科普英语作文指导.ppt

科普作文指导,科普英语复赛的作文题（以往）,初中高年级组： 2007年：Internet and Information 2008年：Modern Transportation and Our Environment 2009年：Should Birds Be Protected 2010年：Why Shall We Live a Low Carbon Life? 初中低年级组： 2007年： Internet and Information 2008年：Protect the Enviroment 2009年： Use Mobile Phones Wisely,作文话题：与生活紧密相关的科普类（互联网、城市交通、手机、自然环境、动物鸟类） 作文形式： 以2007年作文题为例: Internet and Information 1、有人认为互联网提供了许多有价值的信息； 2、有人认为信息过剩带来许多问题； 3、我的观点和理由。,如何在短期内迅速提高写作能力,英语写作是一种综合语言能力，它不仅考写作者所掌握的语言知识、使用外语的熟练程度，同时还考个人的思维能力和知识面。想提高英语写作，还是有章可循的： 1、增加阅读量 报刊、杂志、英语读物 1）提高阅读能力；2）扩大词汇量，提高语言运用能力，避免词穷的窘境；3）熟悉热门话题，开拓思路；4）培养语感及英语思维习惯。,精读相关范文 1）要理解；2）把有用的表达式、观点、框架等为我所用。 掌握常用的框架结构 布局谋篇，注意避免个人化的凌乱写作框架 熟记常用套句与过渡连接词 过渡词的熟练运用，可以润色文章，使全文流畅。 打好坚实的语法基础 勤动笔写 质量源于数量，写作是运用语言的重要实践活动，一定要真正在水中多练。,英语作文范文,Fire Prevention on Campus 1.前段时间校园火灾频发，造成生命和财产损失 2.分析火灾发生的原因 3.作为学生，如何预防校园火灾发生 审题概述,这是一分析火灾原因和如何预防火灾为中心的文章，撰写时重点即在于此。开篇综述校园火灾频发情形及造成的生命和财产损失，然后说明火灾原因，最后提出可能的火灾预防措施。第一段，主要概述；第二段，说明原因；第三段，详细论述措施。,【范文】Fire Prevention on Campus,People are alarmed by the succession of campus fires in recent years. In each of these accidents, heavy casualties were reported houses were burned down, students lost their lives, and properties were damaged. Faced with such a chilling fact, people keep asking, “What on earth results in these repeated tragedies?” A brief survey of them reveals that human factors still prove to be the leading causes. For example, three of these fires were caused by the students use of electric water-heaters. As students often leave the heaters unattended, the risks are rather high should the water in the bottle boil dry while no one is around to turn off the power. In other cases, fires were also caused by stoves, candles, cigarette butts, etc. Since most of these disasters could have been prevented if proper precautions had been taken, students should be better educated on the importance and measures of fire control. The following three reminders are of particular importance for us students: First, learn how to use a fire extinguisher. Second, double-check candles, heaters, stoves and other electric appliances, and make sure there are no open flames before leaving rooms. Lastly, do not smoke in the dorm. (198 words),第一段思路点评：概述并引入下文语言点提示：（1）此句What on earth results in these repeated tragedies? 常可作为过渡句，引出下文（2）注意描述有关火灾客观事实，多使用被动语态，如are alarmed by，were reported，were burned down，were damaged，Faced with。 第二段思路点评：论述火灾的主要原因是使用电热水器，还有造成火灾的次要原因是实用电炉、蜡烛和乱扔烟蒂语言点提示：electric water-heaters电热水器 第三段思路点评：详述预防火灾的三点措施，注意使用连接词语first, second, lastly。语言点提示：take precautions采取预防措施fire extinguisher灭火器,How Will Our Life Go on without Internet?1. 网络提供给了人们丰富多彩和便捷的生活2. 很多人开始感觉离开网络寸步难行3. 你对网络依赖症的看法 审题概述,本文是一篇论述你对网络与人们生活关系的文章。第一段，侧重简述网络给人们生活的多彩、便利。第二段，详述网络与人们生活的紧密度。第三段，论述对网络依赖的观点。,【范文一】How Will Our Life Go on without Internet?,If asked whether the Internet is the greatest discovery of the 20th century, my answer would be yes. The Internet has drawn the world closer together, realized countless incredible dreams, and provided modern people with a great many conveniences and a brilliant life. Today, many people simply feel they cannot live without the Internet. Governments publish their latest policies and decisions online for worldwide recognition. Political campaigns are often done online to gain wider public support. Companies and enterprises resort to the Internet for more business opportunities and potential customers home and abroad. Universities and researchers turn to the Internet if theyd seek international cooperation or funding. Common folks like us also rely on the cyber world in various ways, for communication, entertainment, banking and shopping. True, the power of the Internet is all pervasive and its many negative effects are already visible. For example, Internet addicts tend to withdraw to their own fantasy world rather than communicate with a real person. Children are exposed to online pornography and violence. Internet frauds are an everyday occurrence. In view of all this, you are advised to use the Internet with wisdom. Keep it at a safe distance and never lose yourself. (200 words),第一段思路点评：综述网络给人们生活带来的多彩和便捷。两个长句足矣。第一句用if引导的条件句引出“网络”话题，第二句概述网络带给多彩和便捷的生活。语言点提示：has drawn, realized, and provided此为谓语连动式的运用。 第二段思路点评：详述网络与人们生活的紧密关系，先总述，后分述。语言点提示：resort to借助、诉诸、求助于 第三段思路点评：先陈述人们对网络的依赖，再谈对此的看法。语言点提示：（1）negative effects副作用、反面作用（2）addicts成瘾者、依恋者（3）fantasy world虚拟世界、虚幻世界（4）pornography色情表演、色情作品（5）fraud欺骗、诈骗,【范文二】,As a primary source of information as well as an efficient means of communication, the Internet offers people a colorful and convenient life. Just by clicking the mouse, we can enjoy a brilliant and easy life that could not be achieved ever before: shopping, making friends, contacting relatives, looking for jobs, downloading music and movies, conducting business deals, and freely airing our opinions. For its convenience, the Internet has attracted people like magnets and some people even claim that it is indispensable. To them, life cant go on without it. Every day millions of people spend hours on end surfing the Internet. They are obsessed with it so much so that they forget many other important matters. As for me, I dont approve of unrestrained Internet reliance. Although the Internet is a gift of the technological revolution and a blessing of this information age, we should never let it control our life. The Internet absolutely doesnt mean the whole world to us. Instead, we should guard against its negative effects. To those Internet addicts, I would add: “Self-control can make or break your life. With proper use, the Internet serves you; otherwise, it kills you.”,Is it Necessary to Attend Training Classes?1. 现在社会上有各种各样的培训班2. 有些人认为有必要参加课外培训班，有些人则认为没有必要3. 你的观点 审题概述,这是一篇主要论述人们和你对社会上各类培训班看法的文章。第一段，概述各种各样培训班的状况。第二段，论述人们对参加课外培训班的不同看法。第三段，重点阐述你对此的看法。,【范文】Is it Necessary to Attend Training Classes?,All across the country a great diversity of custom-made classes are mushrooming, in which special training is provided concerning computer skills, arts, sports, and other extracurricular specialties like maths and writing. Among them language crash courses for various tests, such as CET, BEC, TOFEL, IELTS, GRE and so forth, are especially noticeable for its wide range and high attendance rate. Some consider it advisable to attend such classes while others believe it unnecessary. The former argues that its far more effective to command these special skills with the help of an experienced trainer than to work at them on their own. They are convinced that these training classes can make up for what is not taught in school, hence, more competitive edge over their peers. The latter group of people, nonetheless, criticize it as a sheer waste of resources. They warn that the quality of most training courses is questionable, as they are marketed to get money out of our pocket rather than get knowledge into our head. As far as I am concerned, a little bit of such special training does us no harm, but too much of it can only prove to be counter-productive. Anyhow, the deprived free time can be better invested in recreation at weekends, talking to an old friend, or simply enjoying a long-overdue vacation.,第一段思路点评：第一句综述社会上提供知识、技能服务的各类培训班雨后春笋般兴起，第二句例举语言速成课程特别火爆。语言点提示：（1）a great diversity of各种各样的（2）mushrooming迅速扩散、增加（3）language crash courses语言速成课程 第二段思路点评：先用一句对比式地摆出两种不同的观点，再分别详述他们的看法。语言点提示：注意连接词语while，The former，They，The latter group of people等的使用，强化了上下文之间的连贯性。 第三段思路点评：辩证地论述你对参加各类培训班的看法。语言点提示：（1）as far as I am concerned我认为，就我而言（2）counter-productive适得其反的、事与愿违的,The Rise of Shanzhai Culture1. 最近兴起了一股“山寨热”2. 你如何看待山寨现象 审题概述,本文是一篇论述山寨现象以及人们和你对此看法的文章。第一段，概述方兴未艾的山寨热。第二段，阐述山寨产品的优势以及给人们带来的好处。第三段，论述人们和你对山寨现象的反对立场和观点，即山寨产品的非法性。,【范文】The Rise of Shanzhai Culture,The vast array of knockoff name-brand products, such as cell phones, DVDs, MP3 players, have made “shanzhai” the hottest word of the year. Now we wear shanzhai watches, talk through shanzhai cell phones, play shanzhai video games, use shanzhai computers, even watch shanzhai TV shows. Once a term used before some electronic products to suggest a copycat version of inferior quality, shanzhai now suggests to many Chinese creativity and trendiness. With the media all over the rise of shanzhai culture, public opinions are clearly divided. Advocates invariably associate it with innovation, stylishness, the DIY spirit, open-mindedness and practicality, as shanzhai products often mix imitation with innovation a similar skin but a different heart. The end products are usually more functional and much cheaper than the original. Besides, they respond to the market more swiftly and they are more considerate in design. Thanks to them, more people at the grassroots level can enjoy the benefit of modern technology. However, other people, including myself, hold more reserved attitudes towards the shanzhai fever. For all the popularity it has won, a copycat is a copycat. The mockery of the prestige products not only steals their profits but also upsets market competition. Moreover, shanzhai products thrive on the current legal loopholes. Under the disguise of anti-dominance slogans, they make illegal profits by violating intellectual property rights and evading taxes. And to top it off, the so-called innovation is only senseless talk as true innovation always faces huge costs and potential failures, while plagiarism simply builds success on other peoples risks. (256 words),写作技法和策略,1 对应法 多数写作都是提纲式写作，有时，我们可以采用对应法按照中文提纲分别写成三段。 如：提纲： 1） 有人认为淡水是取之不尽的。（雨水、河水、井水） 2） 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（人口增加、工业用水增加） 3） 我们应该怎么办？,Global Shortage of Fresh Water Generally, people think that fresh water is inexhaustible. Every year there is enough rain. And there is plenty of fresh water in the rivers and lakes. Whats more, we have a lot of underground water. Actually, fresh water is in a short supply. Due to the rapid population increase, fresh water consumption remains great. Besides, with the development of industry, more water is needed. Moreover, a lot of our rivers and lakes have been so polluted that water from them is undrinkable. We must take some measures to solve the problem of water shortage. First, population growth should be slowed down to reduce fresh water demand. Second, pollution should be controlled to purify fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What is most important, we should cherish every drip of water in our daily life. （135 words）,再如提纲： 1） 有人认为钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2） 有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of evil) 3） 我的看法。,Some think that money is the source of happiness. Once they have money, they will enjoy everything. They can use the money they have to buy, a beautiful house or even a wife. Some others think that money is the root of all evil. Due to the greed for money, people will do various kinds of evil things, such as stealing, robbing or even murder. Money can easily change a kind, honest man into a cruel, cunning woe. In my opinion, both of the above-mentioned viewpoints go to an extreme. Money itself is neither good nor evil. It all depends on how we look at it. We can not deny the importance of money in the modern society. Meanwhile, we should not ignore the fact that something can not be bought by money, such as friendship, true love and so on. （141 words ） 这两例都是采用了对应写作方式，将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段，三段之间相互衔接，构成一个完整的篇章。,2调整法 尽管是提纲式写作，提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模式，一般情况下，应根据英语文章的类型，重新安排文章。如上面有关钱的一个写作，按照英语的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。,What is money? To this question, different people hold differently. Some thing money is the source of happiness, while some regard it as the root of all evils. As far as I am concerned, they both have their reasons Those who consider money as the source of happiness argue that money means massive house, beautiful clothes, or luxurious cars, and can enable them and their families live comfortably. They even believe that money can bring power, friendship, and love. But due to the temptation of money, there are many people who become thieves, robbers, or murderers. It is also out of the greed for money that some officials forget their duty and cause enormous losses to the country, so some people think that money is the root of all evil and suggest that we keep away from money. In fact, money is merely a medium of exchange. It may bring you happiness; it may lead you to a life of crime. Whether it is good or bad depends on how it is used.,二、 首段和尾段的写作,前面介绍了段落的扩展模式，也就是说，我们已经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。一般首段和尾段都要自己补上，那么怎么才能写好首尾段呢，下面介绍一下，首尾段的写作方式。 1首段的写作 首段的写作方式一般为： 1）运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题 2）导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是文章的论点 。,首段开篇的方式常见的有： 1） 谚语法 由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。 As the saying goes, Money makes the mare go, but there are many things we cant buy with money, such as time and true love. 2） 定义法 定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。 Practice makes perfect is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end. 3） 提问法 通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。 a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer? b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.,4） 概括法 概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。 In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems. 5） 故事法 故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。如下面Is Stress a Bad Thing? 6） 引语法 Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and cant be retained. From Vincis words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.,7） 调查法 为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题，如下面Is Stress a Bad Thing?的1）和Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?的4）。 8） 假设法 假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。 Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? 9） 综合法 具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。,首段示例： 标题：Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet? 提纲： 1）随着科技的发展，网络越来越普及； 2）网络有其优点但也有缺点； 3）我的观点 根据上面的提示，首段可有下列几种方式： 1) Nowadays, using the Internet has become a fashion. Many parents begin to teach their children to use the Internet. However, there are diverse opinions on this. Some think it wise, but I dont agree with them. 2) Today, the Internet is becoming more and more common. It begins to play a more and more important role in our society and life. Its so useful that most adults are learning how to use it. What about children? Of course they can start using it. 3) Today, with the development of science and technology, the Internet is beginning to play a more and more important role in our life. More and more people are starting to use the Internet, including schoolchildren. However, I think schoolchildren are too young to start using the Internet. 4) According to a recent survey, Internet users are becoming younger and younger, and Internet bars have become a resort for schoolchildren who log in to chat or play games. Faced with this phenomenon, many people argue for measures to prevent schoolchildren from using the Internet, and I think they have their reasons.,2 结论段的写作 结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。 常见的方式有： 1） 重述或总结主题 重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。 Families offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life. 2） 提出建议 Since postcards do us more harm and good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards.,3） 概括总结 As we can see from the above, living in the suburb we can stay away from pollution, lead an easy leisure time, and neednt invest too much money, so I prefer living in the suburb to living in the city. 4） 引用名人名言 In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 5)综合法 与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。一般说来，总结加建议的比较多。,尾段示例1： 如“网络”的结论段可以如下所示： 1） As we all know, the next century will become one of the Internet. Internet will become more and more important in both our daily life and our work. So I suggest that schoolchildren should start using the Internet. 2） So I think schoolchildren not only can start using the Internet, but also should start using it They are sure to benefit a lot from the internet. 3） Internet can help our children know the world, get useful information and enrich their knowledge. So I think schoolchildren can start using the Internet. 4） In a word (In conclusion/ In summary/ To sum up / In short), the Internet is playing a more and more important role in our life and it is helpful for childrens growth both physically and mentally. It is better for them to start using the Internet as early as possible.,3转承语的使用 根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语 1) 比较对照 比较：like A, B Just as A, B A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B 对照： Unlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B . A , B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, 2)列举 First/ Second (Next) / Third (Then)/ Last (Finally), The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last (The final) Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Last(Finally) One/Another/Still another/The last The most essential/most important/primary/chief is 3) 因果 as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that,4 起承转合常用语 1）“起”的常用语 When asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with , some people claim/think/argue/believe that , but/while others (differently) Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to . With the development/improvement/growth of , Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that , According to a recent survey/investigation/poll, Have you ever thought/wondered ? Suppose As the saying goes, 2) 承的常用语 Those who hold . It is true that To be sure . First/Firstly The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential . 承接上文的方式与文章的段落结构有关，比较的与列举的不同，与举例的也不同。同学们应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。,3）转的常用语 It sounds like a good(attractive) idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, notice There is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but they ignore a more important (basic) fact Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the following evidence (facts, examples, statistics). They may be right about , but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesnt follow/doesnt mean that In many cases, however, As far as . is concerned, ,4) 合的常用语 Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude . It is important/necessary/essential that effective/proper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to ,三、作文的谋篇布局,谋篇布局(1) - 将提示的第一句作为文章的第一句 - 将提示的第三句作为第一段的最后一句 - 将提示的第二句展开成文章的中心段落 - 结论段归纳概括，提出建议。 例：标题：City Life and Suburban Life 提纲：1) 最近几年越来越多的人迁往近郊居住 2）城市生活和近郊生活各有特点 3） 比较起来，我喜欢的是,In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities. Although most people are reluctant to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs. It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason why people cant bear to part with city life. But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high. Whats more, there is more gas and noise pollution in the city, which is full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and taxies, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. In contr