山东省2021届新高考英语大二轮总复习第三板块完形填空第三部分体裁应对策略第4讲说明文教案

山东省2020届新高考英语大二轮总复习第三板块完形填空第三部分体裁应对策略第4讲说明文教案第四讲说明文(1)开篇点题，目标明确。做说明文体裁的完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是什么，比如是具体实物还是理论概念。因为明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近几年的说明文类完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。(2)难度较大，结构严谨。说明文往往比较正式，表述准确严谨，句子较长，结构较为复杂。(3)用词简练，条理清晰。说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程以及规律等。说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采用时间顺序(先后顺序)、空间顺序(从局部到整体、从上到下，从内到外)、逻辑顺序(先因后果、先果后因、先主后次，由此及彼、由具体到抽象、由现象到本质)来说明事物或事理。1明确说明对象，理清段落关系。通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括，总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系，加深对说明对象的理解。2弄清说明顺序，把握文章脉络。在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明顺序能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等。)文本示例(2019全国卷)The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to midMarch_41_six months out of the year.“Of course, we_42_it when the sun is shining，” says Karin Ro, who works for the towns tourism office. “We see the sky is_43_， but down in the valley its darker its like on a_44_day”But that_45_when a system of hightech_46_was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks(山峰)into the valley below. Wednesday, residents(居民)of Rjukan_47_their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to_48_. The mirrors are controlled by a computer that_49_them to turn along with the sun throughout the_50_and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam(束)of light onto the towns central_51_， creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light_52_， Rjukan residents gathered together.“People have been_53_there and standing there and taking_54_of each other，” Ro says. “The town square was totally_55_. I think almost all the people in the town were there.”The 3,500 residents cannot all_56_the sunshine at the same time._57_， the new light feels like more than enough for the towns_58_residents.“Its not very_59_，” she says, “but it is enough when we are_60_.”41.A.onlyBobviouslyC.nearly Dprecisely42.A.fear BbelieveC.hear Dnotice43.A.empty BblueC.high Dwide44.A.cloudy BnormalC.different Dwarm45.A.helped BchangedC.happened Dmattered46.A.computers BtelescopesC.mirrors Dcameras47.A.remembered BforecastedC.received Dimagined48.A.repairBriskC.rest Duse49.A.forbids BdirectsC.predicts Dfollows50.A.day BnightC.month Dyear51.A.library BhallC.square Dstreet52.A.appeared BreturnedC.faded Dstopped53.A.driving BhidingC.camping Dsitting54.A.pictures BnotesC.care Dhold55.A.new BfullC.flat Dsilent56.A.block BavoidC.enjoy Dstore57.A.Instead BHoweverC.Gradually DSimilarly58.A.natureloving BenergysavingC.weatherbeaten Dsunstarved59.A.big BclearC.cold Deasy60.A.trying BwaitingC.watching Dsharing考场思维第一步速读全文，查找说明对象Whats the passage mainly about？高科技反射板让山谷中的居民在冬天能享受阳光。第二步理顺脉络，把握结构文章结构：分总第三步按部就班，验证答案41.C根据上文中的“from late September to midMarch”可知，这段时间将近半年。故选C。only“仅仅”；obviously“显而易见地”；precisely“准确地”。42.D当阳光照耀时，我们就可以注意到它。句中的“it”指代第一段中的“sunlight”。43.B天空是蔚蓝色的，但山谷却是比较阴暗的，犹如阴天一般。根据句中的“but”可知，本空填入的词语与“darker”相对应，故blue“蓝色的，蔚蓝色的”符合语境。44.A参见上题解析。45.B根据下文内容可知，采用反射板后，小镇的面貌发生了改变。46.C根据下文中的“The mirrors”可知答案。47.C星期三，Rjukan的居民接收到了他们的第一束冬日阳光。remember“记得”；forecast“预报”；imagine“想象”。48.D根据语境可知，镇上的居民们能享受到冬日的阳光是因为小镇将引进的高科技反射板投入了使用。故选D。repair“维修”；risk“风险”；rest“休息”。49.B本空填入的词应与空前的“controlled”在语义上保持一致，故direct“指示，命令，管理”符合语境。forbid“禁止，阻碍”；predict“预言，预告”；follow“跟随”。50.A白天，电脑控制的镜子随着太阳的转动而转向。throughout the day“整个白天”。51.C根据下一段中的“The town square”可知答案为square。52.A阳光出现时，Rjukan的居民便聚集在广场上。53.D根据语境可知，人们坐的坐，站的站，彼此拍着照片。54.A参见上题解析。take notes of“记录”；take care of“照顾”；take hold of“握住”。55.B根据语境可知，广场上挤满了人。56.C3 500名居民不能同时享受阳光。block“阻塞”；avoid“避免”；store“贮藏”。57.B根据语境可知，此处表示转折，应用However。58.D根据上文提到的Rjukan的居民将近半年都享受不到阳光可知，此处指镇上急需阳光的居民，故选D。59.A广场不是很大，但居民们彼此分享时，它足够了。60.D参见上题解析。The way in which children learn is an evergrowing area of research.It is _1_ that children differ from adult learners in many ways，but what is interesting is that there are also quite a number of unexpected _2_ across learners of all ages.For much of the 20th century，most psychologists _3_ the traditional theory that a newborn babys mind was a(n)_4_ sheet of paper upon which the record of experience was gradually impressed.During that time，scientists believed that oral _5_ was necessary for abstract thought.In its _6_，scientists assumed that a baby could not have _7_ of abstract concepts.As babies were born with a(n) _8_ range of behaviours and spent most of their early months sleeping，they certainly appeared passive and _9_.Therefore，it was commonly thought that babies _10_ the ability to form complex ideas.Until recently，there was no obvious way to prove anything to the _11_ to the researchers.In time，however，challenges to this _12_ arose.It became clear that with _13_ designed scientific procedures，psychologists could find ways to _14_ rather complex questions about how much infants and young children know and what _15_ they have.Psychologists began to employ new methods to _16_ a large amount of data about the remarkable abilities that young children _17_.Their research findings stood in great contrast to the earlier _18_ in the field that focused almost _19_ on what young children lack.The _20_ of young children came to life through this research.It became clear that very young children are both competent and active when it comes to their mental development.语篇解读 本文主要介绍了关于婴幼儿思维能力的研究。1A.doubtfulBnecessaryCobvious Dsurprising解析：C考查形容词。根据语境和常识可知，孩子和成年人的学习方式显然是不同的，故选C。2A.examples BpersonalitiesCpossibilities Dcommonalities解析：D考查名词。根据上文中的differ和but可推知，此处表示不同年龄段的学习者之间尽管差异性很大，但也有许多共性(commonalities)。3A.accepted BresistedCstudied Dreplaced解析：A考查动词。根据下文中“During that time，scientists believed that oral _5_ was necessary for abstract thought”可推知，此处表示20世纪大部分时期，大部分心理学家是接受这种传统看法的。4A.accessible BblankCconcrete Ddark解析：B考查形容词。根据下文中的“paper upon which the record of experience was gradually impressed”并结合空前的“a newborn babys mind”可推知，此处表示新生儿的大脑是一张白纸，会被经历逐渐填充。故选B。5A.agreement BcommunicationCsuggestion Dtreatment解析：B考查名词。根据空前的“oral”可推知，此处表示口头交流，故选B。6A.absence BdisappearanceCreturn Dsense解析：A考查名词。此处承接上文“During that time，scientists believed that oral5(communication)_was necessary for abstract thought”，另结合空后的“scientists assumed that a baby could not have _7_ of abstract concepts”可推知，此处表示那些科学家认为，没有口头上的交流，婴儿是不能理解抽象概念的。absence“缺乏”符合语境。7A.adaption BimaginationCcomprehension Dsatisfaction解析：C考查名词。参见上题解析。comprehension“理解”符合语境。8A.average BunexpectedClimited Dreasonable解析：C考查形容词。根据下文的“spent most of their early months sleeping”可推知，此处表示婴儿早期的行为是有限的，大部分时间都在睡眠中度过。limited“有限的”符合语境。9A.confident BunbelievableClovely Dunaware解析：D考查形容词。根据空处与passive的并列关系可推知，此处表示婴儿早期因大部分时间都在睡眠中度过而呈现出被动和无意识性。故选D。10A.learned BrequiredClacked Dremembered解析：C考查动词。根据语境可知，此处表示婴儿因为早期睡眠多而呈现出被动和无意识性，因此他们被普遍认为缺乏形成复杂想法的能力。此处与上文中的“In its 6(absence)，scientists assumed that a baby could not have 7(comprehension) of abstract concepts”和下文中的“Their research findings stood in great contrast to the earlier _18_ in the field that focused almost _19_ on what young children lack”呼应。lack“缺乏”符合语境。11A.contrary BgoodCequal Dtruth解析：A考查固定搭配。根据下文中的“In time，however，challenges to this _12_ arose”可知，因为没有相反的证据，先前的这种研究观点一直没有被推翻，故选A。evidence/statements etc.to the contrary“相反的证据/陈述等”为固定搭配。12A.action BproofCproblem Dview解析：D考查名词。此处表示出现了另外一种与上文提到的不同的观点。view“观点”符合语境。13A.automatically BcarefullyCnaturally Dsimilarly解析：B考查副词。根据空后的“designed scientific procedures，psychologists could find ways”可推知，这是精心设计的程序。故选B。14A.take away Bshow offCturn down Dput forward解析：D考查动词短语。根据上文中的“Until recently，there was no obvious way to prove anything to the 11(contrary) to the researchers”“In time.arose”可推知，通过精心设计的程序，心理学家可以提出一些复杂的问题。put forward“提出”符合语境。15A.advantages BabilitiesCfeelings Dreasons解析：B考查名词。根据上文中的“Therefore，it was commonly thought that babies 10(lacked) the ability to form complex ideas”和下文中的“abilities that young children _17_”可知，此处表示心理学家可以提出一些关于婴幼儿认知程度和其具有的能力的复杂问题。故选B。16A.collect BmarkCrestrict Dsupport解析：A考查动词。根据空后的data可推知，此处表示收集数据。collect“收集”符合语境。17A.find BpossessCrecognize Dlose解析：B考查动词。参见第15题解析。possess“具有”符合语境。18A.scientists BquestionsCstudies Dtraditions解析：C考查名词。此处与上文中的“Therefore，it was commonly thought that babies 10(lacked) the ability to form complex ideas”呼应，因此可推知，这一研究与早期的研究结果相反，早期的研究关注的几乎全是幼儿缺乏的方面。故选C。19A.entirely BpartlyCrelatively Dslightly解析：A考查副词。参见上题解析。根据almost可推知，entirely“完全地”符合语境。20A.difference BfocusCidea Dmind解析：D考查名词。根据上文中的“For much of the 20th century，most psychologists 3(accepted) the traditional theory that a newborn babys mind was a(n) 4(blank) sheet of paper upon which the record of experience was gradually impressed”和下文可知，此处表示这一研究证明了婴儿大脑的活跃性。mind“头脑，大脑”符合语境。Cloze 1(2019衡水二摸)As a child，I was always told to“eat my greens”These were the unappealing vegetables that sat on the edge of my plate.Peas，and green beans，all looked and tasted _1_.Lets face it，when there were so many other delicious treats to _2_，why eat boring vegetables?Since then my taste buds have _3_ and Im also fully aware of the health benefits of eating fresh vegetables.But we still need _4_ of the amazing goodness these green super foods give us.In the UK，a campaign has been _5_ for several years to encourage us to eat our “5 A Day”five portions of fruit and vegetables.Thats _6_ evidence has shown there are significant health _7_ to getting at least five 80g portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables every day.But I struggle trying to fit these five portions into my daily _8_，partly because I have a sweet _9_ and vegetables are，well，tasteless.Researchers have been _10_ how to make eating vegetables more _11_.They analysed the psychology behind our food _12_ and found that most of us are _13_ by taste.Brad Turnwald from Stanford University says that “studies show that people _14_to think of healthier options as less tasty for some reason.”In Europe，a project called VeggieEAT has also been trying to find ways to get people to _15_ more vegetables.Project leader，Professor Heather Hartwell believes in _16_ encouraging people into eating the right things.One idea has been to put a _17_ of a tasty looking fruit on a supermarket trolley as a _18_ about buying something from the fruit store after looking at the picture.She says，“Choice is a really _19_ thing.But making vegetables look attractive will increase their sales.”Certainly，eating“twisted citrusglazed carrots”does sound tempting，even if it just _20_ like a carrot，but if it makes us eat more vegetables then that can only be a good thing for our health.语篇解读 蔬菜对健康有益这是一个众人皆知的道理。然而，我们有时候会因为偏爱其他食物的口味而对吃青菜感到很不情愿。本文探讨一项旨在提倡人们多吃青菜的研究，并介绍一些商家用来吸引顾客购买蔬菜的销售技巧。1A.disgustingBdeliciousCripen Dsweet解析：A根据上一句“These were the unappealing vegetables that sat on the edge of my plate.”，说那些讨厌的蔬菜总是散落在我的盘子边上。可知是说这些蔬菜不好吃，令人厌恶的。句意：长相恶心的豌豆、西兰花和青豆吃起来也很恶心(disgusting)。2A.buy BprepareCoffer Denjoy解析：D根据“there were so many other delicious treats”可知是美味在前，是享受(enjoy)。故选D项。句意：有那么多好吃的食物，为什么还吃那些难吃的蔬菜呢？3A.appeared BdevelopedCexisted Dshrank解析：B句意：从那以后，我的味蕾就发展(即改变)了，我还充分意识到了吃新鲜蔬菜对健康的益处。4A.reminding BinformingCwarning Dtalking解析：A句意：remind提醒；inform通知；warn警告；talk谈论。根据上一句“benefits of eating fresh vegetables”蔬菜的好处，可知是时刻提醒记得(remind)这些绿色“超级食品”给我们的身体带来的惊人益处。5A.planning BaimingCrunning Dintending解析：C在英国，世界卫生组织为鼓励人们“每天吃5份果蔬”而发起的宣传活动已经进行(run)了好多年的时间。分析句意可知，是这种宣传活动进行了好多年。只有run才有“运转，或进行”之意。6A.why BhowCwhen Dbecause解析：D根据上文可知宣传活动持续了好多年是结果，原因就是因为(because)有证据表明，人们每天至少食用5份80g的水果和蔬菜会对健康有很大益处。7A.needs BbenefitsCissues Drisks解析：B根据上题的内容可知，是说“人们每天至少食用5份80g的水果和蔬菜会对健康有很大益处(benefits)”。8A.diet BeducationCwork Dexercise解析：A根据上文每天至少5份水果和蔬菜，可知是日常生活中，即“我仍在努力把这5份果蔬纳入到我的日常饮食(diet)中”。9A.tendency BpreferenceCtooth Dappetite解析：C句意：部分原因是我爱吃甜食，而且觉得蔬菜很无味。have a sweet tooth，为固定搭配，“喜欢甜食”。10A.showing BdiscoveringCreporting Dstudying解析：D句意：研究人员一直在研究(study)如何让蔬菜更具吸引力。11A.appropriate BattractiveCbeneficial Dindependent解析：B根据上句“vegetables are，well，tasteless”因为蔬菜无味，人们不喜欢吃，因此研究人员一直在研究如何让蔬菜更具吸引力(attractive)。12A.choices BvaluesCwastes Djudgments解析：A他们分析了我们选择食物时的心理。根据下一句可知，是我们对食物的选择(choice)。13A.confused BdisturbedCmotivated Dchallenged解析：C句意：他们分析了我们选择食物时的心理，发现大部分人都是受味道的驱使。14A.manage BdecideCagree Dtend解析：D研究表明，人们会因为某种原因而倾向于认为更健康的食物更难吃。15A.grow BeatCstore Dharvest解析：B在欧洲，名为VeggieEAT的项目一直在尝试找出能让人们多吃(eat)蔬菜的方式。后面“encouraging people into eating the right things”是提示。16A.slowly BsuddenlyCfirmly Dseriously解析：A慢慢地(slowly)鼓励人们进食恰当的食物。根据常识可知，想让人们接受某种东西，要慢慢地进行。17A.variety BlotCpicture Dnumber解析：C其中一个想法是，把看起来很美味的水果图片(picture)放在超市的购物车上，以此来暗示消费者去水果区域购买东西。根据下文的内容可知是图片贴在购物车上。18A.sign BconcernCclue Dhint解析：D根据上题的内容可知，把水果的图片贴在购物车上给消费者一种暗示(hint)。19A.easy BcomplexCquick Dcasual解析：B句意：选择是一件非常复杂的事情。根据上文意思可知让人们多吃蔬菜，选择健康的蔬菜水果是很复杂的(complex)。20A.looks BsmellsCtastes Dfeels解析：C当然了，“橘汁胡萝卜”这菜名听起来确定很诱人，虽然尝起来(taste)像是胡萝卜。分析句意可知，胡萝卜虽然名字不同，但尝起来还是胡萝卜的味道。Cloze 2Electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted nowadays _1_ we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the TV set.At night，roads are brightly lit，enabling people and _2_ to move freely.Neon lighting used in advertising has become part of the _3_ of every modern city.In the home，many _4_ devices are powered by electricity._5_ when we turn off the bedside lamp and are _6_ asleep，electricity is working for us，_7_ our refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our rooms airconditioned.Every day，trains，buses and subways take us to and from work.We rarely _8_ to consider why or how they run _9_ something goes wrong.In the summer of 1959，something did _10_ wrong with the powerplant that provided New York with electricity.For a great many hours，life came almost to a _11_.Trains refused to move and the people in them sat in the dark，_12_ to do anything；lifts stopped working，so that _13_ you were lucky enough not to be _14_ between two floors，you had the unpleasant task of finding your ways down _15_ of stairs.Famous streets like Broadway and Fifth Avenue in a(n) _16_ became as gloomy and uninviting _17_ the most remote back streets.People were afraid to leave their houses，_18_ although the police had been ordered to _19_ in case of emergency，they were just as confused and _20_ as anybody else.语篇解读 电是日常生活的一部分，如今，我们已经习以为常，以至于开灯或开电视时很少仔细考虑电的问题。本文介绍关于电的使用问题。1A.thatBthusCas Dso解析：A句意：电是日常生活的一部分，如今，我们已经习以为常，以至于开灯或开电视时很少仔细考虑电的问题。so.that.是固定搭配，意思是“如此以至于”。2A.car BtruckCtraffic Dpedestrians解析：C句意：晚上灯光照亮的马路使人们自由通行，使交通畅通无阻。pedestrian意为“行人”，与空格前的people词义重复；car和truck都指具体的车辆类型，含义过于狭窄。综合考虑，此处应填入traffic。3A.appearance BcharacterCdistinction Dsurface解析：B句意：广告中使用的霓虹灯已经成为了每个现代化城市的一大特色。4A.moneysaving BtimesavingCenergysaving Dlaborsaving解析：D句意：在家里，很多节省劳动力的设备都是由电带动的。四个选项都是复合形容词，根据句意，此处填入laborsaving最合适。5A.Only BRarelyCEven DFrequently解析：C句意；即使当我们关上床头灯，睡得很熟时，电仍然在为我们工作。根据句意，此处应填入even。6A.fast BquiteCclosely Dquickly解析：Afast asleep为固定搭配，意为“睡得很熟的”。7A.moving BstartingCrepairing Ddriving解析：D此处的动词与our refrigerators连用，填入driving最合适，意为“使电冰箱正常运行”。8A.trouble BbotherChesitate Dremember解析：B此处是说，我们很少费心思考它们为什么或如何运行。9A.when BifCuntil Dafter解析：C句意：直到这些交通工具出问题时，我们才会费心思考它们为什么或如何运行。前半句出现了rarely，含否定意义，与until搭配使用，意为“直到才”。10A.go BmeanCpass Dfind解析：A句意：1959年的夏天，负责给纽约供电的发电厂真的出了问题。go wrong固定短语，出错。11A.pause BterminalCbreakdown Dstandstill解析：D句意：许多小时过去了，生活几乎停滞不前。come to a standstill是固定搭配，意为“停住，停滞不前”。12A.incompetent BpowerlessChesitant Dhelpless解析：B句意：火车无法开动，车厢里的人坐在黑暗中无能为力，什么事也做不了。此处指人处于停电的环境中无能为力，什么事也做不了。13A.although BwhenCas Deven if解析：D句意：电梯也停止工作，即使你足够幸运，没被困在两层楼之间，也得自己不愉快地步行下楼梯。通过分析上下文，此处填入even if最合适。14A.trapped BplacedCpositioned Dlocked解析：Abe trapped被困。15A.steps BlevelsCflights Dfloors解析：Ca flight of stairs是固定搭配，表示“(两个楼梯平台间的)一段楼梯”，本题中考查的是复数形式。16A.time BinstantCpoint Dminute解析：Bin an instant是固定搭配，意为“瞬间，马上”，意思相当于immediately，故答案为B。in a minute意为“很快，马上”，一般用于将来时，不符合句意，故排除。17A.like BthanCfor Das解析：Das.as.为固定搭配，表示“像一样”。18A.for BandCbut Dor解析：A句意：人们害怕离开自己的房子，因为虽然警察被要求随时待命，以防突发事件，但他们也像其他人一样疑惑和无助。结合上文，此处填入for最合适。19A.stand aside Bstand downCstand by Dstand in解析：Cstand by准备行动，附近等待。20A.aimless Bhelpless Cunfocused Dundecided解析：Bhelpless无助的。- 37 -