高三英语阅读专题语义理解题教案

湖南省长沙县实验中学 高三英语阅读专项：语义理解题教案此类考题涉及对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测。提问的方式重要有：1What does the underlined word “.” in the first paragraph mean?2Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word?3The underlined word “.” most probably means _.4The underlined word “.” could best be replaced by_.5According to the passage，the underlined word “.” is the closest in meaning to “_”解题技巧：1. 构词法猜词 ( 阅读中常常会遇到某些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜想词义很有协助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un与否认，able是“能的，可的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。)例题1：（全国高考重庆卷D篇）The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. 68. The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” in Paragraph 4 means _.A. far-away B. dangerous C. ancient D. secret例题2：（全国高考重庆卷D篇）Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .A. value B. result C. performance D. connection2运用同义近义词猜词 ( 在生词所浮现的上下文中，有时会浮现与之同义或近义的词语或构造，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相似的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此拟定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大体词义。)例题1：Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night, but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night.“Prowl” refer to 例题2：(全国卷C篇)Fermats Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit peoples imagination.3运用反义词猜词 ( 对比是描述，阐明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。运用反义词来阐明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否认或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。)例题1：Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. “gregarious” means 。例题2：In many nations there are two financial extremes (极端), from penury to great wealth.“penury”means 例题3：(全国高考卷E篇)A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialists. B. A plan requiring careful thought.C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble. D. A demand made by guests.4运用上下文语境猜词 ( 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。运用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大核心，这也是近年来高考考察的热点。)例题1：（全国高考湖南卷B篇） Charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. Weve collected foreign coins for years since our families went on holiday to Tenerife. she explains. That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in. 60. The underlined word pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _.A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin 例题2：（全国高考江西卷D篇）The plants are about one meter apart. The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got.68In the first paragraph ,the word “pruning” means .Aregular cutting of the plants Bfrequent watering Cregular use of chemicals Dgrowing the plants high in the mountain例题3：（全国高考上海卷B篇）“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.” 70. The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_”.A. full of respect B. too confident and rudeC. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet例题4：（全国高考山东卷A篇）“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just dont buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. 58. The underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expect5运用定义和解释猜词 ( 有些文章，特别是科技文章，一般会对某些核心词予以定义，我们可以运用定义来猜想这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释阐明的方式。)例题1：Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.“wrestling” means 例题2：Scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.“antibiotic” means 例题3：(全国高考卷B篇)“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?A. Growing interest in organic food. B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organic food. D. Higher prices of organic food.6运用例证，复述或同等关系猜词 ( 为了阐明或证明，文章中常常会举例，往往用来列举阐明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可协助我们猜想生词。举例时，常常会用某些连接性的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。为了强调某个观点或把某事论述得更明白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时可以运用这些反复和体现形式的变化来猜想词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、具体，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以合适词、短语或是从句。同等关系是指一种词、一种词组或短语在句中作同一成分，并且她们的词义属于同一范畴。只要我们认出其中一种或几种词或短语，即可以拟定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概的意思。)例题1：I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him. “Generous” means 例题2：You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English, Foreign Language Teaching In School, or English Learning. “periodicals” refers to 例题3：（全国高考江苏卷E篇）William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. 74.The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means_.A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy例题4：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. “semantics” means 。7根据语义转折猜词 ( 有时文章的作者为了增强体现效果，会用某些具有表达意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜想词义。)例题1（全国高考广东卷B篇）Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow? 60. The underlined word cultivated (paragraph 1) roughly means _.A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed例题2：（全国高考北京卷D篇）However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject.71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_”.A. try very hard B. take our timeC. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful8运用经验和常识猜词例题1：Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral.“funeral” means .例题2：All the houses in the city collapsed during the strong earthquake.“collapsed” means 。例题3：（全国高考北京卷C篇）“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.” 63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to _ .A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear 课后巩固练习(浙江卷)I looked across at the others：shelves of similar cameras placed along the wall，offering a wide range of slightly different prices and discounts，with each company selling a range of models based around the same basic box. With so many models to choose from，it seemed that I would have to spend hours weighing X against Y，always trying to take Z and possibly H into account at the same time. But when I had finished，I would still have only the same two certainties that I had entered the store with：first，soon after I carried my new camera out of the shop，it would be worth half what I paid for it；and second，my wonderful camera would very quickly be replaced by a new model.58What does the writer mean by “it would be worth half what I paid for it ”(paragraph 2)?AHe should get a 50% discount.BThe price of the camera was unreasonably high.CThe quality of the camera was not good.DThe camera would soon fall in value.(湖北卷)Both sides want peace，but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict . In part，this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it . From the parents point of view，the only cause of their fight is their adolescents complete unreasonableness. And of course，the teens see it in exactly the same way，except oppositely. Both feel trapped.56What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?AThe teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.BThe teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.CThe teens accuse their parents of misleading them.DThe teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents. (四川卷)Every writer starts off knowing that he has something to say, but being unable to find the right ways to say it. He has to find his own voice by reading widely and discovering which parts of the writers he agrees or disagrees with, or agrees with so strongly that it reshapes his own world.42The underlined word “voice” in the second paragraph most probably means “_”Aan idea Ba sound qualityCa way of writing Da world to write about(北京卷) When she was evaluated at the end of the year, she was told to take a training course because of her inability to speak up.Thats why slight differences in conversational styletiny little things like microseconds of pausecan have a great effect on ones life. The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problemseven in the mind of the woman herself，who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training.67The underlined word “assertiveness” in the last paragraph probably means _.Abeing willing to speak ones mindBbeing able to increase ones powerCbeing ready to make ones own judgmentD. being quick to express ones ideas confidently (广东卷)When something goes wrong，it can be very satisfying to say，“Well，its soandsos fault.”or “I know Im late，but its not my fault；the car broke down.”It is probably not your fault，but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation，you are a loser.You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation.However，you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation.This is the winners key to success.47The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.Aavoid Baccept Cimprove Dconsider (北京卷)There are pressing calls on the resources (资源) of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.68The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to _.Ataxpayers Bpressing callsCcollege graduates Dgovernment resources(湖南卷)The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces.It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions，” Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”68What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 6 refer to?AThe participants in the study.BThe researchers of the study.CThe errors made during the study.D. The data collected from the study.语义理解题答案及解析：1构词法猜词例题1：（全国高考重庆卷D篇）68. The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” in Paragraph 4 means _.A. far-away B. dangerous C. ancient D. secret分析：选A。由合成词out-of-the-way的原意以及下句中的isolation一词，可知灯塔在一种“孤零零”的地方。例题2：（全国高考重庆卷D篇）70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .A. value B. result C. performance D. connection分析：选B。运用“构词法”进行猜想。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、浮现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜想出其意义是：(实验的)成果。2运用同义近义词猜词例题1：分析：通过这些并列句可以看出prowl与look for food 是同义近义词，词义也应当是“寻找食物”。例题2：(全国卷C篇) 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit peoples imagination.答案与解析： 由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处在同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表达“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。3运用反义词猜词例题1：分析：此句是把Jane与她姐妹对比。Jane生性腼腆，不爱交际，而她姐姐却与之相反，那就是“爱交际的”了，这也就猜出gregarious的词义了。例题2：分析：penury: the state of being very poor; poverty (贫穷; 贫困)例题3：(全国高考卷E篇)74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialists. B. A plan requiring careful thought.C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble. D. A demand made by guests.答案与解析：根据前句的否认doesnt与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一种生日开心包。Hassle的意思应当与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。4运用上下文语境猜词例题1：（全国高考湖南卷B篇） 60. The underlined word pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _.A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin 答案与解析：选D。由原文中的Euro (欧元，欧洲统一货币)可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。例题2：（全国高考江西卷D篇）68In the first paragraph ,the word “pruning” means .Aregular cutting of the plants Bfrequent watering Cregular use of chemicals Dgrowing the plants high in the mountain答案与解析：选A。由此段中的 The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. 便可猜出Pruning的词义为“剪枝修剪”。例题3：（全国高考上海卷B篇）70. The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_”.A. full of respect B. too confident and rudeC. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet答案与解析：选B。有时可以通过因果关系的语境来判断，因果关系的语境，一般由because, so, therefore, so/suchthat等连词来体现。本文中，在Kim看来由于对方（Williams）是自己的上司，告诉上司去做什么，会显得不礼貌(rude)、自负（too confident）。例题4：（全国高考山东卷A篇）58. The underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expect 答案与解析：选C。buy原意为“买，购买”，在此处根据语境可知意为“相信”。从本段第一句话可知，Mahoney持怀疑态度。背面列举的。400,000这个数字也表达出她的不相信。特别提示：在做英语阅读理解题时，一定要注意熟词生义！此类猜词题也常用于各年高考题当中。熟词生义比生词自身的障碍要大得多。因素有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有数量的规定，不得超过3；其二，熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中浮现得多，那就更难理解了。5运用定义和解释猜词例题1：分析：通过背面的定义解释：Wrestling 是“两人进行的，彼此竭力把对方弄倒在地的比赛”，可以猜出wrestling是“摔跤；摔角”。例题2：分析：antibiotic: a medical substance, such as penicillin produced by living things and able to stop the growth of, or destroy, harmful bacteria that have entered the body (抗生素; 抗生菌)例题3：(全国高考卷B篇)62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?A. Growing interest in organic food.B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organic food.D. Higher prices of organic food.答案与解析：由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold同样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对此类食物产生了越来越浓厚的爱好。答案为A。6运用例证，复述或同等关系猜词例题1：分析：通过例句“每次遇到乞丐，她都会给某些硬币”可以猜想出“Generous”的词义应当是“慷慨的”。例题2： 分析：通过背面的举例：英语世界，中小学外语教学，英语学习，阐明periodicals为“期刊杂志”。例题3：（全国高考江苏卷E篇）74.The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means_.A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy答案与解析：选B。由“a mingled yarn”后文的“good and ill together”反复阐明可以懂得mingled含义和mixed（混合的）最接近。例题4： 分析：此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。7根据语义转折猜词例题1（全国高考广东卷B篇）60. The underlined word cultivated (paragraph 1) roughly means _.A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed答案与解析：选D。从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是“swallowed down”，而是慢慢培养的。从第二段第一句“Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop?”也可以得到启发。例题2：（全国高考北京卷D篇）71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_”.A. try very hard B. take our timeC. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful答案与解析：选A。由However从句当中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），与下文中的take special pains进行对比，既然不是一眼就看出那么简朴，那么自然要费力去想了。由此可以推断出A项为最佳选项。8运用经验和常识猜词例题1：分析：通过“年轻的Hoover去世了”，根据我们的常识猜想出一千多人参与的应当是她的“葬礼”。例题2：分析：凭经验我们懂得：强烈地震会使房子倒塌。据此很容易猜出collapsed是“倒塌”的意思了。例题3：（全国高考北京卷C篇）63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to _ .A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear 答案与解析：根据本段内容描述，可以懂得panicked 意思是“惊恐”，相称于fear。最后提示考生，掌握了一定的生词推测技巧后，也不要去“死抠”个别词，除了人名、地名等某些专有名词不必去细究每一处，那些一时难以断定其意思却又不阻碍理解或答题的生词，大可不必理睬。固然，做完题之后，可以查阅字典，一方面可以检测自己的推断与否对的，此外，可把某些单词、短语记在专门的本子上，后来常常积累并复习这些词汇（注：最佳连同文章中的句子一起摘抄下来）。这样对此后的阅读将会有一定的协助。由于考试没有诸多时间去推测大量的单词，平时一定要尽量地去积累并熟背大量的单词、短语，典型句子甚至文章。课后巩固练习(浙江卷)58What does the writer mean by “it would be worth half what I paid for it ”(paragraph 2)?AHe should get a 50% discount. BThe price of the camera was unreasonably high.CThe quality of the camera was not good. DThe camera would soon fall in value.D 解析第二段开头，作者分析了在卖场，自己将会被多种照相机的种类弄的不知如何选择。但是“But when I had finished, I would still have only the same two certainties that I had entered the store with”，最后我还是必须选择一款，但是无论选择哪一款都会有两个必然的成果：(1)会立即贬值。(2)会不久有新的产品。因此选择D。(湖北卷)56What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?AThe teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.BThe teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.CThe teens accuse their parents of misleading them.DThe teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents. A 解析“In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents complete unreasonableness.”和 “except oppositely”暗示了答案。(四川卷)42The underlined word “voice” in the second paragraph