胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案

胡壮麟语言学教程（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman.A.contactB.communicationC.relationD.communityWhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bangThefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”isA.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performativeInChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎(岁岁)平安”asmeansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.RecreationalWhichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.ArbitrarinessStudythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?Aniceday,isntit?Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonalreferstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuserknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole1. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldntbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.dualityanswerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguisticsdealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)2. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.3. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.4. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.5. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.6. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.7. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.8. .DeSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.ofthe9. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespearestimeisanexamplediachronicstudyoflanguage.10. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.11. Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.II. Fillintheblanks.(10%)Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunication.12. Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed.13. Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis.14. Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthetheory.15. Linguisticsisthestudyoflanguage.16. Modernlinguisticsisinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.17. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofoverwriting.18. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy.19. Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.20. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussureslangueandChomskysExplainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)21. DesignfeatureDisplacement22. CompetenceSynchroniclinguisticsIII. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?(南开大学，2004)23. Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?(北京第二外国语大学，2004)Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)24. Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?(青岛海洋大学，1999)第二章：语音Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voiceConventionallyaisputinslashes(/).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morphemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophonesTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoasD.uvulaA.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centeringAphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.NoneoftheaboveWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.nB.mC.bD.pWhichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.i:B.uC.eD.iWhatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)2. Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.3. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.4. Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.5. pisavoicedbilabialstop.6. Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.7. Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.8. Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.9. Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.10. ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.11. Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.I. Fillintheblanks.(20%)Consonantsoundscanbeeitheror,whileallvowelsoundsare.12. Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causingThequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionoftheandthelips.13. Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthetowhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.14. Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout15. Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating.16. InEnglishthereareanumberof,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.17. referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.18. isthesmallestlinguisticunit.19. Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthecomingfromthelungs.II. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)Soundassimilation20. SuprasegmentalfeatureComplementarydistribution21. DistinctivefeaturesAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatisacousticphonetics?(中国人民大学，2003)36.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?(南开04)III. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstopddog.(青岛海洋大学，1999)(1) voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop(2) lowfrontvowel(3) lateralliquid(4) velarnasal(5) voicedinterdentalfricative第三章：词汇I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas.A. lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivationalTherearemorphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixInEnglish-seand-ionarecalled.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stemsThethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formationisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.additionThewordTBisformedinthewayof.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blendingThewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymyThestemofdisagreementsisD.disagreementD.allomorphA.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeAllofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)1. Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.2. Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.3. Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.4. Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.5. Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.6. Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.7. Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.8. Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.9. Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.10. Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.II. Fillintheblanks.(20%)Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.11. Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith.12. Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:,and.13. Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot.14. Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongtoclass,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.15. isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.16. isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.17. Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.18. Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda.19. Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:and.III. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)Blending20. AllomorphClosed-classword21. MorphologicalruleAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)22. HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishIanguage?Whatarethey?(厦门大学，2003)WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?IV. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII(武汉大学，2004)III(1)acronyma.foefreemorphemeb.subconsciousderivationalmorphemec.UNESCOinflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmed(5)prefixe.calculation第四章：句法Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thesentencestructureis.A. onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchicalThesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareinnumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infiniteTherulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinationalAsentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammaticalAintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinatorPhrasestructureruleshaveproperties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B. whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC. howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD. alloftheabove.2. Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is.A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRome9.Thephrase“ontheshelflongs”tobe9.Thephrase“ontheshelflongs”tobeA.endocentricB.exocentricconstruction.C.subordinateD.coordinate10. Thesentenceasentence.A.simple11. Thesentenceasentence.A.simpleTheywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.isB.coordinateC.compoundD.complexDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13. Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14. Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15. Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16. InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17. InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.18. Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.19. Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20. Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.I. Fillintheblanks.(20%)Asentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.21. Aisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.22. Amaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.23. Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled.24. Asentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.25. Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledanclause.26. Majorlexicalcategoriesarecategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.27. conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.28. aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.29. Thetheoryofconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.II. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)Syntax30. ICanalysisHierarchicalstructure31. TracetheoryAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)32. Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?(武汉大学，2004)33. Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansICanalysis.(北京二外国语大学，2004)III. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.第五章：意义Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. ThenamingtheoryisadvancedbyC.GeoffreyLeechD.FirthA. PlatoB.BloomfieldThisstatementrepresentsThisstatementrepresents2. “Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.B.contexutalismD.behaviorismA.theconceptualistviewC.thenamingtheoryWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B. Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C. Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D. Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.3. “CanIborrowyourbike?”“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithC.B.isinconsistentwithentailsD.presupposesisawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis“Alive”and“dead”are.A.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabovedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sensereferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.HyponymyWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.A.homonymsB.polysemiesC.hyponymsD.synonymsThegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)4. DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.5. Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.6. Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.7. Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.8. Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.9. Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.10. Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.11. Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.12. “Itishot.”-placeisnopredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.13. Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.I. Fillintheblanks.(20%)canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.14. Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnolinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.15. meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.16. Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.17. Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled.18. oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.19. analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.20. Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledrestrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.21. A(n)isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.22. Accordingtothetheoryofmeaning,thewordsinaIanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.II. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)23. EntailmentProposition24. ComponentialanalysisRefereneeIII. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots(青岛海洋大学，1999)Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?(武汉大学，2004)IV. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.(1) a.bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chiefb.bull,rooster,drake,ram(2) a.table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,carb.milk,alcohol,rice,soup(3) a.book,temple,mountain,road,tractorb.idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fear(青岛海洋大学，1999)第七章：语言、文化和社会注：第六章无测试题Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A. PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.GenerallinguisticsThemostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits.A. useofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accentD.morphemesisspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A. RegionalvariationB.LanguagevariationC.SocialvariationD.Registervariationarethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A. GeographicalbarriersB. LoyaltytoandconfidenceinonesnativespeechPhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers2. meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceB.LanguagechangesC.LanguageplanningD.Languagetransferinapersonsspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicati