Chapter1computerhardwarePPT优秀课件

1Computer English第一章第一章 计算机硬件计算机硬件2Computer English第一课第一课 计算机系统概述计算机系统概述3An overview of Computer systemvKey Words:v term n.术语v component n.部件，构件v electromechanical adj.电子机械的v intelligence n.智力，智能v combination n.结合，合并v hardware n.硬件v software n.软件v information n.信息，情报，资料v procedure n.程序，手续v connectivity n.连通性v transmission n.传送，传输v instructions n.指示，指导，指令4An overview of Computer systemv perform vt.履行，执行v operate v.操作，运转v convert vt.使转变，转换v unevaluated adj.未经估值的，未鉴定的v concept n.观念，概念v process vt.加工，处理v refining n.精练，提炼v inventory n.存货，财产清册，总量v capture vt.俘获，捕获，夺取v indicate vt.指出，显示，预示v equipped v.装备，配备v capacity n.容量，能力v simultaneously adv.同时5An overview of Computer systemv We are changing from an industrial society to an information society.Personal computers are becoming as common as the telephone in both the workplace and our home.We live in an information age where the person or company with the latest information gains a strategic advantage.The computer has changed the way we live and work.v 我们正在从工业社会向信息社会转化。不论是在工作单位，还是在家中，个人计算机都已经像电话那样普及。在我们生活的信息时代，掌握了最新信息的人或公司就能在战略上获得优势。计算机已经改变了我们的生活和工作方式。6An overview of Computer systemv The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical（part electronic and part mechanical）components.By it self，a computer has no intelligence and is referred to as hardware.A computer doesnt come to life until it is connected to other parts of a computer system.A computer system is a combination of five elements（listed here in the order of how expensive it would be to replace them in a system，from least to most expensive）:v 计算机是用来描述由电子和电子机械（部分电子和部分机械）元件组合而成的一种设备。就其本身，计算机没有智力，因此可以称之为硬件。一台计算机如果不和计算机的其他系统连接起来是不会有什么作为的。计算机系统由五大部分构成（下面按它们在系统中如需替换而要花钱的多少从低到高排序）:7An overview of Computer systemv*Hardware v*Softwarev*Data/information v*Procedure v*Peoplev*硬件v*软件v*资料/信息 v*程序 v*人8An overview of Computer systemv When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system，connectivity becomes a sixth system element.In other words，the manner in which the various individual systems are connectedfor example，by phone lines，microwave transmission or satelliteis an element of the total computer system.v 如果建立一个计算机系统的目的是为了与另一个计算机进行通信，那么连接就成了第六个系统成分。换句话说，将不同独立的系统通过电话线、微波传递或卫星等连接起来的形式也是整个计算机系统的一个成分。9An overview of Computer systemv Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task;without software instructions，the hardware doesnt know what to do.People operate the computer hardware;they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.You will learn more about software and procedures later.Right now we want to discuss the importance of data and information.v “软件”是用来描述要求计算机如何工作的指令的专门术语。没有软件指令，计算机就不知道该做什么。不过人们构造了计算机系统的最重要的部分，包括操作硬件，创建计算机软件指令并对这些指令的程序做出相应的反应。以后你学到更多的有关软件和程序的知识。现在我们讨论数据和信息的重要性。10An overview of Computer systemv The purpose of a computer system is to convert data into information.Data is raw，unevaluated facts and figures，concepts，or instructions.This raw material is processed into useful information.In other words，information is the product of data processing.This processing includes refining，summarizing，categorizing，and otherwise manipulating the data into a useful form for decision making.v 计算机系统的目的是将数据转换成信息。数据是原材料，没有经过任何的评价，包括数字、概念或指令。原材料要被加工成有用的信息。换句话说，信息是数据处理后的产品。这个处理过程包括提炼、归纳、分类，也就是将它们加工处理成便于决策的形式。11An overview of Computer systemvFor example，the facts and figures contained in a stack of customer orders waiting to be entered into a computer-based order entry system are data;after the data is entered and processed，an output report about how that data affected product inventory would be information.v例如有待输入计算机处理系统的一堆用户订单上的情况和数字是数据，等到把这些数据输入系统并进行加工处理后，输出的有关这些数据对产品存货所发生的影响的报告就变成了信息。12An overview of Computer systemv People“capture”data in a variety of waysfor example，by reading，listening，or seeing.Then they may record the data on a document.For instance，Roger Shu records his name on an employee timecard by first entering the letter R.This letter，and each of the remaining letters in his name，is an element of data，as are the numbers 12/22 and 5，used to indicate the date and the number of overtime hours worked.v 人们“捕捉”信息的办法各种各样，例如通过读、听或看，然后人们可以把数据记录在文件上。例如罗杰苏把自己的名字录到雇员卡上，首先录入字母R。这个字母及他名字中余下的每一个字母就像数字12/22和5一样是数据的一个成分，用来表示日期和加班的时间。13An overview of Computer systemvBy themselves，these data elements are useless;we must process them to make them mean something.The report produced when Rogers data is running through a computer-based employee records system gives us informationfor example，the amount of money due Roger for his overtime work.v这些数据本身是没有什么意义的，我们必须对它们进行加工处理使它们具有一定的意义。当有关罗杰的数据经过计算机雇员记录系统的处理，产生的报告就提供给我们信息例如罗杰的加班工资总数。14An overview of Computer systemv In general,a computers type is determined by the following seven factors:v (1)The type of CPU.As noted，microcomputers use microprocessors.The larger computers tend to use CPUs made up of separate，high-speed，sophisticated components.v 一般说来，计算机的类型由以下七大因素决定:v (1)CPU的型号。大家已经知道，微型计算机使用微处理器。较大计算机趋向于使用由单独的高速复杂的零部件构成的CPU。15An overview of Computer systemv (2)The amount of main memory the CPU can use.A computer equipped with a large amount of main memory can support more sophisticated programs and can even hold several different programs in memory at the same time.v (3)The capacity of the storage devices.The larger computer systems tend to be equipped with higher capacity storage devices.v (2)CPU能够使用的主存的总量。配置大主存的计算机能够支持较高级的程序，甚至能在主存中同时容纳几个不同的程序。v (3)存储设备的容量。越大的计算机系统越趋向配置大容量的存储设备。16An overview of Computer systemv （4）The speed of the output devices.The speed of microcomputer output devices tends to rated in terms of the number characters per second（cps）that can be printedusually in tens and hundreds of cps.Larger computers output devices are faster and are usually rated at speeds of hundreds or thousands of lines that can be printed per minute.v （4）输出设备的速度。微机输出设备的速度倾向于用每秒钟能打印的字符数（cps）来度量，通常每秒钟为几十个、几百个字符。较大计算机的输出设备的速度也较快，通常每分钟可打印几百或几千行。17An overview of Computer systemv (5)The processing speed in millions of instruction per second（mips）.The term instruction is used here to describe a basic task the software asks the computer to perform while also identifying the data to be affected.The processing speed of the smaller computers ranges from 7 to 40 mips.The speed of large computers can be 30 to 150 mips or more，and supercomputers can process more than 200 mips.In other words，a mainframe computer can process your data a great deal faster than a microcomputer can.v (5)用mips（每秒钟百万条指令）度量处理速度。“指令”这个概念在这儿用来描述软件所执行的基本任务，同时标识受到影响的数据。较小计算机的处理速度为740 mips。大型计算机的处理速度能达到30150 mips或更多。巨型计算机能处理200多mips。换句话说，大型计算机处理数据的能力要比微机快得多。18An overview of Computer systemv (6)The number of users that can access the computer at one time.Most small computers can support only a single user;some can support as many as two or three at a time.Large computers can support hundreds of users simultaneously.v (7)The cost of the computer system.Business systems can cost as little as 500（for a microcomputer）or as much as 10 million（for a mainframe）and much more for a supercomputer.v (6)同时可以使用计算机的用户数。大部分小型计算机只能由单个用户使用，有些计算机可同时让两个或三个用户使用，大型计算机则同时可由几百个用户使用。v (7)计算机系统的价格。商用计算机系统的价格从只值五百美元（一台微机）到要开价一千万美元（一台主机），巨型计算机则花费更多。19Computer English第二课第二课 中央处理单元中央处理单元20vKey Words:v arithmetic n.算术，运算v binary adj.双态的，二进制的v bus n.总线，通信通路v circuitry n.电路v configuration n.配置，结构，形状，布置v convert vt.转换v decode vt.译码，解码v logic n.逻辑（线路）v microsecond n.微秒，百万分之一秒 21vKey Words:v millisecond n.毫秒，千分之一秒v multiply v.乘，做乘法v nanosecond n.纳秒，十亿分之一秒v picosecond n.皮秒，万亿分之一秒v register n.寄存器，注册v retrieval n.检索，取回，恢复v synchronize v.同步发生，同步v transfer v.传送，转移，传输，转换v transmit v.传送，传输v wordsize n.字长22v The central processing unit（CPU）is the heart of the computer system.Among other things，its configuration determines whether a computer is fast or slow in relation to other computers.The CPU is the most complex computer system component，responsible for directing most of the computer system activities based on the instructions provided.v 中央处理器（CPU）是计算机系统的心脏。一台计算机相对于其他计算机的速度是快还是慢，除了别的因素外，CPU的配置起着决定的作用。CPU是最复杂的计算机系统设备，它根据提供的指令负责指挥协调计算机系统的全部活动。23vAs one computer generation has evolved to the next，the physical size of the CPU has often become smaller and smaller，while its speed and capacity have increased tremendously.Indeed，these changes resulted in microcomputers that are small enough to fit on your desk or your lap.The CPU circuitry of a microcomputercalled a microprocessor can fit on a chip about the size of your thumbnail，or even smaller.v当老一代计算机被新的一代计算机替代的时候，CPU的实际尺寸往往变得越来越小，而其速度和性能却有了惊人的增长。这种变化的结果就使得微机缩小得可以放在你的桌上或膝盖上。微机的CPU电路即微处理器可以安置在像大拇指那么大甚至更小的芯片上24v The CPU has two main parts:the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit.The parts of the CPU are usually connected by an electronic component referred to as a bus，which acts as an electronic highway between them.To temporarily store data and instructions，the CPU has special-purpose storage devices called registers.v CPU有两个主要部件:控制单元和算术/逻辑单元。CPU的部件通常由称为总线的电子设备连接，总线在它们之间充当着电子交通干线的角色。为了临时存储数据和指令，CPU有一个专门用于存储的设备，叫作寄存器。25v 1.Control Unitv The control unit，a maze of complex electronic circuitry，is responsible for directing and coordinating most of the computer system activities.It does not execute instructions itself;it tells other parts of the computer system what to do.It determines the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the arithmetic/logic unit，as well as the control signals between the CPU and input/output devices.v 1.控制单元v 控制单元是一个复杂的电路迷宫，担负着指挥和协调大多数计算机系统活动的职责。它本身并不执行任何指令，只安排计算机系统的其他部件去工作。它决定主存和算术/逻辑单元间电信号的流动，也决定着CPU和输入/输出系统设备之间控制信号的流动。26v Just as a car is useless without gas，a computer is not much good without software instructions.When we use software，we are working with high-level（human language-like）instructions that are to be carried out by the control unit.These instructions are converted by a language processor into a low level form of instructions the computer can work withmachine language，the only language that the CPU can understand.v 正如汽车没有油就不能发挥任何作用一样，计算机如果没有软件指令也就一事无成。我们使用软件时，用的是控制单元将要执行的高级指令（就像人类的语言一样）。语言处理器将这些指令转换成计算机可以用来工作的低级指令形式，即CPU唯一能够理解的机器语言。27vIn machine language，data and instructions are represented in binary form（0s and 1s），and each type of computermicrocomputer，minicomputer，or mainframeresponds to a unique version of machine language.Once the instructions have been converted into this form，they can be retrieved from main memory and interpreted by the control unit（sometimes referred to as decoding）.v在机器语言中，数据和指令都用二进制的形式（0和1）表示，每一种类型的计算机-微机、小型计算机或大型计算机-都只对与其相配的机器语言做出响应。一旦指令被转换成机器语言形式，控制单元就能从主存中将它们检索出来并且负责解释（有时候也称为“译码”）。28vAccording to each specific instruction，the control unit issues the necessary signals to other computer system components as needed to satisfy the processing require ments.This could involve，for example，directing that data be retrieved from a disk storage device，“telling”the printer to print the letter you just wrote，or simply directing the arithmetic/logic unit to add two numbers.v根据每项具体指令，控制单元向计算机系统其他部件发出它们所需的信号来满足处理的需求。这可能涉及诸如命令从磁盘存储设备中检索数据、通知打印机打印你刚刚写好的信件或者仅命令算术/逻辑单元把两个数字相加。29v 2.Arithmetic/Logic Unit（ALU）Without the arithmetic/logic unit（ALU），the Kim program would not be able to do those financial forecasts for Sporting Life on the computer，and you would not be able to use Ticketron to find out if you and your friends can get five seats at the Lemon Bowl.In fact，without the ALU，computers would not be able to do most of the tasks that we find useful.The ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical（comparison）functionsthat is，it adds，subtracts，multiplies，divides，and does comparisons.2.算术/逻辑单元（ALU）没有算术/逻辑单元（ALU），Kim程序就不能在计算机上给体育生活（Sporting Life）杂志提供财经预报，你也不能用Ticketron程序来断定你和你的朋友是否能买到雷盟体育场（Lemon Bowl）的五张票。事实上，没有算术/逻辑单元，计算机就无法完成我们认为有用的很多工作。ALU完成所有的算术和逻辑（比较）功能如加、减、乘、除，以及进行各种比较.30vThese comparisons，which are basically“less than”，“grater than”，and“equal to”，can be combined into several common expressions，such as“greater than or equal to”.The objective of most instructions that use comparisons is to determine which instruction should be executed next.v这些基本上是“小于”、“大于”和“等于”的比较可以组合成几个常用的短语，如“大于或等于”。用于比较的大多数指令的目的是决定哪条指令是接下来要执行。31v The ALU controls the speed of calculations and so receives a great deal of attention from computer engineers trying to meet the needs of the fast-paced business world.Older microcomputers speeds are usually measured in milliseconds1 thousandth of a second.Newer microcomputers speeds are measured in microseconds1 millionth of a second.Larger，powerful computers speeds are measured in nanoseconds1 billionth of a secondor picoseconds1 trillionth of a second.If a nanosecond were equal to one minute，then a minute would be equal to 1900 years!v ALU控制计算的速度，因此那些努力想满足商界快速运算需求的计算机工程师特别注意它。过去微型计算机的速度通常用毫秒（milliseconds）即千分之一秒来度量，如今的微型计算机的速度用微秒（microseconds）即百万分之一秒来度量。大型计算机的速度用纳秒（nanoseconds）即十亿分之一秒，或用皮（可）秒（picoseconds）即万亿分之一秒来度量。假如一纳秒等于一分钟，那么一分钟就相当于1900年。32v 3.Registers Registers are special temporary storage locations within the CPUsome in the control unit and some in the ALU.Registers very quickly accept，store，and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately（Main memory holds data that will be used shortly;secondary storagesuch as a disketteholds data that will be used later）.To execute an instruction，the control unit of the CPU retrieves it from main memory and places it into a register.The typical operations that take place in the processing of instructions are part of either the instruction cycle or the execution cycle.3.寄存器 寄存器是CPU中专门用于临时存储的场所，一部分在控制单元里，一部分在ALU当中。寄存器迅速接受、存储并传送即将使用的数据和指令（主存存放马上就要使用的数据，辅助存储器如磁盘存放以后使用的数据）。如果要执行一条指令，CPU的控制单元要将其从主存中检索出来，然后将它放置到寄存器中。处理指令的典型操作由两部分组成:一是指令周期，二是执行周期。33v The instruction cycle，or I-cycle，refers to the retrieval of an instruction from main memory and its subsequent decoding（the process of alerting the circuits in the CPU to perform the specified operation）.The time it takes to go through the instruction cycle is referred to as I-time.v 指令周期，也叫作I-cycle，指的是从主存中检索指令以及随后的译码（在CPU中使电路做好准备以执行专门操作的过程）。指令周期所需的时间叫作I-time。34v The execution cycle，or E-cycle，refers to the execution of the instruction and the subsequent storing of the result in a register.The time it takes to go through the execution cycle is referred to as E-time.The instruction cycle and the execution cycle together，as they apply to one instruction，are referred to as a machine cycle.The CPU has an internal clock that synchronizes all operations in the cycle.The speed is expressed in megahertz（MHz）;1 MHz equals 1 million cycles per second.Generally，the faster the clock speed，the faster the computer can process information.Of course，for most users，the faster,the better and the more expensive!v 执行周期，也叫作E-cycle，指的是执行这个指令以及随后将结果存放到寄存器的过程。执行周期所需的时间叫作E-time。由于指令周期和执行周期适合于同一条指令，因此合在一起称为机器周期。CPU内部有使周期中的所有操作同步的时钟，其速度用兆赫（MHz）表示。1 MHz相当于一百万周期每秒。一般来说，时钟的速度越快，计算机处理信息的速度也就越快。当然，对于大多数用户来说，速度越快越好，但意味着价钱也就越贵!35v The number and types of registers in a CPU vary according to the CPUs design.Their size（capacity）and number can dramatically affect the processing power of a computer system.In general，the“larger”the register，the more bits can be processed at once.The size of a register is referred to as wordsize.v CPU中寄存器的数量和类型根据CPU的设计而变化。寄存器的大小（能力）和数量能够显著地影响计算机系统的处理能力。一般说来，寄存器越大，每次能够处理的位数也就越多。寄存器的大小通常称作字长。36v Some personal computers have general-purpose registers that hold only 8 bits;other hold 16 bits;newer microcomputer have 32-bit registers.Computers that handle a 32-bit wordsize can process data twice as fast as those that handle a 16-bit wordsize.The difference in processing power due to difference in register size can be illustrated by the difference between trying to put out a fire with a small drinking glass and with a 5-gallon bucket.v一些个人计算机配置的是通用寄存器，这类寄存器能够容纳8位，另一些是16位，更新的微机有32位的寄存器。能够处理32位字长的计算机的处理速度是能够处理16位字长计算机的两倍。由于寄存器大小的不同而引起的处理能力的差异可以用一个比喻来说明:用一只水杯去救火和用5加仑的大水桶去救火是不一样的。37v 4.Bus The term bus refers to an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted between the various computer components.Depending on the design of a system，several types of buses may be present.For the user，the most important one is the data bus，which carries data throughout the CPU.The wider the data bus，the more data it can carry at one time and thus the greater the processing speed of the computer.4.总线 总线指的是二进数码在各种计算机部件之间传送的电子通道。依据系统的设计，有几种类型的总线。对于用户来说，最重要的是数据总线，因为是它把数据传送给CPU。数据总线越宽，每次传送的数据就越多，因此计算机的处理速度也就越快。38Computer English第三课第三课 主存主存39Main memoryvKey Words：v architecture n.结构，构造，体系结构v bank n.存储单元v bit n.比特，（二进制）位v buffer n.缓冲器，缓冲，缓冲区v cabinet n.机箱v cache n.高速缓存v communication n.交流，通信v compatible adj.可兼容的，可共存的，兼容的v derive（from）v.起源，由来v detection n.检测v efficiently adv.有效的v erasable adj.可抹去的，可擦除的 40Main memoryv erroneously adj.错误地v firmware n.固件，硬件v insert v.插入v install v.安装，装配v interpretation n.解释v model n.模型，样机，型号v monochrome n.单色v nonvolatile adj.不变的，稳定的，非易失性的v parity n.奇偶，奇偶性，奇偶校验v plug v.（电器）插头，插入v screwdriver n.螺丝刀v slot n.槽v terminal n.终端，端子，终端仿真程序v upgrade v.使升级，更新41Main memoryv 1.Function of main memoryv The principal function of main memory is to act as an intermediary between the central processing unit（CPU）and the rest of the computer system components.It functions as a sort of desktop on which you place the things with which you are about to begin to work.The CPU can utilize only those software instructions and data that are stored in main memory.v 1.主存的功能v 主存主要是在中央处理器（CPU）和计算机系统的其他部件之间充当中介作用。它类似一个桌面，你可以把急需处理的东西放在上面。CPU只能利用存放在主存中的那些软件指令及数据。42Main memoryv As you know，main memory is random access memory，or RAM.The name derives from the fact that data can be stored in and retrieved at randomfrom anywherein the electronic main memory chips in approximately the same amount of time，no matter where the data is.v 正如你已经知道的，主存是随机存取存储器，或者叫作RAM。这个命名是鉴于这么一个事实:数据在电子主存芯片中可以随意随处存放和检索，而且不管数据在何处，存放和检索的时间差不多是相同的。43Main memoryv Main memory is in an electronic，or volatile state.When the computer is off，main memory is empty;when it is on，main memory is capable of receiving and holding a copy of the software instructions and data necessary for processing.Because main memory is a volatile form of storage that depends on electric power and the power can go off during processing，users often save their work frequently onto nonvolatile secondary storage devices such as diskettes or hard disks.In general，main memory is used for the following purposes:v 主存处于一种电子化的或易丢失的状态。当计算机关着的时候，主存里面是空的;当计算机开着的时候，主存就能够接收和容纳软件指令及处理所需数据的拷贝。因为主存是一种易失性的存储方式，依赖电能，而在计算机处理过程中有可能会停电，因此用户经常将他们的东西存放在不易丢失的辅助存储器里，如软盘或硬盘。通常使用主存的目的如下:44Main memoryv（1）Storage of a copy of the main software program that controls the general operation of the computer.This copy is loaded into main memory when the computer is turned on（you will find out later），and it stays there as long as the computer is on.v（2）Temporary storage of a copy of application program instructions（the specific software you are using in your business）to be retrieved by the CPU for interpretation and execution.v（1）存放控制计算机一般操作的主软件程序的拷贝。这种拷贝在计算机打开的时候安装在主存内（你以后会弄清楚的），而且只要计算机是开着的它就一直驻留在那儿。v（2）临时存储CPU为了解释和执行而检索的应用程序指令的拷贝（如你正在使用的业务方面的专门软件）。45Main memoryv （3）Temporary storage of data that has been input from the keyboard or other input device until instructions call for the data to be transferred into the CPU for processing.v （4）Temporary storage of data that has been produced as a result of processing until instructions call for the data to be used again in subsequent processing or to be transferred to an output device such as the screen，a printer，or a disk storage device.v （3）临时存储刚由键盘或其他输入设备输入的数据，直至指令要求将这些数据传送至CPU进行处理为止。v （4）临时存储已加工的数据，直至指令调用这些数据再次处理，或者要求将这些数据传送给输出设备，例如屏幕、打印机或磁盘存储设备。46Main memoryvThe banks of RAM chips（a group of chips，usually nine，arranged in a row）are sometimes on a memory expansion card，which fits inside the system cabinet and sometimes are on the main circuit b