Sissy中级口译数字口译.ppt

Lecture 11 Interpretation Skill: Figure Interpretation (1),Teaching Procedures,I. Dictation II. Interpreting Figures,Interpreting of Figures I,examples,1. 请用英语和汉语分别表达下面一组数字： 1234567891234,One trillion two hundred and thirty-four billion five hundred and sixty-seven million eight hundred and ninety-one thousand two hundred and thirty-four 一兆两千三百四十五亿六千七百八十九万一千二百三十四,请用英语和汉语分别译出所述数字,12亿9988万； 542 million 830 thousand,1 billion 299million 880thousand; 542,830,000,汉语数字分段法：,英语数字分段法：,A. Some Practical Difficulties for Chinese Interpreters For an interpreter, to do a long series of figures in interpretation is always by no means easy. And for an interpreter whose mother tongue is Chinese, the difficulties involved seem to be even greater. Notably among the difficulties are the following:,A Brief Introduction,In Chinese, one tends to say “万” and “亿” of which there is no equivalent in English. Hence “一万” must be rendered into “10千” (ten thousand); “三万” into “30千” (thirty thousand); “二十万” into “200千” (two hundred thousand), etc. And “一亿” must be rendered into “100百万” (one hundred million); “一亿三十万” into “100百万零300千” (one hundred million and three hundred thousand);,“十亿” into “1,000百万” (one thousand million, or one billion); and “一百亿”, “10千百万” (i.e. ten thousand million or 10 billion ), etc. All this may cause complication for a beginner or for those young interpreters who have not undergone sufficient training in this regard.,2) The ways comparison is expressed in Chinese are, in some respects, different from those in English, especially when the questions of countable and uncountable nouns are involved, e.g. (1) Though in Chinese we say “倍” when we talk about “学校为的三倍” in describing the increase in the number of schools, in English we shall have to say, for instance, “There are three times as many middle schools now in our province as there were in the early post-liberation days.”,(2) Though in Chinese we use the same word “倍” when we talk about “粮食产量”, in English we shall have to say, for example, “Our province produces twice as much grain as it did on the eve of liberation in 1949.”,3)Quite a few units of measurement in Chinese such as li (1/2 kilometers), mu (0.66 hectare, or 1/6 acre), jin (1/2kilogram), etc. usually have to be converted into the metric systems by the interpreter on formal occasions, so as to facilitate understanding. And this extra bit of work (concerning conversion in units of measurement) could be quite a strain on an interpreter unless he has already acquired some experience in the course of training and practice.,1) Two significant points: a. as indicated earlier, it is risky trying to do a long series of figure in interpreting without jotting them down in a feasible way. To ensure accuracy it is always helpful and reassuring to speedily jot them down as they are being uttered (or read) by the original speakers.,B. Some Practical Hints to Remember,b.In the case of C-E and E-C interpretation, figures do require a sufficient amount of training. By figures we mean, in a larger sense, not only a long series of figures combined with various units of measurements but also a long string of document symbols and long series of proper names (of persons/places).,(1) To lay emphasis on the speedy and accurate rendering of figures involving “万” and “亿” as a first step. (2) To practice the rapid reading of 5-digit numbers, 8-digit numbers and, then, 10-digit numbers, etc. in both Chinese and English, and then combine them with various “units of measurement” until accuracy and fluency are achieved.,3)Some possible signs used:,(1) Using comma (,) each representing one group of 3 naught, e.g.“forty thousand”, represented by “40,” means “四万”;“six hundred thousand”, represented by “600,” means “六十万”“seven million”, represented by “7,” means “七百万”“thirty million”, represented by “30,” means “三千万”,(2). An easy table could be useful when you hear the numbers. You just fill in the form.,(3). If a number is bigger than a million, the easiest way is to use a point after the number of million. For instance, 396万, can be put in this way, 3.96 million. Apply the same way to the following numbers:3,956万39.65million3亿9,650万396.5million;If the number is bigger than a billion, adopt the same way to do it. e.g. 129亿12.9billion,(4). Note the following ways of uncertain numbers 几个some; a few; several 十几个more than/ over a dozen; less/no more than twenty 几十个dozens of 几十年Decades 七十好几了well over seventy 二十刚出头in her/his early twenties 三十大几了（快四十了）in her/his late thirties 千千万万thousands and thousands of 好几百个hundreds of 成千上万thousands upon thousand of 几十万hundreds of thousands of 数以百万计的millions of 亿万(人)hundreds of millions of 十年a decade 二十年a score/four score and seven years ago 三十年(25-30)a generation 五十年half a century 一百年的centennial 一百年/世纪Century,4). In Chinese we often hear or talk about ordinal numbers. If we interpret in English, we have to change the ways of asking/inquiry. 这是你第几次来中国？Is this your first visit to China? This isnt your first visit to China, is it?How many times have you been in China? 你们队得了第几名？Did your team win the championship?Did you get/win the first place in the competition? 这孩子是（你的）老几呀？Is this your oldest/youngest child/son/daughter?,数字口译补充材料,数字的翻译是口译中的一大难关，即使是老翻译，当遇到数字时，尤其是遇到五位数以上的数字时，也不敢有半点松懈。这不仅仅是因为数字难译，更重要的是在商贸谈判或外交活动中，数字误译所造成的后果是不堪设想的。 数字口译之所以难，其中一个主要原因在于英汉对于四位数以上的数字的表达有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英语数字的表达以每三位数为一段位，而汉语以每四位数为一段位。 关于数字翻译，调查显示：英译汉时难点在记忆，汉译英时，难点在于快速表达。以下我们从记笔记和转换两方面来演示在课堂内外如何实践以求尽快掌握数字的翻译。,Tips 1)先练习“大整数”换算对译，再练各个数级换算，最后练习（million, billion对译汉语的一百万、十亿）繁杂零琐的数字； 2)尽量利用笔记，提倡在听辨源语数字同时立即译成译语（边听、边记、边译）用B或b记录“十亿”，用M或m记录“百万”，如： two billion thirty-four million 2 B 34 M十二亿四千万 1 B 240 M,3). 点线法,中译英时，应在听到“亿”时即斜向划一长线/，听到“万”时再划同样的斜长线/，剩下的数字则仍用“符号结合阿拉伯数字”的通用方式完成，或者一律记阿拉伯数字，但不一定立即译成相应的译语数字。（记住是四位一段）例1：一亿三千零二万零八百五十八 1/3002/0858例2：一百零一亿七千四百八十九万五百四十 101/7489/0540,汉语数字分段法：第一段位 个 十 百 千第二段位 万 十万 百万 千万第三段位 亿 十亿 百亿 千亿第四段位 兆（万亿）英语数字分段法：第一段位 One Ten Hundred第二段位 Thousand, Ten thousand, Hundred thousand第三段位 Million, Ten million, Hundred million第四段位 Billion, Ten billion, Hundred billion第五段位 Trillion,口译时，从右向左，逆着原记录顺序每三位打一个逗号（分节号），便可将这些数字切分成印欧语系诸语言的进位单位了。用此方法，需要牢记分节号左位数的单位。从右向左：第一个分节号左位是“千”位，第二个分节号左位是“百万”位，第三个分节号左位是“十亿”位。例1：1/30,02/0,858 130M 20Th 8Hu 数词与fold组成的合成词; “by a factor of +数词“。 比如3倍，又用3 times 或 three-fold（threefold），也可用by a factor of three来表示。 With the result of automation productivity has increased 6 times in that factory.由于自动化的结果，那个工厂的生产率增加了5倍。（或译成增加到6倍）,“表示倍数意义的动词宾语” 作动词用的倍数常见的有double（两倍）、treble（三倍）、quadruple（四倍）等。 As the high voltage was abruptly trebled, all the valves burnt.由于高压突然增加了两倍，管子都烧坏了。,综上所述,翻译“几倍于”和“增加几倍”时，汉语有两种不同的表示法，两者正好相差一倍，所以要多加注意。 以three times为例： 包括原来底数的译法：“是三倍”、“为三倍”、“三倍于”或“增加到三倍”等。 不包括原来底数的译法：“大两倍”、“长两倍”、“增加两倍”或“增加了两倍”等。,三、倍数减少的译法,英语中还可以用具有减少意义的词加倍数来表示减少的数量。句中的倍数是指原量为现量的倍数。由于汉语不能说“减少多少倍”，所以汉译时需要将原文倍数化为分数，译成“减少了”（指减去部分），或译成“减少到“（指剩下部分）。By using this new process the loss of metal was reduced four times.采用这种新工艺使金属损耗减少了四分之三。（或译为降到了四分之一）The principal advantage is a four-fold reduction in volume. 主要优点是体积缩小了四分之三。 注：如果减少的倍数中有小数点，则要换算成不带小数点的分数。比如reduce 4.5 times， 应换算成整数（）后，译成“减少到九分之二”，或“减少了九分之七”。,四比例与百分比的表达法,1比例的表达方式分两种，表示成正比常用词组：vary with, be proportional to, the morethe more。表示成反比常用词组：vary inversely with, the morethe less。例如： 商品的价格与质量成正比。The prices of commodities vary with the quality. 如果电压不变，电阻和电流成反比。If the voltage remains constant, the more the resistance the less the current.,2百分比的表示法通常有以下三种情形： 百分数与by连用，作状语。 例如：与去年同期相比，国家第一季度的总收购量增长了6.2%。The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 6.2, compared with the same period of last year. 百分数单独做状语。 例如：去年日本小汽车产量比1990年下降了12。The output of cars in Japan last year was 12% less than in 1990. 百分比作定语、宾语。 例如：金属损耗减少到30以下。The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 30%.,五、趋势语的表达法,英语中有丰富的描述数字上升、下降或稳定的词汇，即趋势语（trend language）。如下列句子中划线的词汇： The area of cultivated land decreased by 7.6 million hectares, but the yield per hectare rose by an average of 180 kg. Average annual grain supply per person grow from 200 to 400kg, and meat from 9 to 15kg.,下面列举一些英语中常用来表达趋势的词汇：,表示上升趋势：an increase增加, a rise提高, a climb爬升, a jump上升, a growth增长; to increase增加, to rise提高, to climb爬升, to jump上升, to grow增长, to reach升至, to go up上升。 表示下降趋势：a fall下降, a drop跌落, a decline下跌, a decrease减少; to fall下降, to drop跌落, to decline下跌, a decrease减少, to go down下降, to bottom out降至最低点, to slow down减速, to decelerate减速。 表示稳定：to remain (stable)保持，不变，稳定，维持; to stand at不变，稳定，维持; to level out (off)平衡，稳定。,汉语： “增加N元”，“增加N” 英译：a N yuan increasea N percent increase 英语：a N-fold increase/increase N-fold/N times 表示含义是增加到N倍，不是净增加数，其汉语含义净增数应为N1倍。 例证：During the critical year of 1917 Party membership rose tenfold from 20,000 to 200,000. 在关键性的1917年，党员人数从二万增加到二十万，即增加了九倍。,英语：“倍数强比较级”或“倍数over”的句型 汉译：A比B多N1倍或A为B的N倍 英语N times 和N-fold用于增减和强弱有多种说法，用于增加和强比较的是基数乘以N，意为“增加到N倍”、“为比较对象的N倍（如five times greater，即基数5）；用于减少或弱比较是“减少到”、“为比较对象的”（如seven times smaller即基数7，“缩小到七分之一”）。,Practice,到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番，达到40,000亿美元左右。 By 2020, Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion. 一成即10%，60%即六成。“2成3”表达的意思是“23 %”，例如： 今年的粮食产量比去年增长2成3。 The output of grain this year has increased by 23% over last year,