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高一英语必修1 Unit 1 Friendship Part 1. Warming up1. 介词不同，含义有别：be good to sb./sth. 对 好 be good for sb./sth. 对 有好处be good at (doing) sth. 擅长，精通 be good with sb./sth. 善于应付 的eg. She was very good to me when I was ill. Doing morning exercises is good for health. Tim is good at speaking English. He is very good with children. 他对孩子很有一套。2. add up 合计，把加起来 add up to 合计到达add to 增加，增添 add A to B 把加进里面，把和相加eg. Please add these figures up. These figures add up to 900. The bad weather added to our difficulities. Please add some salt to the water.Add three to four and you get seven. add vt. 补充说 后接that从句或者直接引语eg. He added that they would return in a week. “And dont be late,she added.3. point n.点，要点，观点，意义，得分 v.指着be on the point of doing sth. when.=be about to do sht. when.正要做某事，这时.There is no point (in) doing sth. 没有必要意义做某事4. until与not until until表示动作、状态的持续，强调“一直到为止，或强调某个动作或状态一直持续到另一个动作或状态出现之前。常与表示延续性动作的动词连用。 not until表示“到为止；直到才，常与表示瞬间性动作的动词连用。 eg. He lived with his parents until he graduated from college. The noise of the street didnt stop until midnight. 5. finish sth./doing sth. 后跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语还有：admit, appreciate, avoid，consider，delay, enjoy，escape, feel like, forgive, get down to, give up, imagine，mind, miss错过, practice, suggest, risk，cant stand不能忍受, cant help (忍不住，give up, put off等。 help sb.(to) do sth.There is no way to escape doing the work. 没有方法逃脱做这项工作。We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 能再次收到你的来信，我们将十分感谢。 He put off paying the bills6. get sth. done 使某事被做 ( get做使役动词，“使、叫、让后接复合宾语 ) eg. When are you going to get your hair cut? I must get my homework finished first before going out to play. He got his foot hurt while playing football. get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事 eg. I will get him to do the work. get sb./sth. doing使某人或者某物开始起来eg. Let me try now. I will get the car going. get + n. + adj. 使 成为某种状态 eg. Get everything ready. 联想：have sth. done 使某事被做 have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 have sb./sth. doing 使某人或者某物持续做某事“让某人做某事的表达方法 let /make/have sb. do sth. get sb. to do sth.7. Your friend comes to school very upset.upset 此处为adj. 做主语补足语，用来补充说明主语的情况。Eg. He went to bed cold and hungry. She got married young. upset的用法：(1). adj. 心烦意乱的，不安的，不适的多做表语搭配：be upset about sth. 为某事烦心 be upset that 心烦eg. She was really upset about losing the money. I was upset that he had left without saying goodbye.(2). vt. 使不安，使心烦(upset, upset) upset oneself about sth 为某事烦恼Eg. Dont upset yourself about it. The bad news upset the boys mother.8. ignore vt. 不理睬，无视 eg. He ignored my advice, so he failed in this exam. Alice saw Jack coming, but ignored him. ignorance n.无知 ignorant adj. 不知道的，无知的 be ignorance of/about sb./sth. 对某人/某物不知道 eg. I was ignorant(of the fact)that the boss should be so strict. 我不知道老板居然那样严格。9. calm down vt./vi. 使平静下来，使镇定下来eg. The excited girl quickly calmed down. He took a deep breath to calm himself down. calm adj. 平静的，镇静的，沉着的eg. Keep calm. After the storm, it became calm again. adj. calm, quiet, still, silent辨析：calm 平静的，沉着的指无风浪或者人的心情不冲动 quiet 安静的，宁静的指没有声音，不吵闹或者心里没有烦恼，忧虑 still 静止的，不动的指没有运动或者动作的状态 silent 沉默的，不出声的指没有声音或者不讲话【一言辨异】 When facing danger, you should keep calm; when taken photos of, you should keep still; when someone else is asleep, you should keep quiet; in class, you shouldnt keep silent about the teachers questions.10. have got to 不得不，必须 (否认：havent got to) = have to否认：dont have to)eg. I have got to go to a meeting. Have you got to go now? He hasnt got to come tomorrow. 【说明】: have got to 很少用于过去时态, have to 可用于各种时态；表示一次性动作时，两者可互换，表示习惯性动作，尤其句中有always, often 等时，应用have to.11. concern 1vt. (使)担忧，涉及，关系到eg. She concerns herself about her sons future. The news concerns your brother. concern 做动词时，更多情况下用过去分词做表语。搭配： be concerned about/for sth. 为 担忧，关心，关注，挂念 be concerned with sth. 与有关，涉及 as/so far as sb. be concerned 就某人而言Eg. The family are all concerned about her safety. He was concerned with the matter. As far as I am concerned, I dont agree with you.(2) n. u/c 担忧，挂念，关注，利害关系；关心的事Eg. show/express/feel/have concern about/for 关心 with concern 关心地 At that time, one of his concerns was to go to college.12. go on holiday 去度假take care of = look after = care forwalk the dog 遛狗13. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose(1). While walking the dog = While you were walking the dog是一个由while引导的省略的时间状语从句。【点拨】 在when/while引导的时间状语从句，where引导的地点状语从句，if/unless/once引导的条件状语从句，as/as if引导的方式状语从句，though/although/even if引导的让步状语从句中，假设主从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式，那么从句的主语和be动词可以省略；或者当从句主语为it，且从句谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式，这时省略it和be动词。Eg. While reading a book, I heard a knock on the door. When taken into a warm house, a piece of ice becomes smaller and smaller until in the end it disappears completely. Fill the blanks with a proper word where necessary. Once seen, it will never be forgotten. The workers just carried out the order as told. Even if invited, I wont go to the party. Mr Green, though old, did the job very well. We should speak English whenever possible.请试着把以上省略的状语从句补充完整。(2). get loose 变松 (“get + adj.构成系表结构，意为“变得)Eg. It is getting darker and darker outside. “get + 过去分词构成系表结构： 表示被动。Eg. get burnt被烫伤 get hurt受伤 get killed被杀 get caught被抓 表示自身发出的动作。Eg. get changed换衣服 get dressed穿衣服 get married结婚 get washed洗脸 “get + v-ing 构成系表结构：意为“某人/某物开始做, 表示主动Eg. get moving/working14. You are taking your end-of-term exam. 你就要参加期末考试了。现在进行时有时也用来表示按方案安排即将发生的动作,常有“意图“安排或“打算的含义。Eg. We are going to Mexico next Sunday. He is leaving for Shanghai. 一般现在时也可用来表示即将发生的动作，但常指按时刻表要发生的事情。Eg. The train leaves London at six.15. cheat vi. 作弊，欺诈eg. cheat in/on an exam 考试作弊 cheat vt. 欺骗，骗取cheat sb.(out) of sth. 骗取某人某物cheat sb. into doing sth. 骗某人做某事eg. They are cheating her out of money. He cheated her into buying the fake diamond. 他骗她买了那颗假钻石。16. should have done = ought to have done表示“过去本来应该做某事而实际上没有做，含有责备的意味。Eg. You should have come here five minutes ago. The plant is dead. I should have given it more water. shouldnt have done = oughtnt to have done表示“过去本来不应该做某事而实际上做了。Eg. They shouldnt have left without saying goodbye. You shouldnt have made such foolish mistakes.Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending 1. make a list of = list v. 列表，列单子eg. They made a list of candidates 候选人after discussion. make用法： make+宾语+宾语补足语 1“make宾语n. 意为“使、让某人 / 某物(成为)。如： We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。 2“make宾语adj. 意为 “使某人 / 某事(变得)。如： The news that our team had won made us very happy. 当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用it作形式宾语。如： I made it a condition that everybody must be on time. 我提出一个条件，人人都要准时。 The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out. 大雨使得我们无法出去。 3“make宾语do sth.不带to的不定式意为 “使某人做某事。如: Our teacher makes us feel more confident. 老师使得我们感到更自信了。在被动语态中，此类结构中省略的动词不定式 to 要复原。如： The boy was made to work twelve hours a day. 这个男孩被迫每天干十二个小时的活。 相关链接：have, make, let等使役动词和see, hear, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe 等感官动词都可接不带to的不定式作宾补。help后可带to,也可不带to。如： Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。 Did you see him go out? 你看见他出去了吗？ I often help my mother (to) do some housework. 我经常帮助妈妈做些家务。 4“make宾语-ed过去分词作宾补这个结构指宾语接受后面的那个动作，表示被动的意思，意为 “使某人 / 某事被。如： The strange noise made us frightened. 奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。 The good news made us excited. 这个好消息使我们兴奋。 友情提示：通常情况下，make后的宾语是反身代词时，作宾补的动词要用过去分词，即：make oneselfV-ed heard, known, understood。如： He couldnt make himself heard above the noise of the traffic. 在交通嘈杂声中他无法使自己的声音提高到让别人听到。 但有时，根据句子意思也可用其他形式。如： The little child stood on the chair to make himself look taller. 那个小孩儿站在椅子上，使他看上去更高些。 5“make+宾语+V-ing现在分词这一结构表示的意思是“使某人 / 某事一直在。现在分词与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。如： He makes the boy standing all the time. 他让那个男孩一直站着。 常接V-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, make等使役动词。 现在分词作宾补和不带 to 的不定式作宾补的区别是：现在分词一般表示动作正在进行，而不带 to 的不定式那么一般表示动作已经完成。如： I saw him putting his hand into his pocket. (动作正在进行) I saw him put his hand into his pocket. (动作已经完成)2. go through 经历，经受 All of them have gone through the war. 通过，穿过 This road goes through the forest. 仔细检查，搜查 The police went through the building, hoping to catch the thief. 做完，完成 go through (with) sth. eg. go through (with) the work 用光，花掉 I have gone through all the envelopes (信封)I bought last week.3. hide away vi. 躲藏起来 eg. The thief hid away in a friends house for several weeks after the robbery(抢劫). vt. 把 隐藏起来 eg. Why do you hide your thoughts away from me?4. 总结conj. before 的用法: 在之前 Youd better think it over before you make a decision. 之后才 We walked for nearly three hours before we arrived at the village. 这时，常用句型为：It will (not) be + 时间段 + before从句从句用一般现在时态It was (not) + 时间段 + before从句从句用一般过去时态肯定形式译为“之后才；否认形式译为“没过多长时间就Eg. It will be ten years before we meet again. It wasnt long before he told me about it. 还未来得及就，不等就 He rushed out of the room before I could say a word. 趁着还没有就 I must write it down before I forget it.5. set down vt. 记下，写下，登记；放下；让某人下车eg. You dont have to set down all that your teacher said. Please set yourself down. 请登记。 Set down the heavy bags and take a rest. Please set me down at the next corner.6. a series of (+ 复数名词) 一连串，一系列，一套 eg. a series of questions/books/pictures series n. 单复数相同，作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于series的单复数。Eg. There has been a series of car accidents at the crossing. Three series of papers are handed out to the students.7.I dont set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do 我不愿意像大多数人那样在日记中记流水帐1set down 1写下，记下。 You had better set down your idea before you forget it. 2放下。He set down his load and had a break. 他放下担子休息了一会儿。 3下车。Thebussetthechildrendownjustoutsidetheschoolgate.set 相关短语set off 1出发，动身去某地。Tom and his father set off for America yesterday, and arrived there this morning. 2点燃, 爆炸 The children are setting fireworks off in the garden.孩子们在花园里燃放烟火。set out 1set out 出发，动身去某地，相当于set offThe Chinese Team held a meeting for a whole day before setting out for Barcelona for the Olympic Games. 中国队在去巴塞罗那参加奥运会之前开了一整天的会。 2set out+ to do something开始，着手做某事。例如： The moment I got home, I set out to do my homework. set about doing sth 着手做某事，其意义与set out to do sth 相同。That evening he set about writing a report on pollution. 那天晚上，他着手写一篇关于污染的报告。 set up建立，创立。 In the southern states the slave owners wanted to set up a country of their own, where they could freely keep black people as slaves. 在南方各州，奴隶主们企图建立他们自己的国家，在那个国家里他们可以随心所欲地把黑人当作奴隶使用。 set aside1.把放置一旁, 不理会 Setting the chair aside, he sat on the floor.他把椅子搁到一旁, 坐在地板上。 I warn them not to do it, but my objections were set aside. 我警告他们不要那样做, 但他们没有理会。 2.取消, 驳回 The Appeal Court set aside the prisoners sentence.上诉法院撤销了对刑事被告的判决。 3.留出 The hotel manager set aside two pleasant rooms for us. 旅店经理给我们留出两间舒适的房间 set back1.向后移 Why dont you set your chair back a little to get a better view?你怎么不把椅子向后移一下好看得更清楚点儿?2.推迟, 耽误 The accident has set them back several weeks.那次事故已使他们耽误了几个星期。3.拨慢 Ill set my watch back five minutes.我要把我的表拨慢五分钟。4.花费 The dinner set me back 50 dollars.晚饭花了我50美元。(2). conj. as 此处引导方式状语从句，表示“象一样，按照Eg. The workers just carried out the order as they were told.as 用作连词，还可引导以下状语从句：1). 引导时间状语从句，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语的同时性As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening. 随着他年纪越来越大，他失去了对所有事物的兴趣，除了园艺。2). 引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然，即使从句需倒装Cold as it is, my brother wears only a shirt. 尽管天气冷，我哥只穿了一件衬衫。3). 引导原因状语从句 (=since; because)，“由于，因为。As you were not there, I left a message. 因为当时你不在那，所以我给你留了便条。4) 引导比拟状语从句。She is as tall as you. 她和你一样高。练习 中译英1. 随着年龄的增长我越来越对科学感兴趣。2. 由于雨下得很大，你最好穿上雨衣。3. 他学习很努力，但考试还是没及格。 答案： 1. As l get older l get more interested in science 2. As it is raining hard，youd better put on your raincoat 3. Hard as he worked，he failed in the exam(3). 此处do为代动词，代替前面的set down a series of facts, 以免重复。【点拨】：代动词do/does/did用来代替前面所出现过的动词或者动词短语，以免重复。Eg. Please pronounce the word as I do. Tom can cook as well as Mary does. -Who broke the cup? - I did.8. I wonder if its because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 这是一个复杂的长难句。(1). 句型I wonder if/whether“我不知道是否常用来委婉地提出请求或者陈述想法。Eg. I wonder if you can help me with my pronunciation.(2). 强调句型：It is/was + 被强调局部主语、宾语、状语+ that/who + 其他局部强调人时可用that/who; 其他成分一律用thatEg. My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 下面对上句中的主语，宾语，地点状语，时间状语分别进行强调： It was my father that/who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调主语 It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening. 强调宾语 It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. 强调地点状语 It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. 强调时间状语又如：It is I that/who am wrong. 文中句子强调的是由because引导的原因状语从句。强调原因状语从句时，只能用because引导，不能用since/as.Eg. It was because she was ill that she didnt come to work.强调句型的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句形式：一般疑问句的强调形式，只需将is/ was 提前，移至句首即可，即：Is/ Was it that 。特殊疑问句的强调形式，须将陈述句变成一般疑问句，再在句首加上疑问词，即：疑问词被强调局部is/was + it + that + 句子其余局部It was last year that the building was completed.改为一般疑问句 ： Was it last year that the building was completed?改为特殊疑问句 When was it that the building was completed?(3) be able to 表示设法做成某事 can/could 仅表能力eg. Everyone is able to speak English very well after practicing. Man can make tools while animals cant.例题：The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone go out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to答案：【D】(4). grow/be crazy about/on (doing) sth.对十分狂热，对十分痴迷Eg. Young girls and boys are crazy about rock music. She is crazy about painting these days.(5). everything to do with nature不定式作后置定语= everything that is to do with nature be to do with 与有关eg. Her job is to do with computers. have sth. to do with 与有关 have nothing to do withhave much/a lot to do with have little to do witheg. Does her job have anything to do with telephones?(6). nature n. 自然界，大自然前面不加冠词Eg. Its important for us to keep the balance of nature.7. I can well remember that there was a time whencould never have kept me spellbound.(1). well adv. = completely, thoroughly 完全地，充分地，彻底地Eg. I know him well. Shake the bottle well before you take the medicine.(2). there was a time when是一个定语从句。(3). cant/couldnt have done 过去不可能做过某事表示对过去情况的否认推测Eg. He couldnt have gone abroad. I saw him just now.(4). keep 使役动词，“使保持某种状态，后接复合宾语，即： keep + 宾语 + 宾补( v-ing/过去分词/adj./adv./介词短语/n.)eg. Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long. Dont open the door. Keep it closed. Keep him out. His illness kept him in bed for a week. Please keep it a secret.10. I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. (1) stay link-v. = keep/remain保持某种状态 后接adj./n.做表语 Eg. Stores in this country stay open until 12 oclock at night. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. They stay friends for years.(2). on purpose 成心地反义词组为by chance/by accident偶然地Eg. Everybody can see that she did it on purpose. on purpose to do sth. 为了 eg. He went to town on purpose to sell one of his paintings. with/for the purpose of 为了 的目的eg. He does it with the purpose of making money.(3). in order to do sth.做目的状语,可放在句首或者句中= so as to do sth.只能放在句中Eg. He started early in order not to be late. In order to get up early, he had to set his clock at six. in order to 用作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语通常要一致。 In order to make our city green, .A.it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many trees need to plantC. our city need more trees D. we must plant more trees(4). by oneself 单独地11. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.(1). far adv. 表示程度“远远地，大大地，得多Eg. He is far too busy. ( far too 太) It was far more expensive than I expected. ( 修饰比拟级 )(2). too much与 much too too much 太多在句中可做主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语 much too 实在太做状语，修饰adj./adv.eg. Too much has been said. You have given me too much. He has wasted too much time. The trip is too much for the old man. ( be too much for sb. 太某人受不了) She talks too much. too much做状语，只修饰动词 I dont like winter because its much too cold. She speaks English much too fluently.(3). dare 既可做情态动词又可做实义动词，作情态动词时，无人称和数的变化，但有时态变化；作行为动词时，后接to do, 否认句和疑问句中to可省略。Eg. I/She dare not climb the mountain. Dare you tell her the truth? He dares to do anything. The boy dared to climb the tall tree. I didnt dare (to) look at him.Do you dare (to) fight him? 12. happen to do sth. 碰巧It (so) happens/happened that 碰巧Eg. She happened to meet him in the park that day. = It happened that she met him in the park that day. sth. happens to sb. 某人发生什么事情eg. An accident happened to that family.13. at dusk在黄昏时刻 at dawn在黎明 at night在夜里 at midnight在午夜 at noon在中午 14. in ones power 在某人控制下eg. His wife has him in her poewr. 她妻子控制着他。15. face to face 面对面地 在句中做状语eg. The two men stood face to face. face-to-face adj. 面对面的 做定语eg. a face-to-face interview 一次面对面的采访 联想 ：arm in arm 臂挽臂 hand in hand 手拉手 side by side 肩并肩shoulder to shoulder肩并肩 heart to heart 心贴心back to back 背靠背16. It/This/That is the first/second time that ( 从句中用现在完成时态 ) It/This/That was the first/second time that( 从句中用过去完成时态 ) 某人第几次做某事Eg. This is the third time that you have been late. It was the second time that he had visited my family. 比拟：The first time I saw her, my heart stopped.引导时间状语从句On the first day of school, two students met each other for the first time.作时间状语17. Its no pleasure doing sth. 做某事没有乐趣Its no use doing sth. 做某事没有用Its no good doing sth. 做某事没有好处Eg. Its no use talking to him.18. keep a diary 坚持写日记19. lonely adj. (定语或者表语) 孤独的，寂寞的指感情上；荒凉的指地方alone adj./adv. 单独的地，单独的地指客观上只有一人，无人做伴Eg. She is alone, but she doesnt feel lonely. He is from a lonely mountain village. The old man lives alone. alone adv. 仅仅，只有 放在n./pron.之后eg. She alone was able to answer the question.= Only she was able to answer the question.20. Why do you think her feelings changed towards nature?疑问词+插入语(do you think/suppose/believe/guess/expect/imagine/say/suggest+陈述语序Eg. We havent heard from her for weeks. How do you suppose she is getting along with her studies now? What do you suppose has happened to her? Where do you think they will spend their winter holidays?21. no longer = notany longer 不再Eg. They no longer live here. He is no longer a teacher. I cant wait any longer.22. share sth. with sb.Eg. Can you share the apple with her? They share their joys and sorrows with each other.Part 3. Learning about Language1. tie up 系紧，栓牢，包扎 eg. He tied up the horse to a tree.2. take (no) notice of 不注意，不理会eg. Take no notice of what he says.3. She found it difficult to settle and calm down in the hiding place. find+ 宾语+ 宾补形容词，
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