《英语八大时态》PPT课件.ppt

英语八大时态（2）,By Vivian,五、过去进行时,内涵(简单内涵) 1.表示过某时刻正在进行的动作 eg At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp. 2.用于故事的开头，交代故事发生的背景情况 eg One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke 3.表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作 eg We left there when its getting dark,时态详解,主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作，所以，句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语，词组，或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中： 1）表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作，例如： At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。 What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么？,2）用于故事的开头，交代故事发生的背景情况。,过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”，所以，在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”，从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如： One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity .一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源,3)（仅限少数动词）表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。,例如： When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候，他们开始制订度假计划。 She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。,特殊用法（现在进行时用法之表将来）,1用过去进行时表示现在，主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如： I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 We were hoping you would stay with us. 我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。 How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生，您打算花多少钱？ 注：一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。,六、现在完成时,内涵(简单内涵) 1. 表示截止现在业已完成的动作 g By now, I have collected all the data that I need. 2.表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作 eg She has been to the United States. 3.表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续 eg I have learned English for 8 years,时态详解,1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作 By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。 She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。 We havent met for many years .我们已多年没见了。 They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。,2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作,Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？ She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。 You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。,3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续,It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。 They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。 So far weve only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。,几点注意,1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以及它所处的语言环境。例如： He speaks English .（一般现在时，说明动作发生的经常性。） He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般过去时，说明动作发生的时间。） He is speaking English.（现在进行时，说明动作正在进行。） He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（现在完成时，这里说明动作的总和。） He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. （现在完成进行时，强调动作的连续性。）,2）在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时；如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。 例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow. I would not play tennis if it rained the next day.,3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作，它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有：be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。 Be动词若是用于进行时态，可表示暂时、短暂的情况或表现。例如： Tom is being a good boy today .汤姆今天很乖。 He is being childish .他这样做是耍孩子气。 You are not being modest .你这样说不太谦虚。,4）关于现在完成时的时间状语问题,A. 凡是完成时态都表示，不知道也不管动作发生的具体时间, 所以在使用现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，如：yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副词连用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , notyet , always等等。 B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子里，因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间，属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示以前的意义，因为它只表示以前，而不知什么时候的以前。,C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示的一段时间的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用It has been ；since的句式来表达。如： He has joined the army for five years. （错误） It has been five years since he joined the army.（正确）,特殊用法（现在完成时用法之常用词语）,能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子： (1) since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时： I havent seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。 Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?,【注】有时可用其他时态的情况，但须注意： 对于某些表示状态的动词(如 seem 等)，或因语义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适： It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了? 若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时： Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西) 表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时： Its ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。,(2) so far(到目前为止)： So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。 We havent had any trouble so far. 到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。 (3) in for, during the past last years(在过去年中)： In the past two years Ive seen him little. 过去两年我很少见到他。 I have been here (for) the last past month. 最近一个月里我都在这儿。 【注】在一定的上下文里，若是以过去时间为起点，也可用过去完成时。,(4) up to until now(到现在为止)： Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。 I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。 (5) Its will be the first time that(第一次)： Its the first time Ive come here. 这是我第一次来这儿。 Dont forget, itll be the first time Ive spoken in public. 别忘了，这是我第一次在公共场合,基本结构,由 have 加动词的过去分词构成，主语是第三人称单数时，要将 have 改为 has。例句： I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。) Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? ) She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。,七、过去完成时,内涵(简单内涵) 1. 发生在“过去的过去” g When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 2.与一个表示过去的时间状语连用 eg Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 3.在过去某时之前开始一直延续到这一时间 eg By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.,时态详解,一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）。 -|- |-|- 那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完成时由助动词 had + 过去分词构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.,二、过去完成时的判断依据,1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。 如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。 如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。 如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.,2. 由过去的过去来判定。,过去完成时表示过去的过去，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before.,（ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom.,（ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.,三、过去完成时的主要用法,1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在过去的过去。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在过去的过去） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ),3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。 如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.,4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。 如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）,四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别,现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为助动词 have (has) + 过去分词；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调过去的过去，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 - Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 - Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（等的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） - John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。- Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即过去的过去）,五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别,虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调过去的过去；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.,2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.,3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.,特殊用法（过去完成时用法之表未曾实现的想法）,过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，通常连用的动词是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等： I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。 I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言，但时间不允许。,基本结构,由 had 加动词的过去分词构成。 例句： She said she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。,八、过去将来时,内涵(简单内涵) 1. 宾语从句或间接引语中 g He didnt expect that we would all be there. 2.表示过去习惯性的动作 eg During that period, he would do this every day. 3.表示过去的愿望、倾向，多用于否定句 eg They knew that we would never permit such a thing.,时态详解,表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个将来时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于： A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如： A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。 She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。 He didnt expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。,B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。 Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。 C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。 They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。 Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。,特殊用法（去将来时几种结构表未曾实现的意图）,was / were going to + 动词原形；was / were to + 动词原形；was / were about to + 动词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。如： The conference was going to be held the next month. 会议下个月开。 We were to have our class at eight. 八点我们该上课了。 I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in. 就在我要告诉他时，吴东进来了。,基本结构,过去将来时由would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to等加动词原形构成, 也可由was/were on the point of加动名词构成。例句： I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。 I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。,Thank you!,