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Grammar To-infinitive and bare infinitive 用户名:xlyang,Revision,Analyzing the following sentences:,I was watching an English programme at 8 o clock yesterday., the subject the predicate the object the adverbial of time,Scuba-diving seems exciting., the subject the link verb the predicative,To-infinitive,1. The to-infinitive is to + the base form of a verb, eg: to do and to work. It can be used alone or as part of an infinitive phrase.,The to-infinitive has the following functions:,（1） 作主语： To smoke is a bad habit.,Tip1:不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。 To smoke is a bad habit. It is a bad habit to smoke.,Tip2: 不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 To read all these books is what you should do this afternoon.,不定式作主语常见句型：,a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式 b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式 Its my duty to teach you how to learn English well. c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式 It requires patience to be a good teacher.,（2）作表语：当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。 Our most important task now is to make a plan.,Tip：作表语的不定式 都带to，但当主语部分 有实义动词do时，to 可以省略。 eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.,（3）作宾语 They agreed to buy the house as it was. a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等 2005年天津卷：I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A to sound B to be sounded C sounding D to have sounded,Tip: 当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词it作形式宾语，常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。 Do you think it possible to finish the work in time?,A,b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如 but, except 等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do, does, did时，通常省略to。 Eg. We have no choice but to wait. We can do nothing but wait.,（4）宾语补足语 在SVOC句型中，许多动词都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg 等 You should get them to help you.,Tip: 在谓语动词believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be作宾补， 不跟to do eg. They believe him to be honest.,（5）作定语 不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。 Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主谓关系 Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位关系 She has a meeting to attend. （动宾关系=attend a meeting） Theres nothing to worry about. (动宾关系=worry about nothing) 2006年安徽卷：Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one_. A blamed B blaming C to blame D to be blamed,C,（6） 作状语 不定式可以作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。 to, in order to , so as to (so as to 不能放在句首)作目的状语 2005年辽宁卷：All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving,C,在soas to, such.as to, only to 结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。 He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone. enough to, tooto结构 The boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school. 形容词（happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式结构 Im glad to meet you. The question is different to answer. He is hard to get along with.,2.不定式的复合结构： 不定式的复合结构，以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构。如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。 It is necessary for me to learn English well. 如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。 Its very kind of you to come to see me.,3.连接代（副）词+不定式： 连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why），在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在诸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作宾、主语或表语。 No one can tell me where to find John. When to the exam is still unknown. The problem is how to get enough money.,4.不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式： 不定式的进行式由to be + V-ing构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。 Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in. 不定式完成式由to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。 (2005年江苏卷) - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left,A,不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。 It is an honour for me to be invited to the party. The book is said to have been translated into many languages. Summary of the forms of the infinitive:,Bare infinitive,Another kind of infinitive is the bare infinitive. It is the infinitive without to : 1.We use the bare infinitive after: (1).let and make and sometimes have I let her borrow my book. She made me promise to write every day. The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.,(2).verbs of perception: feel, hear, see, watch and notice I saw her talk to her new friends. Tip1: Verbs of perception can also be used with verb-ing but with different meanings. I saw her talk to her new friends. (I witnessed the whole conversation.) I saw her talking to her new friends. ( When I saw her, she was talking to her new friends .I might or might not have witnessed the whole conversation.),Tip2: When the verbs of perception: feel, hear, see, watch and notice are used in the passive voice, the object complements are changed into the subject complements, the to cant be omitted. His father made him go to bed early. He was made to go to bed early by his father.,(3).would rather, had better and why not I would rather go swimming. You had better tidy your bedroom. Why not visit your cousin in Japan?,2. When two infinitives are joined by and, or, except, but, than, rather than, we normally use the bare infinitive for the second infinitive. She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side. Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV. I decided to write rather than phone.,Practice,Finish the exercises on page 9,Language Points,1. We had nothing to do but watch TV.我们除了看电视无事可做。,非谓语的一种用法。 but其后要接带to不定式，但有三个结构例外。 do nothing but， cant but，can not help（choose）but，它们后面要接不带to的不定式。 It was raining all day, so we had nothing to do but stay at home. 下了一整天雨，我们只好待在家中。 All the materials ran out. They could do nothing but wait. All the materials ran out. They had no choice but to wait. 所有的材料都用完了，他们只好等待。,【考点考例】,There was nothing they could do_. A. but wait B. except waiting C. only to wait D. unless they waited 简析: do nothing but do sth， nothing前有do，后面的to要省略，故选A。 答案: 选A,2. I am so glad that I persuaded you to talk to Rachel.我很高兴说服你跟雷切尔交谈。,persuade vt 意为 “说服, 劝说, (使)相信, 劝某人做(不做)某事” 【焦点拓展】 persuade sb of sth 使某人信服某事 persuade sb ( not) to do sth 说服某人做(不做)某事 persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 persuade sb out of doing sth 说服某人不做某事 persuade sb that 使某人信服,我几乎相信他是诚实的。 I am almost persuaded of his honesty. 谁说服你参加这个团体? Who persuaded you to join this society? 我们使亨利相信是他错了。 We persuaded Harry that he was wrong. 我终于劝他戒了烟。 I finally persuaded him into giving up smoking.,【焦点辨析】persuade sb to do sth; 是说服, 劝服某人不做某事，指说而不一定服，用advise sb to do sth或try to persuade sb to do sth,我努力劝他戒酒，但都是徒劳。 I persuaded him to give up drinking, but in vain.（误） I tried to persuade him to give up drinking, but in vain.（正） I advised him to give up drinking, but in vain. （正）,(1) The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _ to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded (2) At last I was able to _ my father to take my advice. A. suggestB. persuade C. adviseD. make,3. Take care当心,注意, 小心 (分 别时或信末)保重,【焦点拓展】 Take care of sb / sth照顾, 注意，负责 Take care to do sth小心 / 注意做某事 care for 关心，喜欢，爱好 care about关心，惦念，在乎,Who takes care of the pet? 谁照顾宠物？ Take care not to smoke too much. 注意别抽太多的烟。 Take care that no mistakes be made. 当心不要出错。 I dont care for music. 我不爱好音乐。 He cares for no one. 他不顾别人。,care vt. 意为”关心，在乎，方介意, 计较,” n 意为 “忧虑; 忧愁” I dont care how far Ill have to go. 无论走多远, 我都不在乎。 Nobody cares what I do. 没有人管我干什么。 Few people are free from care. 很少人是无忧无虑的。 Care has made her look ten years older. 忧愁使她看起来老了十年。,【考点考例】,- How about going to the cinema tonight? - I dont _ movies. A. care much forB. care much C. careD. care about 答案: 选A不喜欢，不爱好,Homework,Do Exercise C1 in the workbook on Page 92. Preview verb-ing form as a noun.,Advance with English Module 5Unit 1 Getting along with others,Period 6 Grammar and usage 2: Verb-ing form as a noun,动名词的句法功能：,动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。 1. 作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。 Seeing is believing. (眼见为实) Saying is easier than doing. Collecting stamps is a good hobby. Tip: 单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数。 动名词作主语常见句型： It is no use (good) doing：做某事没有用 Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收),2. 作表语：通常是说明主语的内容 Tip: 注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别 His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句为SVC结构) Collecting stamps is his hobby. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓语动词进行时，此句为SVO结构) 不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.,3. 作宾语 A. 作及物动词(短语)的宾语, 能用动名词做宾语的有： admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, cant help, cant stand, consider, delay, dislike, escape, enjoy, finish, imagine, mind , miss，permit, pratise, put off, risk, suggest, understand, keep,etc. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,B,Tip 1: 有些动词（attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。 I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter. Tip 2: 动词prefer后面接不定式作宾语时，句子结构与用动名词作宾语不一样。 I prefer to drive （rather ）than to be driven. (to 是不定式的符号) I prefer driving to riding. (to 是介词),Tip 3:有些动词，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接动名词 表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。 remember to do 记得要做 remember doing记得做过 1. (2005年北京卷) When asked by police, he said that he remembered _ at he party, but not _. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave 2. (2007年安徽卷) Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _his advice! A to take B taking C not to take D not taking,D,c,Tip 4:mean to do 打算做mean doing 意味着 try to do 努力做 try doing 试着做 go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做原来的事 stop to do 停止原来的事去做另一件事stop doing停止原来的事 Cant help doing 禁不住 cant help (to) do不能帮助做 Tip 5: 在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语： A. 动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+动名词（真正宾语） eg. I think it no use telling them. We think it no good inviting to him. B. 作介词的宾语 (2005年浙江卷) The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without_ his notes. A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on,B,用动名词的短语有： be used to doing 习惯于做； look forward to doing 盼望做； devote ones life to doing 致力于做； spend time (in) doing 花时间做； be fond of doing 喜爱做； be good at doing 擅长做； be proud of doing 为做而自豪； be tired of doing 对做感到厌倦； feel like doing 欲想做； keep on doing 不停地做； what about doing 做怎么样；,How about doing sth pay attention to doing sth According to doing sth Owing to doing sth Thanks to doing sth It is no use/good doing sth Would you mind doing sth? be worth (while) doing Sth needs/wants/requires doing (to be done) On doing sth, prevent/stop/keepfrom doing sth,用动名词的短语有： think of doing 考虑做； be interested in doing 对做感兴趣； have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难 be busy (in) doing 忙于做； instead of doing 做而不做, make contributions to doing 为做贡献 2005年江苏卷 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up,C,4.作定语 swimming pool waiting room walking stick Tip: 动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。 a sleeping pill=a pill for sleeping a sleeping child= a child who is sleeping,动名词的复合结构,1.由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格加动名词构成，形容词性物主代词或名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语。 eg. Do you minding my smoking here? 2.在口语中，动名词如果不在句首，可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。 eg. 2005年安徽卷 I really cant understand _ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating,D,动名词的完成式、一般式被动和完成式被动,eg. After having finished his work, he went home. He attended the meeting without being asked. She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.,动名词的否定式,动名词的否定式由not+动名词构成 eg. I regret not being able to help you.,Practice: Finish the exercises on Page 11.,Language Points,1Mum discourages me from chatting online.妈妈阻止我在网上聊天。,discourage vt 意为 “使失去勇气 / 信心, 使沮丧；劝阻, 促使(不做某事)，阻碍, 阻拦” He is never discouraged by difficulties. 他从没因困难而泄气。 He discouraged me from doing so. 他劝阻我不要那样做。,courage n. 勇气, 精神 encourage vt 鼓励, 激励, 怂恿 discourage vt使沮丧；劝阻 encouragement n 鼓励, 奖励 discouragement n 气馁, 挫折,劝阻 encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人(做某事) discourage sb from doing sth 劝阻某人(做某事) encourage a man to work better 鼓励一个人更好地工作 be encouraged by 受.鼓励鼓舞,【考点考例】,The bad weather _ people from going out to have sports. A. keepB. discouraged C. madeD. prevent 简析: discouraged sb from doing sth 答案: B 译文：坏天气使人无法进行户外活动。,Homework,Do Exercise C2in the workbook on Page 92. Preview the Task part.,
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