuse, manage, fail, dare, fear, swear等动词后面均可直接跟不定式作宾语。,少数介词后面可跟不定式作宾语 1.It has no choice but to lie down and sleep. 2.They didnt open their mouths except to complain.,当句子中的主动词为do时, but, except后的动词不定式省去to; cant but, cant choose but, cant help but, do nothing but, rather than, had better之后省略to.,He does nothing but play all day. At the news she didnt say anything but to cry. He cant choose but do it. Theres nothing to do except/but wait till it stops raining.,4. 作宾语补足语,The teacher told his students to pay more attention to their pronunciation. I would like the problem to be discussed at the next meeting.,A. ask, tell, order, command, beg, get, request, require, invite, force, permit, cause, forbid, allow, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, warn, would like等动词可以接带to的不定式作宾补。,B. think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand等动词后常接to be + adj. 作宾补。,We all know him to be a good player.,The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (04sh) A. causingB. being C. to be causedD. to have caused,C,C. 不定式作补语，可根据需要在前加 how, where, when, what等疑问词。,Could you tell me how to repair the machine? No one told me where to find him. Please show us what to do with these sentence patterns.,D. see, hear, watch, feel, notice, let, make, have等后跟不定式作宾补时, 不加to, help后可加可不加.,I never let my child stay in the house all day. Have him come in, please. I heard her say that shed like to go to the concert.,5. 作主语补足语,I was asked to help him with his lessons.,主语补足语就是主动语态中的宾语补足语,She was seen to go out a minute ago. He was made to give up drinking. He was heard practising singing a song this time yesterday.,6.作后置定语,She was the first girl to work out the problem. (主谓关系) He has an important meeting to attend. (动宾关系) He keeps his promise to write to us regularly. (同位关系),不定式作宾语，动词如果不是及物动词，后面应加必要的介词,The ice is too thin for us to walk on. I hired a room to live in when in the US.,7. 作目的状语， to可用in order to或so as to代替（so as to 不能置于句首）。,She got off the train in Beijing to see a friend. Some scientists went to Germany to attend a medical conference. They started very early in order not to miss the train.,8. 作结果状语,不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果, 且不定式前常有only, never, 强调惊讶或失望。 V-ing作结果状语强调一种必然的因果关系。,He hurried to his house, only to find it had been broken into. I stood there, never to be feeling so stupid. Her parents died, leaving her an orphan. There was a tornado yesterday, causing 100 deaths.,不定式的复合结构,1. 疑问词+不定式 的复合结构,When to start has not been decided yet. The problem is how to persuade him to change his mind.,主语,表语,We must learn what to do in face of difficulties. I wonder if you could tell me how to get to the station.,宾语,宾语补足语,2. 带有逻辑主语的结构,Its kind of you to lend me such a beautiful necklace. Its important for us to master a foreign language. The first thing for us to do is to clean the room.,主语,主语,定语,此结构中的形容词说明句中行为动词的特征,此结构中的形容词说明逻辑主语的特征，可作逻辑主语的表语,It is + adj. + of sb. to do It is + adj. + for sb. to do,It is foolish of you to say such words. You are foolish to say such word. It is necessary for us to learn our lessons well. We are necessary to learn our lessons well.,不定式的时态和语态,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,to be doing,to have been doing,1)不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。,1. He seems to know this. 2. They invited us to go there this summer. 3. I expect to hear from you soon.,2) 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。,1. She seemed to have heard about this matter. 2. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.,3)不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。,1. The boy pretended to be listening when the teacher looked at him. 2. He seems to be eating something.,4)不定式的完成进行式 如果不定式表示的动作在谓语动作之前一直进行，就需要用完成进行式。,1. They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.,2. We are happy to have been helping each other these days.,3. Id like to have been told the news earlier.,5)不定式的被动式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。,The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. I had to shout to be heard.,6) 动词不定式的否定 由not或never加不定式构成。 Try not to be late again next time. He wished us never to meet her again.,不定式近年高考题,The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier _ it more difficult. (1999) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. (2000) A. expected B. to expectC. to be expecting D. expects,3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. (98),to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,4. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. (2003),much too heavy B. too much heavy C.heavy too much D. too heavy much,5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (1995),A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,6. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (1997),A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking,7.There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. (1999上海),to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing,8. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (2001),A. To sleep B. SleepingC. Sleep D. Having sleep,9. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (2002),A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled,10. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ in making the earth a better place to live. (2003),A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing,11. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are trying _their products more competitive. ( 2002),to make B. making C. to have made D. having made,12. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. (2003),A. dont make B. not make,C. not making D. not to make,1. The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed! (2007全国I) A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving,高考链接,2. There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. (2007上海) A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade,高考链接,3. My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. (2007江苏) A. feeling well B. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good,高考链接,4. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there for a space flight. (2007江西) A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained,高考链接,5. the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. (2007上海春) A. To ensure B. Ensuring C. Having ensured D. To have ensured,高考链接,6. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _.(2007 浙江) A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard,高考链接,7. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. (2007 辽宁) A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break,高考链接,Exercises,1.The will to live helps a patient _. A. to recover B. to die C. recovering D. dying 2.Life is _ short to waste. A. to B. too C. two D. twice 3.Its not good _ a man to be alone. A. to B. of C. for D. with 4.It _ the whole life to learn how to live. A. take B. took C. taken D. takes,A,B,C,D,5.What a joy _ is to swim in this big river! A. its B. its C. it D. itself 6.They havent decided _ to go. A. where B. what C. whatever D. weather 7.Mother allows him _ the TV play after he has finished his homework. A. seeing B. to watch C. watch D. watching,C,A,B,8.Would you be _ to open a window? A. enough kind B. kindly enough C. enough D. kind enough 9.He tried _ but she refused _. A. to explain; to listen B. to explain; listening C. explaining; to listen D. explaining; listening 10. John is easy_. A. to get along B. to be got along C. to get on with D. to be got on with,D,A,C,11.They dont allow these books _ out of the reading room. A. to take B. to be taken C. to bringD. to be brought 12.Theres no choice but _ till it stops raining. A. wait B. waiting C. waited D. to wait 13.The pickpocket was observed _ the mans wallet. A. take B. taken C. took D. to take,B,D,D,14.He is said _ abroad. A. to have been sentB. to have sent C. have been sentD. have sent 15.When the teacher passed him, he pretended _ the novel. A. not to be reading B. not to be seeing C. to be not reading D. to be not seeing 16.Andrew was the second person _. A. to interview B. interviewing B. interview D. to be interviewed,A,A,D,17.It was _ of you to give up what you rightly owned. A. foolishly B. foolish C. impolite D. cleverly 18.I prefer _ rather than _ a long chat with him. A. to do some reading, have B. read, to have C. do some reading, to have D. to read, have 19.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to_. A. sit B. be sat C. be sat on D. sit on,B,A,D,20. Mrs. Green warns her daughter _ after drinking. A. to never drive B. never drive C. never to drive D. never driving 21.The houses _ are for the teachers and construction work will soon start. A. built B. to be built C. to buildD. being built,C,B,22.The missing girl was last seen _ in that shop. A. doing some shopping B. to be doing some writing C. do some shopping D. to do some talking 23.He would love _ to your birthday party but he had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. going B. having gone C. to go D. to have gone,A,D,24.The problem _ next month has something to do with our daily life. A. discussedB. to be discussing C. being discussedD. to be discussed 25.Have you any letters _, sir? No, thanks. A. to type B. to be typing C. to be typed D. typed,D,C,26.Every minute is made full _ of _ our lessons well. A. to use, study B. use, studying C. use, to study D. used, studying 27.Dont take the medicine. It cant help _ rid of your cough. A. getting B. to get C. to getting D. gets 28.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride, ride B. riding, ride C. ride, to ride D. to ride, riding,C,B,C,29. “He is too anxious to leave.” Of the following which translation is right? A.他非常急切地想走 B.他非常急而不能走 C.他不急着走 D.他不急却要走 30.Mary happened _ when they speak ill of her. A. to be past B. to be passing C. passing by D. to pass beside,A,B,
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