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Unit 6,Present Tenses,Present simple,1.一般现在时定义 表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作(有时间规律发生的事件)的一种时间状态。 2.一般现在时的用法 1)表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常用频度副词sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom及时间副词every day / night / week / month / year, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做状语。如: He often stays up late. 2)表示客观真理或永恒的状态。如: The earth travels round the sun.,3)习惯性的爱好或行为。如: I like dancing while she likes singing. 4)表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排,并且一定要做的事情。 用于这种句型的动词主要是瞬间动词:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open等。如: Our class begins at 7:45. 5)时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时,用一般现在时表示。如: If you come, we will wait for you. When he gets here, the work will be finished. 6)在某些习惯表达法中,常用一般现在时表示已经发生过的动作或存在的状态。如: They say Wu Dong is ill. The paper says the disease is under control.,1. 现在进行时的定义 现在进行时主要用于表示目前正在进行的动作,有时也可表示现阶段在进行的动作。 2. 现在进行时的结构 现在进行时由“am / is / are + 现在分词”构成。如: Im studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall.,Present progressive tense,3.动词现在分词的构成方法: 一般在动词后加-ing。如:saysaying, playplaying, thinkthinking, studystudying, teach teaching, blow blowing, buildbuilding. (2) 动词若以-e结尾, 则去e再加-ing。如:loveloving, makemaking, guideguiding, datedating. (3) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母 的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ing。如:begin beginning, regretregretting, planplanning, ban banning. (4) 在以ie结尾的动词后,改ie为y,再加-ing。如:lielying, diedying, tietying. (5) 在以-ck 结尾的动词后加-king。如:picnicpicnicking, panicpanicking.,4.现在进行时的用法 (1) 表示目前正在发生或进行的动作。如: They are planting trees on the mountain. Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. (2) 如:动作发生在短暂的时间里 I am meeting Mrs. Walker at 5 pm. (3)计划/安排好的行动 When are you starting your job?,现在完成时 1.构成 现在完成时是由助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。 2.用法 (1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。Have you had lunch yet? Yes, I have. Ive just had it. (2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。He has taught here since 1981,(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice ,ever, never, three times等时间状语。 I have been to Beijing twice. 3.现在完成时的时间状语 (1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 a. 副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。 We have already finished our homework. They havent finished their homework yet.,b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如: Have you ever been to the Great Wall? I have never been to the Great Wall. c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just ,before ,up to now, the past few years等。 I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. He has been there three times the last few days. d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now, today, this morning (month, year,term)等。例如: -Have you met him today? -No, I havent. How many times have you been there this year?,(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I havent seen him for two years. 但是,像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。如一些非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换: arrive be here begin (start) be on die be dead come back be back leave be away fall ill (sick, asleep) be ill (sick, asleep) get up be up go out be out finish be over put on wear 或be on catch (a cold) have (a cold) get to know know 如:He has been a soldier for three years. His father has been dead for two years.,现在完成进行时 1、概述 动作发生在过去持续到现在或完成的动作对现在的影响。 I have been painting the living room all day. 2、构成 现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has +been+ v- ing”构成; The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. I have been telling him to study hard.,3、现在完成进行时的用法 (1)表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到说话时候刚结束。 I have been waiting you for about one hour. (说话时等的动作刚结束) She has been working all night long. (2)表示从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时还在继续进行,并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。 They have been living here for 10 years. It has been raining for 3 days.,(3)表示一个过去的动作对现在的影响或造成的结果(相当于现在完成时) She has been doing too much work. (Now he is tired out.) Whos been insulting you? (对方可能在哭) (4)表示重复(只断断续续,而非一直不停) Weve been discussing the matter several times this year. I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.,present perfect VS present perfect progressive,Unit 7,Past Tenses,一般过去时 1.一般过去时的定义 一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。过去时间状语有yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before , when clause, in the past。 2 .一般过去时的应用 (1) 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态。如: Liu Ying was in America last year. Jim rang you just now. (2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常接时间副词often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如: We often went out for a walk after supper. We usually played together.,过去进行时 1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2)常用的时间状语 thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while 注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。如: 1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。 Didyouwantanythingelse? 2)情态动词could,would. Couldyoulendmeyourbike?,过去完成时 1)概念:表示过去的过去,其构成是had+过去分词构成。 2)用法 a.用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句 Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis. b.状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去 完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。 Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.,c.表示意向的动词,如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去 完成时表示原本,未能 Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidnt. 3)过去完成时的时间状语 before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。 HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.,过去完成进行时 1)构成:过去完成进行时是由had been +现在分词构成。 2)用法: 1. 表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着。 2. 表示反复的动作。 He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。,3. 过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。 The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。 4. 过去完成进行时之后也可接具有突然之意的when分句。 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了 过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较: She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy. 她已经打扫过办公室了,所以很整洁。 (强调结果) She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside. 她一直在打扫办公室,所以我们不得不在外面等着。 (强调动作一直在进行),Unit 8,Future Tenses,一般将来时 一般将来时的定义 一般将来时表示在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用时间副词 tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 做状语。如: What will you do this afternoon. 2. 一般将来时的结构及应用 (1)shall / will + 动词原形。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。特别是表示客观 性的事情或在某条件下要发生的事情,只能用此结构。如: What shall we do if he doesnt come? 如果他不来,我们该怎么办?,(2) be going to + 动词原形。表示已经计划或安排好了的事情,也可表示有迹象表 明肯定要发 生的事情。如: We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. (3) be to + 动词原形。表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。如: Who is to clean the classroom today?,(4) be about to + 动词原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一种时间上 的巧合,因此,句子不能再用时间状语。如: Dont leave. Li Lei is about to come. (5) be +现在分词。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。这个句型中动词主要是瞬间动词: come, go, leave, arrive, begin,start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如: Hurry up. The shop is closing. (6) 表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。比方说,上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。 如:Dont hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight.,将来进行时 将来进行时构成 助动词will be+ V- ing 将来进行时用法 1. 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作: Dont phone me between 5 and 6. Well be having dinner then. 2. 表示按计划或安排要发生的动作 I will be seeing you next week. We shall be going to London next week. 3. 将来进行时表示委婉语气 有时用将来进行时可使语气更委婉: Will you be having some tea? Will you be needing anything else?,4. 将来进行时与一般将来时的区别 (1) 两者基本用法不一样:将来进行时表示将来某时正在进行的动作,一般将来时表示将来某时将要发生的动作: What will you be doing this time tomorrow? What will you do tomorrow? (2) 两者均可表示将来,但用将来进行时语气更委婉,比较: When will you finish these letters? (直接询问,如上司对下属) When will you be seeing Mr White? (委婉地询问,如下属对上司) (3) 有时一般将来中的will含有“愿意”的意思,而用将来进行时则只是单纯地谈未来情况: Mary wont pay this bill. 玛丽不肯付这笔钱。(表意愿) Mary wont be paying this bill. 不会由玛丽来付钱。(单纯谈未来情况),将来完成进行时 一、结构形式 将来完成进行时由“will / shall have been+现在分词”构成。常见时间副词有:for/by the end of/all day long 二、用法归纳 1:表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间,至于是 否继续下去,要视上下文而定。如: She will have been having treatment all her life. By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years.,2:表示一种经常性反复进行的持续性动作。如: By the end of this month he will have been training horses for twenty years. By the end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years.,2. 现在完成时、过去完成时与将来完成的区别 现在完成时以现在时间为参照点,表示在“现在”以前完成的动作或持续到 “现在”的状态,过去完成时则以过去时间为参照点,表示在“过去”某一时间 以前发生的动作或持续到“过去”某一时间的状态,将来完成时则以将来时 间为参照点,表示在“将来”某一时间为止已经完成的动作或持续到“将来”某 一时间的状态: (1)He has finished writing his novel. (2)He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. (3)He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year.,与一般现在时代替一般将来时一样,在表示时间或者条件的状语从句,通 常要用现在完成时来表示将来完成时,而不能直接使用将来完成时: I will go with you when I have finished my work. 若不强调动作的完成(且不致于引起歧义),有时也可用一般现在时: I will go with you when I finish my work.,
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