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2013年职称英语（理工类）新增所有文章篇目注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、阅读理解，请参见第4页；完形填空，请参见第14页；3、2013年词汇部分、大纲与2012年相比未作任何变化 。阅读理解（3篇） 第十一篇：When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach 第十九篇：Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience +第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright完形填空（3篇） 第三篇：Giant Structures 第八篇：Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures +第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light 第四部分 阅读理解第十一篇When Our Eyes Serve Our StomachOur senses arent just delivering a strict view of whats going on in the world；theyre affected by whats going on in our heads1. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people whove just eaten. Psychologists have known for decades that whats going on inside our head affects our senses For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighterRmi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis2, France, wanted to investigate how this happensDoes it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brains high-1evel thinking processes get involved. Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index3On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten. For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screenOne by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceiveA quarter of the words were food-relatedAfter each word, each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words theyd seen-a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read itHungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception5, not in thinking processes, Radel says. “This is something great to meHumans can reallyperceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of 6 our motives and needs. ”Radel says. 词汇：threshold/rehuld/起点, 开端；门槛 neutral/nju：tml/aj. 中性的；中立的strive/stralv/v. 努力, 力求；斗争disposal/dspaool/. 处理, 处置；配置 motive/mzotlv/动机, 目的注释：1Our senses arent just delivering a strict view ofin our heads：这个句子的大概意思是：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响. 2. University of Nice SophiaAntipolis：法国尼斯索菲亚安提波利斯大学, 简称尼斯大学, 196年经法国政令正式宣布成立. 尼斯大学在尼斯市设有7处主校园, 另外, 还在索菲亚安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛纳市(Cannes)和芒东市(Menton)设有校区. 索菲亚安提渡剩斯是位于尼斯市西南侧的科技园区, 是许多高等学府的所在地. 3body mass index：身体质量指数4at the threshold of：当快要开始时5. in perception：感知6. at the disposal of：受到的控制练习：1What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph l find?A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary peopleB Hungry people are always thinking of foodrelated wordsC Hungry people are more sensitive to foodrelated words than stomachfull peopleD Hungry people do not have lowerlevel of thinking process2Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment?A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach. B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testers, hungry and nonhungryC Because noon was not the right time for any experiment. D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index. 3. What does the writer want to tell us?A. HumanS senses arent just delivering a strict view of whatS going on in the world. B. Whats perceived by our senses affects our way of thinkingC. Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs. D. Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses4What did the results of the experiment indicate?A. 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive. B. Hungry people were better at identifying neural words. C. People who had just eaten were better at identifying foodrelated words. D. The participants could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for5. What can we infer from the passage?A. 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation. B. An experiment with hungry and nonhungry participants is not reliable. C. Our thinking processes are independent of our senses. D. Humans call perceive what they need without involving highlevel thinking processes答案与题解：1. C第一段第二句是本题答案的依据. 饥肠辘辘的人只是看foodrelated words比较清楚, 选项C的句意与上述句子的意思完全一致, 是答案. 选项A说的是every word, 所以不是答案. 选项B和D文章中没有提到. 2. B答案的根据可在第三段找到. Radel为了保证42名学生到达实验室时是空腹, 所以要求他们中午到达. 然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟了, 请他们10分钟后再来. 他又请另外一部分学生用午餐. Radel用推迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者, 即饥饿组与饱食组. 选项B是答案. 3. C虽然A、B、D选项均可在文中找到对应部分, 而只属于细节, 而非主旨, 因此不能选. 本文最后一句给出了直接的答案. 4. A第四段第三行中consciously与A项中的intentionally是同义词. B项neural意思为“中性的”, 在本文中的意恩是与foodrelated相对的, 即“与食物不相关的”, 因此是错误选择；C项不符合课文原意；D项barely意为“仅仅, 勉强, 几乎没有”, 因此也不符合句意. 5. D选项A所说的实验样本的大小与本题生旨无关, 不是答案, 而是干扰项；B、C内容也不能直接从短文中推断出来. 选项D是答案. 最后一段第二旬的“Humans Can really perceive what they need or what they strive for”为选择D项提供了依据. 参考译文第十一篇我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界；还受大脑活动的影响。一项新研究发现：比起那些刚刚用过餐的人，饥饿的人能更清晰地看到与食品有关的词。数十年以来，心理学家已经知道我们的心理活动直接影响到我们的视觉。例如，贫穷的孩子看到的硬币比实际的要大；饥饿的人看到的食物图片更明亮。法国的尼斯索菲亚安提波利斯大学试图调查这一现象：发生这种情况的时间是在大脑从眼睛接收到视觉信号的即时还是稍后些，这时高级思维活动已经介入了。雷戴尔招募了健康指数正常的42位学生作为被试者。在测试的当天，每个学生被告知在中午到达实验室，这时距上一次的用餐时间有34个小时。等他们到达实验室时，他们被告知实验时间有延迟。一半学生被告知十分钟后再回来;其余的给1个小时的时间先吃午饭。所以一半学生饿着肚子，另一半学生饱腹参加了此次实验。实验的步骤如下：要求被试者看电脑屏幕。屏幕上的80个字以1/300秒的频率闪动。由于字体非常之小，被试者只能凭感觉捕捉到字形。1/4的字是与食物有关的。每闪动一个字，被试者回答字体的亮度并选择看到的是哪类词：一类是和食物有关的词，比如“蛋糕”；一类是中性词，比如“船”。由于每个词的闪动在瞬间完成，被试者根本看不清楚那个词是什么。饥饿的人看到与食物有关的词更明亮，且能更好地辨认出与食物有关的词。由于每个词的闪动太快，其实那些被试者根本不会确切地看到什么，这就说明：他们只是感觉不同，根本没经过思考。雷戴尔给出了这样的解释。雷戴尔说：“这就是重点所在。人类可以真正感知到自身的需要或者为之奋斗的目标。该实验使我了解这样的事实，即我们的大脑是受我们的动机和需要所支配的。 第十九篇Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener ExperienceShimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech, s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumpin92basedonlistener feedback. The smartphone-enabled, 0ne-foot-tall robot is billed as all interactive“musical friend”. “Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about theft music, ”said Professor Gil Weinberg. the robots creatorHe will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco. A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements. Shimi is essentially a docking station with a“brain”powered by an Android phoneOnce docked, the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities8 0f the users mobile device In other words, if theres an“app”for that, Shimi is readyFor instance, by using the phones camera and face-detecting software, Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its“ears”. Or speakers. for optimal soundAnother recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phones musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion. Once the music starts, Shimi dances to the rhythm, “Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, ”said Music Technology PhD. candidate Mason Breran. “Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive. ”Future apps in the works“will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volumeThe robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the users song choices and provide feedback on the music play list. Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand ShimiS creative and interactive capabilities. “I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes”Weinberg saidWeinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. “If robots are going to arrive in homes. we think that they will be this kind of machines-small, entertaining and fun, ”Weinberg said. “They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots“in ourlives”词汇：Pumpv, 用抽水机抽；不断播放(音乐) Scanv扫描；浏览Skipv. 轻跳, 跳跃 sync踞同步, 同时；v. 使同步tempon. 速度；节奏注释：1Georgia Tech：全称是Georgia Institute of Technology, 佐治亚理工学院, 建于1885年, 位于亚特兰大市中心. 佐治亚理工学院是美国南部最大的公立理工学院, 也是全美最顶尖的理工学院之一, 排名仅次于麻省理工学院(MIT)和加州理工学院(CalTecb). 2. pump：不断播放(音乐). 例如：This radio station recently pumps out pop music. (这家广播电台近来连续播放流行音乐. )3. smartphoneenabled：出智能手机系统支持的4. is billed as：相当于is advertised as, 意为“被标榜为”. 5. docking station：插接站, 扩充基座, 扩展插口6Android：(科幻小说里的)机器人. 本文指用于智能手机和便携式计算机移动设备的一种以Linus为基础的开放源代码操作系统, 通过接口和插槽连接多种外部设备. 目前Android尚未有统一中文译名, 国内较多人翻译成“安卓”或“安致”. 据2012年2月数据, Android占据全球智能手机操作系统市场525的份额, 中国市场占有率为68. 4. 7. dock：对接8. the sensing and musical generation capabilities：传感和音乐生成能力 9. app：应用程序(=application)10. if the user taps a beat：如果用户打出某个(音乐)拍子 11. in the works：正在准备阶段；在进行中或准备中12intelligent service robots：智能服务型机器人练习1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs?A. Shimi is a one foot tall robot. B. Shimi is the creator of the musical companion. C. Shimi is a docking station with a“brain”powered by all Android phoneD. Shimi Can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the users mobile device2What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat?A. It stores the beat in the musical libraryB. It transmits the beat to the docking station. C. It positions its speakers for optimal sound. D. It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat. 3. Which of the following about Shimi is true?A. Robots are limited by their programming instructions, and Shimi is no exception. B . Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song. C. Exiting app allow the user to wave a hand to alert Shimi to rum up/down the volume. D. Shimi call be creative and interactive. 4. What does the author want to tell us?A. The research center is developing a sponger and more versatile Shimi. B. Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech. to develop more apps for Shirni. C. Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization. D. Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes5. Which of the following is Weinbergs assertion?A. Shimi as a robotic musical companion call be applied to all types of smart phones. B. human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homesC. Shimis creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users. D. Weinberg has reached all agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi. 答案与题解：1. B在前三段中均可找到与选项A、C、D相应的句子, 强调Shimi是一种电子设备；B与原文不符, Shimi不是该机器人的发明者, Gil Weinberg教授才是the robots creator. 2. D选项D简要地表述了第三段的倒数第二句“If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phoneS musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思, 所以是答案. 选项A、B. C都不符合上述句子的含义. 3. D选项A的意恩与原文相反. 虽然人们认为机器人受到程序指令的限制, 值Shimi却表现出具有创造能力和互动能力, 所以A不是答案. 选项D的意思与原文相同, 因而是答案. 第四段第三句指的是未来的应用程序：future apps in the works, 而选项B, C是指目前的应用程序, 两者的表述均与原文有蹬入. 4. A第三段介绍Shimi的多种功能, 第四段和第五段说Weinberg还在开发更多的应用程序来丰富Shimi的功能, 还希望其他研发者也参与开发, 因此, A是答案. 选项B说Weinberg仅仅希望Georgia Tech员工参与开发恩多的应用软件, 这与原文不符. 文章最后段告诉我们, Weinberg正在与Georgia Tech进行有关Shimi商业化的谈判, 选项C的意思与此相反, 不会是答案. 选项D也与原文不符. 5B选项A、C和D的内容Weinberg都没有说过. 第三段告诉我们, Shimi是Android smartphone的扩充基座, 并不适用于所有智能手机, 所以A选项不正确；Shimi尚未进入市场, 还谈不上公众对Shimi欣赏与否的问题, 因此选项C不符合原意；Shimi正在进行商业化运作, 但绝非已经完成, 所以D也不是正确选项. 本题的答案是B, 依据是最后一段倒数第二句. 参考译文第十九篇音乐机器人伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验Shimi是由佐治亚理工大学音乐技术中心研发的一款音乐伴侣。它可以根据听者的反馈推荐合乎节拍的歌曲、舞蹈；并且不断播放音乐。这款髙1英尺的机器人是由智能手机系统支持的，因此被标榜为“一个可以互动的音乐朋友”。Gil Weinberg教授是该机器人的发明者，他解释说：“Shimi设计的宗旨是改变人们欣赏音乐、认识音乐的方式。”他将在今年6月27日在旧金山的谷歌I/O大会上展示这款机器人。一个由三个机器人组成的乐队将为来宾演奏，并伴随音乐起舞。而音乐是根据不同的运动形式编制的。Shimi实际上是一个扩充基座，它的“大脑”由安卓手机控制。一旦连接上，机器人便从用户的移动装置获得传感和音乐生成能力。换言之，只要有应用程序，机器人便能使用。例如，通过手机的照相机和辨认脸型的软件，Shimi就能在房间周围跟踪到听众，然后安置好它的“耳朵”或扬声器，以确保输送最佳声音。另外一种识别特征是基于节奏和速度。如果用户打出某个（音乐）拍子，Shimi会对此进行分析，然后浏览手机的音乐库，并立即演奏最符合要求的音乐。一旦音乐响起来，Shimi就随韵律起舞。“许多人认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，而Shiini给我们展示了机器人可以具有创造力和与人交互的能力。”音乐技术博士研究生Mason Bretan如是说。正在研发中的程序将使用户能沟通过摇头或摆手表示不同意，来提醒Shimi跳到下一首歌或增减音量。机器人还可根据用户对歌曲的选择推荐新音乐，并对音乐播放列表提供反馈。Weinberg希望其他研发者会因此获得灵感，开发更多的应用程序，来扩展Shimi的创新和交互功能。他说：“我认为我们中心正在引领这场将更多机器人应用到家庭中去的变革。”Weinberg正在通过获得佐治亚理工学院的独家授权来对Shimi进行商业推广。Weinberg希望到2013年的节日季消费者可购买到Shimi。Weinberg说：“如果机器人进入家庭，我们认为就应该是这种类型的机器人：小巧、令人愉快和有趣，它们能提高我们的生活质量，为更多智能服务型机器人进人我们的生活做好准备。+第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities tllat the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as art adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resourcesThe team of researchers from the U. S. , England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modem. day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large apeone that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees-to walk on two legs. “These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, ”said Dr. RichmondThe research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to calTy much more at one time because it flees up their handsOver time, intense bursts of bipedal activity4 may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. Two studies were conducted by the team in GuineaThe first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto Universitys “Outdoor laboratory”in a natural clearing in Bossouo Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut-the oil palm Nut , which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not, the chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations：(a)when only oil palm nuts were available, (b)when a small number of coula nuts were available. and(c)when coula nuts were the majority available resource. When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers. the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogetherThe chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely. In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees startedmoving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move ” as much as they could in one go by using everything availableeven their mouths. The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University , was a l4-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzeesactivity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time词汇：scarce/skews/aaj. 缺乏的, 不足的；稀有的bipedal adj二足的chimpanzee n黑猩猩anatomical adj解剖的ape/eip/n无尾猿；类人猿coula nuts(coula也可写作cola或kola)可乐果注释：1. GWS Columbian College of Arts and Sciences：乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院. 乔治华盛顿大学(George Washington University)的英文简称为GW, 是美国顶尖的私立大学之一, 于l821年建校, 位于美国首都华盛顿. 2. ecological settings：生态环境3. bipedal activity：双足活动4. anatomical change：解剖学上的变化5. Kyoto University：京都大学, 是继东京大学之后成立的疆本第二所国立大学, 于l897年建校. 京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市. 6. Bossou：博苏, 几内亚的一个地名. 博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落. 7. oil palm nut：油棕榈坚果：8. increased by a factor of four：增加了四倍 9. in one go：一口气10. Oxford Brookes University：牛津布鲁克斯大学, 刽立于1865年, 是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一. 牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城牛津. 这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃, 历来为求学圣地. 练习：, 1Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people questionhe simple human activities of walking and carrying items. B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans Walk on two legs. C Human walking upright is viewed as all adaptation to carrying precious resources. D Our ancestorsecological conditions resembled those of modemday chimpanzees. 2DrRichmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingA when humans began walking on two legs. B what made our ancestors walk upright. C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors. D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources. 3. Kyoto Universitys study discovered that chimpanzeesA regarded both types of nut as priced resources. B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts. C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts. D ignored both types of nut altogether. 4Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun. B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them. C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way. D Because they Wanted to carry more nut with two free limbs5. What call we infer from the reading passage 7A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors WereB Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors. C Walking oil two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages. D Human walking On two legs developed as a means of survival答案与题解：1A第一段第一句和第二旬说明, 大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常, 并不质疑这种习惯. 而A的内容正好与此相反, 所以是答案. 其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出来. . 2. B文章报道, 科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢, 让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源, 从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程. 科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因. 所以酝是答案, A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的. 3. C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果(ignored the oil palm nuts altogether), 集中精力抢运可乐果. 所以C是答案, B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意. 4. D黑猩猩用后胺直立行走, 搬运资源的效率提高了四倍. 选项D符合原意, 是答案. 选项A、B、C的内容文章中没有提到, 所以不是答案. 5D了解了通篇文章的意思, 就会选择选项D. 人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫, 是人类生存的一种手段, 直立行走是自然选择的结果. 选项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及. 文章中有选项B的内容, 但它不是文章的主旨. 参考译文第四十八篇 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。“这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，” Richmond博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资
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