中学英语第五课 句子成分及句子类型

第五课 句子成分及句子类型Unit 3 Is this your pencil?Language Goals: Identify ownership 语言目标：确认物主关系1a Complete the questions and answer about each pict2d Role-play the conversation. 分角色表演对话。Teacher：Hi, Anna. Are these your pencils?Anna: No, theyre Bobs.Teacher：And is this his green pen? Anna: No, it isnt. The blue pen is his.Teacher：What about this dictionary?Anna: Its Helens. And the green pen is hers, too.Teacher：And the eraser? Is that yours?Anna: Yes, it is.Teacher: Thank you for your help, Anna.Anna: Youre welcome.2a 根据图片补全问句和答语。Is _ your book?Yes, it is. No, it _Are _ my pencils?Yes, _ are.No, they arent.Is _ his ruler?Yes, it _.No, it isnt.Are _ her pens?Yes, they are.No, they _.3a Complete the notices with the words or phone number in the box. 选择正确的单词或号码补全信息。name yours found 284-5486 lost call_: My notebook My _ is David. Please _ me at 679-8871. _: A set of keysAre these _?Call Jenny at _. 1b 语法知识：句子成分及句子类型：Is this your pencil? Yes, it is. Its mine./ No, it isnt. Its hers. Is this his green pen?Yes, it is./No, it isnt. The blue pen is his.Is that your schoolbag?Yes, it is./No, it isnt. Its his.Are these your books?Yes, they are./No, they arent. Theyre hers.Are those her keys?Yes, they are./ No, they arent. Theyre mine.Its = it is isnt = is not arent = are not2b句子成分(Members of a Sentence)什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词）1. The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose.月亮升起了。3. The universe remains.宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares?管它呢？6. What he said does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。7. They talked for half an hour.他们谈了半个小时。8. The pen writes smoothly这支笔书写流利。基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 （是系动词） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4. Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8. His face turned red.他的脸红了。There be 结构： There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物）1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. （及物） （宾语） （宾补）1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去7. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。句子成分练习题 A1._ six years since I began to study English.A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2._ in the room at that time.A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are 3.ITS very noisy outside. _ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 4._ in English in class every day is important.A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell5.There must be_ near the factory.A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores6.Although its raining hard, _ are still working in the fields.A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they B1. The doctor as well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 2.Your son must be a clever boy, _ he?A. is B. isnt C. must D. mustnt 3. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among students in this school.A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 4.I _ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.A. mustnt B. had to C. cant D. neednt 5.Dont _ excited.A. get B. is C. seem D. look 6 .This room _ every morning.A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning C1.Glad to meet you! _ is your full name?A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 2. He is _ to lift the heavy box.A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough3.The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring.A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 4 .His job is_English.A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches5 .Two balls are_.A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desks D1 .We should get ready_ others.A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with 2. _interesting work we are doing?A. What a B. How C. What D. What an 3. I want_ a teacher when I grow up (-fx;fc).A. to be B. to C. be D. being 4. -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today? -I dont think so. To be honest, I really dont feel like_on apicnic.A. going B. to go C. go D. went 5 .Do you know_?A. where does he live B. where he livesC. where he live D. if where he lives 6 .Let _ do it again.A. I B. me C. he D. she 7. I dont know_.A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to do E 1.I saw him _ basketball with Jack an hour ago.A. plays B. to play C. played D. play o 2. Sorry, weve kept you_ for a long time.A. waited B. sing C. stand D. waiting 3.The teacher told us _ late again.A. arent be B. dont be C. not to be D. not be 4.We find the room very_.A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardly F 1 .I found _ difficult to work together with him.A. it B. its C. that D. those 2 .We all know _ our duty to clean our classroom after school every day.A. that B. this C. which D. it 3. He found _ very interesting to play with the little dog.A. what B. it C. / D. that G 1. Tom said he _ a good dream yesterday evening.A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has 2 .Children _ a happy life in China.A. lead B. living C. has D. leading H1. America, Japan and Canada are_countries.A. developing B. developed C. less developed D. develop 2. -_ skirt is that on the chair?-Let me see. Oh, no, its not mine.A. Whose B. What C. Whos D. Which 3 .Do you have anything _?A. saying B. toay C. said D. say 4. Look, there is an_tree by the wall.A. apple B. apples C. apples D. apples 5. Where is_seat?A. yours B. your C. you D. Yourselves I1. The box is _ heavy for her _ carry.A. very; to B. too; not toC. too; to D. very too; to 2. -_ did you buy the new bag?-Last Monday.A. Where B. How C. When D. Who 3 You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D. Else where 4. They went out _ their old friends.A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited 5 .There is a wide river_ our village.A. outside B. over C. from D. below J 1. The young man, _ works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 2 .Our English teacher, _ often helps us with study.A. Mrs Wang B. Mrs5 WangC. MrsWangs . D. of him 3 ._, some railway workers are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. TheirsA . 1-6 A A B B A C B. 1-6 B B C D A B C. 1-5 A A A B A D. 1-7 B C A A B B B E. 1-4 D D C A F. 1-3 A D B G. 1-2 B A H. 1-5 B A B A B I .1-5 C C A C A J. 1-3 B A C3b 句子类型 (Types of sentences)句子按使用的目的可分为四类：1、陈述句2、疑问句3、祈使句4、感叹句从结构上看句子可分为三种类型：1、简单句2、并列句3、复合句一、句子的种类（Kinds of Sentences）1、陈述句：（1）肯定句：We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。（2）否定句：They dont go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。说明：叙述或否定一个事实或看法。2、疑问句：（1）一般疑问句：Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？Yes, I am. 是的，我是工人。Havent you seen the film? No, I havent. 你没看过这部电影吗？没看过。说明：以一个助动词，情态动词或动词be开始的问句。回答要用yes或no。（2）特殊疑问句：Who is the man? 这人是谁？When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？说明：以一个疑问代词或疑问副词开头的句子一般要用倒装句语序（或称为疑问词加一般疑问句）（3）选择疑问句：Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。说明：提出两个或两个以上的情况，选择一个作为答案。（4）反意疑问句：They are going to the airport, arent they? 他们要去机场，是吗？You havent finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？说明：提出情况或看法问对方是否同意。在陈述句后附加一个简短的疑问句，即前面句子肯定，后为否定；前面句子否定，后为肯定。He seldom went to bed at ten, did he? 他很少在十点钟上床睡觉？是吗？He knows little Russian, does he? 他几乎不懂俄语，是吗？说明：当陈述句部分含有never, no, hardly, seldom, little等否定意义的副词时，附加问句用肯定形式。3.祈使句：a陈述句：Be sure to get there at eight. 八点钟一定要到那儿。b否定句：Dont worry. Ill help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。说明：表示命令，请求，叮嘱，号召等，谓语动词用原形。4.感叹句：感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。 How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！ How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！ What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！ What +a/an+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！ What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！ What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！ What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!what + n.：What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊！What a fine day it is! 多好的天呀！how + adj.：How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀！how + adv. ：How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀！How + adj. + a (an) + n.How nice a boy (he is)！=What a nice boy he is! 多么好的孩子啊！说明：表示说话时惊异，喜悦，气忿等情绪。what修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词或句子。二、句子的类型（Types of Sentences）1、简单句的句子的类型：一个主语+一个谓语，例：The girl plays the piano every day. 那女孩每天弹钢琴。两个主语+一个谓语，例：Tom and I are good friends. 汤姆和我是好朋友。一个主语+两个谓语，例：He opened the door and left. 他打开门出去了。两个主语或两个谓语或更多，例：Mr and Mrs Smith went to the market, bought some fruit and visited their friends. 史密斯夫妇去市场，买了些水果，并看望了朋友。结构特殊：只含有一个词或一个词组，例：Hello! 喂！Help! Help! 救命啊！救命！Many thanks. 万分感谢。2、简单句的基本句型（The Basic Sentence Patterns）句型结构：（1）主语+不及物动词：S + Vi.，例：Birds fly. 鸟飞They disappeared. 他们消失了。（2）主 + 连系动词 + 表语：S + V + P，例：She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。（3）主 + 及物动词 + 宾语：S + Vt + O，例：He likes swimming. 他喜欢游泳。We help each other. 我们互相帮助。（4）主 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：S + Vt + O + O，例：I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。（5）主 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 补语：S + Vt + O + C，例：They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。I want everything ready by eight oclock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。注：S = Subject（主语）Vi=Intransitive Verbs（不及物动词）Vt=Transitive Verb（及物动词）P=Predicative（表语）O=Object（宾语）C=Complement补语重点、难点：否定陈述句要注意下列几点：（1）否定陈述句主要是在肯定句中加not或no (= not a /any) 构成的，除not和no外，用具有否定意义的副词也可构成否定陈述句。常用的词有hardly, seldom, never, little, scarcely, barely, rarely等。（2）其他成分的否定形式有些句子的结构上属于肯定式，但含有否定意义的词，可分以下几种。否定的主语：Nobody will agree with you. 没人同意你的意见。None of the students like the novel. 没有学生喜欢这本小说。No student here studies Russian. 这里没有一个学生学俄语。否定的宾语：We saw nothing in the darkness. 在黑暗中我们什么都看不见。He will borrow the book from nobody. 他从谁那都借不来这本书。You must remember not to be late for class. 你必须记住上课不准迟到。否定的状语：They came here not by bike but on foot. 他不是骑车来的而是走着来的。We could find him nowhere. 我们什么地方也找不到他。（3）不定代词all, both, everyone或everybody用于否定句时，表示部分否定。All the trees here are not apple trees. ( = Not all the trees here are apple trees. )这里的树并非都是苹果树。（有的是苹果树，有的不是。）Both of the sisters are not nurses. ( = Not both of the sisters are nurses.)这姐儿俩并不都是护士。Everybody cant do it. (= Not everybody can do it. )并不是人人都能做这件事。 句子类型 一、陈述句和疑问句：1、Theyhappy when they hear the news. AwillBwill beCwereDdont2、 “ Is your uncle a driver?” “.” ANo, but my aunt isBYes, but my anut isCNo, he doesntDYes, he does3、Wesatisfied with their work.AdontBare notCwontDwerent being4、Hecoffee at all. Hetea.Adoesnt like, prefersBlikes, doesnt preferCwould like, not prefersDprefers, is not fond of5、Sheme only twice since last year.AseesBwas seeingChas seenDhave seen6、My grandmain the country. Now shein the city.Aused to live, livesBused to living, livedCuses to live, is livingDwas used to live, lives7、Youmake such mistakes again.Ashould neverBshould not alwaysCwould always notDwould not forever8、 “Can you drive a car?” “.”AYes, and Jim cant tooBYes, but Jim cantCNo, but Jim can, tooDNo, but Jim cant9、 “Are you going to the super market?” “ No, .”AI cycle thereBI walk thereCto the workDIve already been there10、In England teawith milk or sugar in it.Ausually drinksBis usually drunkCusually is drunkDdrank usually11、 “Is she going to the post office?” “No, .”Ashe doesntBshe goes by bikeCto the shopsDshes on the bike12、Tomlike reading at all. Heinterested in playing basketball.Adoesnt, isBdoesnt, wereCis, doesDwas, is13、Whenhome from work?Ado your parents comeBdoes your parents comeChave your parentsDour parents come14、Which of the studentsthe examination?Anot passBdidnt passCpassDdidnt passed15、Theytrouble lifting the heavy box.Adidnt have manyBhadnt a lot ofCdidnt have muchDhavent a great deal of16、 “Did you have breakfast this morning? “.”AYes, I hadBYes, I didCNo, I hadntDNo, I didnt have.17、colour is the cover of the dictionary?AWhatBWhichCHowDWhose18、 “does he brush his teeth a day?” “Twice.”AWhat timeBHow longCWhenDHow many times19、There are many pictures on the wall.do you like best?AWhatBWhich oneCWhich of the pictureDWhich one picture20、Since whenher?Adid you knowBhave you knownCdo you knowDyou know21、 “That ten pound note belongs to me.” “.”AYes, it isBYes, it belongsCNo it doesntDNo, it isnt22、 “Would you rather wait or come back later?” “.”AId rather come backBYes, Id rather not waitCNo, Id rather waitDto come back23、 “shoes do you take?” “Size 42.”AWhich numberBWhat numberCWhat sizeDWhat 24、 “is the weather like today?” “ Its windy.”AWhatBHowCWhat kindDWhich25、Would you read my composition and correct the mistakes, ?Aif haveBif anyCif everDif not26、is the distance between these two villages?AHow farBWhatCHow longDHow much27、do you go to the cinema? Twice a month.AHow many timeBHow muchCHow longDHow often28、Howit in English?Ayou sayBdo you speakCdo you sayDto speak29、is the population of the city?AHow muchBHow manyCHowDWhat30、did she get this information?AWhomBWhoCWhereDWhat31、does your watch cost? Two hundred yuan.AHow manyBWhat priceCWhatDHow expensive32、Aboutdo you want to know more?AWhomBwhoCwhichDwhat33、We havent heard from Jane for a long time.What do you supposeto her.Awas happeningBto happenChas happenedDhaving happened34、Have you heard the news about Jim?No. What?Ais itBit isCare theyDthey are35、Would you rather go there by train or by air? .AYes, I wouldBNo, I wouldntCYes, by airDBy air36、I go oryou go yourself?AWillwillBShallshallCShallwillDWillshall37、Do you think the question easy or not? .AYes, I doBNo, I dontCIt is easyDYes, its easy38、Shall we stay at home orto the park?Ato goBgoingCgoDwill go39、writer is better known in China, Charles Dickens or Mark Twain?AWhicheverBWhetherCWhatDWhich40、was the Nanjing-Changjiang Bridge open to traffic?It was open to traffic in 1968.AWhatBWhat timeCHow longDWhen二、感叹句、祈使句41、from Beijing to London!AHow long way it isBWhat a long way it isCWhat a long way is itDHow long a way is it42、Oh, John, you gave us!AHow a pleasant surpriseBHow pleasant surpriseCWhat a pleasant surpriseDWhat pleasant surprise43、terrible weather weve been having these days!AHow aBWhat aCHowDWhat44、girl she is!AWhat bright aBHow a brightCHow bright anDWhat a bright45、we have today?AHow fine dayBWhat fine dayCHow a fine dayDWhat a fine day46、Howflowers are!AbeautifulBbeautifullyCbeautiful theDbeautiful that47、How!Adoes time flyBtimes flyCtime fliesDflies time48、Whatwork he does!AharderBhardChardlyDhardest49、careful our monitor is!AHow aBHowCWhat aDWhat50、advice he gave us!AWhat aBHow goodCWhat goodDHow51、picture it is!AWhat wonderfulBHow a wonderfulCWhat wonderful aDHow wonderful a52、I wish to pay a visit to Hongkong!AHow doBWhat doCWhatDHow53、hardworking students they are!