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Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2.As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of4the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these9, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to11my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and12any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in14to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but Im constantly15and dropping weight, this is a16that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. Im experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in. Ive also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19Im training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.ABesides BTherefore COtherwise DHowever2.Ahelps Bcares Cwarns Dreduces3.Ainitially Bsolely Coccasionally Dformally4.Arecording B lowering Cexplaining Daccepting5.Amodify Bset Creview Dreach6.Adefinition Bdepiction Cdistribution Dprediction7.Adue to Bregardless of Caside from Dalong with8.Aorderly Brigid Cprecise Dimmediate9.Aclaims Bjudgments Creasons Dmethods10.Ainstead Bthough Cagain Dindeed11.Atrack Boverlook C conceal Dreport12.Adepend on Bapprove of Chold onto Daccount for13.Ashare Badjust Cconfirm D prepare14.Aresults Bfeatures Crules Dtests15.Abored Banxious Chungry Dsick16.Aprinciple Bsecret Cbelief Dsign17.Arequest Bnecessity Cdecision Dwish18.Adisappointing Bsurprising Crestricting Dconsuming19.Aif because Bunless Cuntil Dconsuming20. Aobsessing Bdominating Cpuzzling DtriumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children arent born knowing how to say“Im sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friendsand their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortableits the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions arent binaryfeelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the childrens self-observations, she rated each childs overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadnt magically become more sympathetic to the other childs deprivation.“Thats good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help_.A)regulate a childs basic emotionsB)improve a childs intellectual abilityC)foster a childs moral developmentD)intensity a childs positive feelings22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be_.A)deceptiveB)burdensomeC)addictiveD) deception23. Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that_.A)emotions are context-independentB)emotions are socially constructiveC)emotional stability can benefit healthD)an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can result from either sympathy or guiltC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the larder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks”long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The states proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forests capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fine, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030- financed from the proceeds of the states emissions- permit auctions. Thats only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally theyve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Californias plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,”the author implies that _.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,”we may need to _.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young treesC. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. Californias Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29. What is essential to Californias plan according to Paragraph 5?A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.B.To carry it out before the year of 2020.C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D.To obtain enough financial support.30. The authors attitude to Californias plan can best be described as _.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesnt change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Todays farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. Theyre also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as its been all along: Native U.S. workers wont be returning to the farm.Mechanization isnt the answer, eithernot yer, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive corps, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before theyre automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they arent given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workersC. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .A. slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Amold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you. Its easy to beat plastic. Theyre part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Dayencouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. One their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actionsa kind of“moral licensing”that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws, were ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably, rather than as“citizens”hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.Its important to acknowledge that the environment isnt everyones priority-or even most peoples. We shouldnt expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isnt saying people should stop caring about the environment. Its just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. Its just about putting things into perspective. We dont have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37.The author is concerned that “moral licensing”mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out out identity “citizens”, the author indicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. We have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost-effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA.can be too aggressiveB. can be too inconsistentC. are far from sufficientD. are far from rationalPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClains kids have single demand: a backyard.McClains little one arent the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngstersviews weigh heavily on parentsreal estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kidsopinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,”he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said hes not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a homebut their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like theyre choosing their homewithout actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like theyre being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying arent a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldnt base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.”Hampson said.The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may bas
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