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作文写作技巧一、高考真题分析：试卷类型年份命题形式体裁话题卷I2014文字+图表应用文+书信暑假期间去英国学习英语，为期六周。广告引起了你的注意。请给该校写一封信，询问有关情况。2015提纲式应用文+书信校英文报外国文化栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿。2016开放式应用文+书信暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职，已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教Mr Jenkins 写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。2017提纲式应用文+电子邮件假定你是李华，正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。卷II2014提纲式说明文英语报社向中学生征文，主题是十年后的我。2015提纲式应用文+邮件计划和同学去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人们过重阳节(the Double Ninth Festival)。请给外教Lucy写封邮件，邀她一同前往。2016提纲式应用文+书信校摄影俱乐部(photography club)将举办国际中学摄影展。请给你的英国朋友Peter写封信。请他提供作品。2017提纲式应用文+电子邮件想邀请外教Henry一起参观中国剪纸（paper-cutting）艺术展。卷III2016提纲式说明文与留学生朋友Bob约好一起去书店，因故不能赴约。请给他写封邮件。2017提纲式应用文+电子邮件你所在的校乒乓球队正在招收新队员。请给你的留学生朋友Eric写封邮件邀请他加入通过以上分析不难看出，在命题指向和规律上，全国卷书面表达有以下几个明显的特点： 1. 写作形式：仍为半控制性、半开放式写作，以提纲方式呈现材料，词数100左右；2. 写作体裁：命题仍然是多年来沿用的书信或电子邮件，交际性、应用性强；3. 写作话题：贴近现实和学生生活实际，学生比较熟悉，以第一人称写作为主，话题场景性和真实性突出，体现中外交流和正能量；4. 写作手法：介绍性说明占主体(说明时间、地点、原因、过程等)，辅以交际性应用(解决现实生活中的实际问题)。【试题特征】 1. 短文提示类 用汉语给出一段短文提示，要求根据提示写一篇短文，所考查的形式灵活多样，如人物介绍、地点介绍、申请、道歉、邀请等。2. 要点提示类 这是比较常见的一种方式，此类题目用汉语提纲列举几个要点，提出写作要求。写作时要首先根据要点确定文章的中心思想，然后围绕中心思想和要点展开合理和适当的联想。 3. 表格提示类 试题采用表格的形式给出要点，写作时首先要将表格中的要点扩展成一个个完整的句子，然后根据文章的中心话题和要求，把这些要点连句成段，连段成篇。 【写作步骤】 1. 细读提示，认真审题 其环节包括：审体裁：提纲作文的体裁一般有书信、电子邮件、报道、 通知、日记等； 定人称：第一人称、第二人称、第三人称；定时态：一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时。 2. 紧扣主题，组织要点 虽然提纲式作文的要点似乎已经定好了，但考生仍要把内容要点逐个完整地列出来。 3. 选词造句，初步成文 在体裁明确、信息全面、要点清晰的基础上，根据要点和重点词汇的句法功能、句子的语法规则，按照提示或说明中所提供的事实和情节发展的顺序遣词造句，然后将零散的句子组成主谓一致、时态呼应、脉络分明、合乎逻辑、内容完整的短文。2）真题再现Writing (2017新课标全国卷II)假定你是李华，想邀请邀请外教Henry一起参观中国剪纸（paper-cutting）艺术展。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：1.展览时间、地点；2.展览内容。注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Henry，Im Li Hua, one of your students in your cultural class. I know youre interested in one of Chinese traditional art formspapercutting. So I invite you to attend an exhibition of it. Itll be held from June 10 to July 10 this year and the opening time is from 9：00 am to 7：00 pm from Monday to Saturday and the place of the exhibition is at the City Gallery, which is located at 118, Jian Guo Road, Hai Dian District. Shall we go there together this Friday afternoon? I will meet you at 2：00 pm at the teaching building gate if you like. You know we Chinese have a lot of traditional art forms, of which papercutting is one of the most popular. In the exhibition, you will enjoy many special kinds of paper-cuttings. Maybe you can learn one or two skills of the cutting. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua Writing (2016新课标全国卷II)假定你是李华，你校摄影俱乐部（photography club）将举办国际中学摄影展。请给你的英国朋友Peter写封信，请他提供作品。信的内容包括： 1主题：环境保护； 2展览时间； 3投稿邮箱：intlphotoshow.注意： 1词数100左右； 2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Peter,Our school photography club is going to hold an International High School Student Photography Show. The theme of the show is environmental protection. It will start from June 15th and last for three weeks. Any student who is interested is welcome to participate. I know you take good pictures and youve always wanted to do something for environmental protection. I remember you showed me some photos on that theme the last time you visited our school. This is surely a good chance for more people to see them. If you want to join, you can send your photos to intlphotoshow.Hope to hear from you soon. Yours, Li Hua 3）评分标准21-25分 完全完成了试题规定的任务。覆盖了所有内容要点；运用了多样的句式和丰富的词汇；语法或用词方面有个别错误，但为尽可能表达丰富的内容所致；体现了较强的语言运用能力；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，所写内容连贯、结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的。16-20分 完全完成了试题规定的任务。覆盖了所有内容要点；运用的句式和词汇能满足任务要求；语法和用词基本准确，少许错误主要为尽可能表达丰富的内容所致；使用了简单的语句间连接成分，所写内容连贯。达到了预期的写作目的。11-15分 基本完成了试题规定的任务。覆盖了内容要点；运用的句式和词汇基本满足任务要求；语法和用词方面有一些错误，但不影响理解。基本达到了预期的写作目的。6-10分 未恰当完成试题规定的任务。漏掉或未描述清楚主要内容；所用句式和词汇有限；语法或用词方面的错误影响了对所写内容的理解。未能清楚地传达信息。1-5分 未完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏主要内容；句式单调、词汇贫乏；语法或用词方面错误较多，严重影响了对所写内容的理解。二、 技巧讲解1.消灭字数困扰1)：地点状语从句的用法1. Where there is A, there is B. 翻译：有A的地方，就有B. （A/B名词、代词、Ving等） 如： 有电脑的地方就有便利。Where there is a computer, there is convenience. 有便利的地方就有舒适的生活。 2. 【考查点】如从句主语为代词，则不可倒装。如：Where there I am, there is happiness.3. 该句式还可衍化为：Where there is A, there is a chance for us to do sth 有A的地方就有机会做如：有电脑的地方，就有机会让我们享受便利。 Where there is A, there is no B. 有A的地方就没有B如：有警察的地方，就没有贼。 Where there is a place where people do sth, there is B.有人们做.的地方就有B如：Where there is a place where people enjoy convenience, there is easy life.有人们不乱扔垃圾的地方，就整洁的生活。 Where there is a place where people do sth,there is a chance for us to do sth有人们能做的地方，我们就有机会做如：人们喝酒的地方，就有可能发生事故。 2）：非限定性定语从句的用法本节讲解的非限定性定语从句为： I.句子，from which we can see that+陈述句 II.句子，because of which we can see that+陈述句1.【易错点】前提：必须是某句之后，不可单独成句。如：Two heads are better than one，from which we can see that we should put our heads together.He did not come back that night, because of which he was punished the next day.3）：两个句式结合的写法,from which we can see that+陈述句，because of which we can see that+陈述句 Where there is A, there is a chance for us to do sth Where there is A, there is no B. Where there is a place where people do sth, there is B.Where there is a place where people do sth,there is a chance for us to do sthWhere there is A, there is B. VS例题精析【例题1】翻译：有他的地方，就没有忧愁，由此我们可以看到我们应该邀请他一起去出游。_【例题2】翻译：Where there is a Bole, there is a chance for us to see real Qianli horse, because of which we can see that finding a real Bole is your job now._【例题3】翻译：有人们抵制作弊的地方，就有好的学习风气，由此我们可以看到是该抵制作弊时候了。_4）.what名词性从句用法 A is to B what C is to D. 翻译：A之于B就像C之于D. （A/B名词、代词、Ving等，而Ved/ because结构/句子） 如：食物对于人就像水对于鱼。 Food is to people what water is to fish. 梦想对于我们就像目标对于船。 Dream is to us what aim is to boat. 练习： 如果你是李华，你的老师即将离开回国，他给你们带来了很多的趣味性学习手段，你替大家写几句话，感谢老师的教诲。 Your help is to us what sunshine is to plants, because of which I should say thank you to you, so I believe it is time that I sent this gift to you. Where there you are, there is happiness, from which we believe you can also enjoy a happy life.5): What名词性从句的用法1. what matters most in A is B, from which we can see that B is very important, instead of C. 翻译：在A里最重要的就是B，由此我们可以看到B是最重要的，而不是C。注意：A/B/CVing/to do/从句/名词/代词 A/B/CVed/句子/because结构What matters most in whether we should take cellphones is whether we could control ourselves, from which we can see that we should learn how to control ourselves.Awhether we should take cellphonesBwhether we could control ourselves 在是否我们应该带手机这个问题上最重要的就是是否我们可以控制自己，由此我们可以看到我们应该学会如何控制自己。2. 【考查点】如果是A/B/C一句陈述句的话，那么就变成名词性从句，给前面加上that即可。（that一般不能省略的哦）。如：What matters most in your problem is that there is no logic in you words, because of which I suggest that you have a look before a leap.3. 该句式还可衍化为：What matters most in A is not B but C, from which we can see that C is very important, instead of D. 在A里最重要的不是B而是C，由此我们可以看到C是最重要的，而不是D。A/B/C/DVing/to do/从句/名词/代词 A/B/C/DVed/句子/because结构Eg: What matters most in whether we students can take cellphones is whether we can control ourselves，from which we can see that the better we can control ourselves, the more properly we can take cellphones. Eg: What matters most in writing a good composition is not how many words you have written but whether what you have written has something to do with the given topic, from which we can see that the content is very important, instead of how many words you have written or others.Eg: 学生中讨论最多的一个问题就是：how to learn English well?请以学长身份对此进行回答，说明你的观点： 学英语必须要使用，而不单是记单词； 必须了解一些关于西方的文化知识便于语言的理解； 虽然经常有遗忘单词情况，需要找到合适方法进行巩固；注：120词左右，适当增加细节使行文连贯； What matters most in learning English is not only remembering words but remembering structures. Whats more, you should use them everyday. It is not how many words you have learned that matters, but whether you use them frequently. As we know, where there is a chance for you to use what you have learned, there is a chance for you to improve your English. Leaning English is very useful, after which you can not only know some western cultures but also can communicate with the foreigners easily. Of course you have have difficulty in remembering the words, and often forget what you have learned. The more you use what you have learned, the more you will remember them. After all, practice makes perfect! Only in this way can you learn English well.2.写作框架：三段式文字信息类可涵盖不同的文体(应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文)。在写作时,通常可将全文分为三段,这可谓不同文体的通用模板： 第一段(开头)：用得体准确的开头语来切入主题,点明主题。常用的开头语有：(1) Im very glad to have the chance to speak here.(2) It gives me great pleasure to speak here.(3) As a student, I consider.(4) We had a heated discussion about/on.(5) Im writing this letter to.第二段(文中)：紧扣主题、整合要点,扩展发挥。在此段的写作中一定要注意句子的衔接与过渡。文中衔接常用句式：(1) The main reason why.is that.(2) The reasons are as follows.(3) Take.for example.(4) First of all/Besides/Whats more/Finally.we should not neglect that.(5) Wonderful as.is, however, it has its own disadvantages as well.(6) As far as Im concerned, Im in favor of the first/second view.第三段(结尾)：文章的结尾应做到干净、利落,用一到两句话阐明自己的观点、态度或立场即可。结尾常用句式：(1) Taking all these into account/consideration, we may safely reach the conclusion that.(2) So we must take measures to.应用文常用句型及习惯表达：1. 书信开头I was delighted/glad to receive your letter. 很高兴收到你的来信。 I have received your letter of June the 29th. 我收到了你于6月29日的来信。Hows it going? 最近怎么样？ You asked me about(problem, question.), now let me give you some advice. 你在来信中询问我，现在让我给你一些建议。 It has been a long time since we met. 我们很久没见面了。 How time flies! Its three months since I saw you last time. 时间过得真快！我们有三个月没见面了。 Im writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America. 我写信是为了感谢你对我在美国期间的帮助。 2. 结尾 I am looking forward to receiving your letter. 我期待你的来信。 I am looking forward to your early reply. 我期待您早日回复。Please write to me as soon as possible. 请尽快回信。 Good luck./ Wish you the best. 祝你好运！ With best wishes. 致以我诚挚的祝福。 Wish you sucess. 祝你成功。 Wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。 Please remember me to your family. 请代我向你的家人问好。 Id appreciate it if you could reply earlier. 请尽快回信，我将不胜感激。 【常用句式】一、书信类应用文常用句式 1. Im glad to receive your letter asking 很高兴收到你的来信，询问2. I am glad to hear that you will enter college and with my great pleasure Ill give you some suggestions on我很高兴得知你将进入大学，并且很荣幸能就方面给你提一些建议。 3. With regard to(matter, problem) you mentioned in your letter, my suggestion is 关于你在信中提到的问题，我建议4. Concerning your request, I would like to offer my advice on. 对于你的请求，我想就提出我的建议。 5. I have learned from the newspaper that your company wanted I am very interested in this position. 从报纸上得知，贵公司需要一名我对此职位很感兴趣。6. Im writing to get some help about. 我给你写信是为了寻求的帮助。 7. I am writing to complain about. 我写信想抱怨 8. I hope you. 我希望你 9. (Im)Looking forward to hearing from you. (我)期盼收到你的来信。 (二、观点对比类常用句式 1. Some people believe. 一些人认为 2. From my point view/ I think. 依我看/我认为3. They hold the view that for他们因坚持他们的观点。4. The reason is/whyis that的原因是5. As far as Im concerned, I firmly support 而言，我坚决支持观点。6. No one can deny the fact that没有人能够否定这一事实三、地点介绍类常用句式 1. Located in West China, the newly-built city 这一个新建城市，它坐落在中国西部。 2. .is a lively city with a long history, where you can see ancient and modern cultures together. 是一个拥有悠久历史的充满活力的大都市，在那里古代文明和现代文化交织在一起。 3. Its a popular tourist attraction. There are many. 这是一个很受欢迎的旅游胜地，那儿有许多4. It is the earliest/ largest.ever found in China. 人这是迄今为止在中国发现的最早的/最大的)3. 高分秘诀（1） 技巧一 ：高级词汇和高级句式 （2）a. 精准选词。In the coming three years, our school life will be difficult.In the coming three years, our school life will be challenging.I received your email last week, but Im busy preparing for my final exam, which is important for me, so I didnt reply to you without delay.I received your email last week, but Im busy preparing for my final exam, which is vital for me, so I didnt reply to you without delay.b. 尽量避免过多地使用某一个单词，必要时选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替。 I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches. I like reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches.c. 短语优先，增加文采 To achieve ones dream, one must try to equip oneself with rich knowledge and set a goal easy to reach. To achieve ones dream, one must make great efforts to equip oneself with rich knowledge and set a goal easy to reach.Whats more, we can pour out the troubles we face, and release our pressure from different aspects. Whats more, we can pour out the troubles we are faced with, and release our pressure from different aspects.（2）技巧二：使用高级句式a. 使用被动语态 So people need enough water to feed such a large population. So enough water is needed to feed such a large population. Im delighted to know that the Shanghai Museum will organize a famous art exhibition and you are collecting opinions of the public as to selecting the location for the exhibition, which encouraged me to write to express my ideas. Im delighted to know that a famous art exhibition will be organized by the Shanghai Museum and opinions of the public are being collected as to selecting the location for the exhibition, which encouraged me to write to express my ideas.b. 使用倒装句 Better still, it writes so smoothly that it can contribute to making our handwriting better. Better still, so smoothly does it write that it can contribute to making our handwriting better. The children can grow up mentally and physically healthy only in this way.Only in this way can the children grow up mentally and physically healthy.c. 使用省略句 English words are easily forgotten unless they are constantly repeated.English words are easily forgotten unless constantly repeated.If it is so, I hope you will have a wonderful time. If so, I hope you will have a wonderful time.d. 使用强调句 We created a harmonious atmosphere with sincerity and faithfulness.It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere. As a saying goes, the little thing matters most. As a saying goes, it is the little thing that matters most.e. 使用非谓语动词 Since I know that our library is going to buy books, Id like to give some suggestions. Knowing that our library is going to buy books, Id like to give some suggestions.If I were given the choice, I would make donations to those who still live under the bottom line of the modern living conditions.Given the choice, I would make donations to those who still live under the bottom line of the modern living conditions.f. 使用with的复合结构His mother is paving the ways for him while his father is holding his jacket behind him, and we can see sweat on his face.His mother is paving the ways for him while his father is holding his jacket behind him, with sweat on his face.As the society develops rapidly, its necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.With the society developing rapidly, its necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.练习题Writing 1假如你是李华，计划和同学去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人们过重阳节(the Double Ninth Festival)。请给外教露西写封邮件，邀她一同前往，内容包括：1出发及返回时间；2活动：包饺子、表演节目等。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3结语已为你写好。Dear Lucy， Looking forward to your reply.Yours，Li HuaWriting 2假定你是李华。请你给笔友Peter写封信，告诉他你叔叔李明将去他所在的城市开会，带去他想要的那幅中国画，同时询问他是否可以接机。信中还需说明：李明：高个子，戴眼镜航班号：CA985到达：8月6日上午11：30注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3开头语和结束语已为你写好。Dear Peter，How are you doing? Looking forward to your reply.Yours，Li Hua
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