城市规划原理：2 Development of Planning Principles

URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLEURBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLEDENG Zhaohua, School of Architecture, SCUTDENG Zhaohua, School of Architecture, SCUTThe Development of Urban Planning The Development of Urban Planning Theories & Technologies 1Theories & Technologies 11 Intro.1 Intro.Planning Principle/Theory?Planning Principle/Theory?Broad vs narrow meaning:“城市规划是什么？”。Affected by other subjects: geography, economics, sociology, philosophy, science3 stages of modern city 3 stages of modern city development:development:Late 19th to WWII: birth of modernist planning；WWII to 1960s: modernist practice；Post 1960s: new thoughs.David Harvey2.1 modern plannings birth2.1 modern plannings birthTo solve the problems of industrialization: over-crowded, worsening environment, congestionSocial reformists tried economic, social, engineering, architecture ways, and slowly forming the modern planning principles.2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.2 2.2 Utopian SocialismUtopian SocialismRobert Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier : Utopian Socialism. Ancient Greek philosopher Plato(柏拉图) & British Thomas Moors Utopian: Equal, harmonized society. City construction + social reform, to resolve the peoples living & working problems. Inspired Garden City & Satellite City, but lacked the realistic ways. Robert Owen (Robert Owen (欧文欧文) )Thomas Moor Thomas Moor ( (托马斯托马斯 莫尔莫尔) )Saint-Simon(Saint-Simon(圣圣西门西门), ),2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planningVillage of New Harmony(Village of New Harmony(新协和村新协和村) )Owen, 1817: put agriculture, handicraft & factories together. Community (公社) with 5001500 pop.，publicly owned land & properties, partly communism. Phalanges (傅立叶的法朗吉傅立叶的法朗吉) )Community (公社) with 5001500 pop.，community production (社会大生产代替). Village of New HarmonyVillage of New Harmony2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.3 Howards Garden City2.3 Howards Garden CityBritish sociologist Howard, 1898, To-Morrow:A Peaceful Path to Real Reform 明天：走向真正改革的和平之路. 1902, Garden City of Tomorrow 明日的田园城市. To resolve over-crowded, sanitary problems, raised the idea of a ideal city combining the virtues of city and village, for health, living and production, with population limit, surrounded by greens, publicly owned land. Three Magnets: having the advantages of Three Magnets: having the advantages of city and countrysidecity and countryside2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planningGarden City: 1000 ha city within 6000 ha land, 32k pop. With central park, radiate boulevards, ring roads.Centre: public buildings (schools, churches); Surrounding: residential;Outskirt: factories. Inter-city: railway.A few Garden Cites surrounds a central city with 12k ha, 58k pop.This Group of Cities (Metropolitan) is 66k ha, 250k pop, social city. 2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planningPractice of Garden CityPractice of Garden City1903 1903 Letchworth(莱奇华斯), half failed;, half failed;1919 1919 Welwyn (韦林田园城市), attracted , attracted London population, but has been used for London population, but has been used for the prototype for the suburbanization.the prototype for the suburbanization.Welwyn Garden CityThe 1st systematic modern urban planning thinking, inspired organic decentralization and satellite cities. 2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.4 Satellite Cities2.4 Satellite CitiesBeginning of 1900s, city over-crowded. Uwen publish “The Construction of Satellite Cities” in 1922. 。SC: next to large cities, led by the large city in terms production, economic, culture and living. 1940s Greater London Plan: Green Belt + Satellite Citie, to control central pop., disperse pop. and jobs.Concept of Satellite Concept of Satellite CityCity2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.5 2.5 Industrial CityIndustrial CityFrench architect Tony Garnier raised in 1904: city structure should regard to the needs of mechanical production.Planned 3.5 population Green Belt between manufacturing zones and residential zones, railway to link, easy-to-extend linier structure. Hospital was put outside the city.2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.5 Linier City2.5 Linier CitySpanish engineer Mata, raised in 1882. Need only a 500m wide block, with no length limits. Use a high speed transport corridor to link, with public utilities lying underneath. It could go across the whole Europe. Transport-structure-led , But neglected economic rules. Linier city outside MadridLinier city outside MadridLinier city modeLinier city mode2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.6 2.6 Henard s Paris s Paris ReconstructionReconstructionFrench architect Henard, ideas in transportation, public green, historic architecture preservation. Raised Channelization (渠化交通)。玛塔的带形城市示意玛塔的带形城市示意Roundabout design for ParisRoundabout design for Paris2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.7 GeddesRegional 2.7 GeddesRegional PlanningPlanningGeddes, link biology, sociology, education, planning together.“Father of Regional Planning”, need to consider urban and countryside together. Scientific planning: survey-analysis-plan. Anthropologic(人本主义): public participation combined with decision making.盖迪斯在盖迪斯在19051905年提出年提出“人人工作工作场所场所”充分协调的充分协调的模式，也是其区域发展概念的重要组成要素模式，也是其区域发展概念的重要组成要素2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.8 Sittes urban mophology2.8 Sittes urban mophologyAustrian architect Sitte, 1880s, linked urban spatial structure with beauty, human scale, scale of environment, human activities and feelings. Raised medieval European city was ideal. But not until 1970s, his idea was recognized. “father of modern urban design”.Sittes square designSittes square design2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.9 City beautification2.9 City beautificationLate 1890s early 1900s, beautify the city centres, attractive! 1893 Chicago EXPO, government-led, public buildings and public environment. 1909 Chicago plan: Classic, Baroque, memorial, radial roads. Starting point of American modern planning.1893 Chicago EXPO1909 Chicago plan2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.9 2.9 Haussmanns Paris Paris reconstructionreconstruction1853, Haussmann (巴黎的行政长官).Rezoning: pull out the poors from centres;Roads to divide the city;Squares, boulevards, waterfront greens;Street facades unified;Drainage, street lighting.2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.10 2.10 Frank Lloyd Wrights Broadacre CityWrights Broadacre CityDispersed, low density city. 1 ha land for every household, convenient for car transport.A city without city.Suburbanization.American dream!Broadacre CityBroadacre CityBroadacre CityBroadacre City2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.11 Le Corbusiers modern 2.11 Le Corbusiers modern citycityPhysical elements arrangement: urban concentration。Urbanisme 明日的城市: city as a machine, to resolve the city problem using functionally and rationally. 1925, Plan Voisin (巴黎塞纳河畔伏瓦生) , not adopted.1931, Radiant City“光明城” : concentrate, technology to perfect centres, zones, separate cars with ped., multi-dimensional transport arrangement.UrbanismePlan Voisin2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.12 Saarinens Organic 2.12 Saarinens Organic DecentralizationDecentralization1943, The City: Its Growth Its Decay Its Future。City is an organic entity, need to disperse population & jobs. Units with relevant functions, linked by transport, separated by greens. 1918 Greater Helsinki Plan.2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.13 Athens Charter2.13 Athens CharterModern Architecture Movement led modern planning. 1933 CIAM, Athens Charter draft by Le. Cobusete, functionalism.Physical determinationfinal blue print 。Living, working, recreation, transport.Milestone.2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.14 Urban Biology (2.14 Urban Biology (城市生态学城市生态学) )20 Century Human Ecology“人文生态学” ，Chicago School(芝加哥学派): city structure & its transformation: concentric zone (同心圆理论), Sector Model (扇形理论), Multi-centre (多中心理论).Three modes from Chicago SchoolThree modes from Chicago School2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planning2.15 Neighbourhood Unit2.15 Neighbourhood Unit1929, Perry, Neighbourhood Unit(邻里单位)a livable, safe, well-serviced society.According a primary schools service radius, children dont need to go across main roads, community centre with green.1933, Radburn(雷德朋), large block, traffic separation, cul-de-sac(口袋形).Radburn PlanNeighbourhood Unit2 the birth of modern planning2 the birth of modern planningRecommended ReadingsRecommended Readings谭纵波.城市规划M.北京：清华大学出版社，2005孙施文. 现代城市规划理论M .北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005沈玉麟 .外国城市建设史M .北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1989张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲M.南京：东南大学出版社，2005周国艳、于力.西方现代城市规划理论概论M.东南大学出版社，2010张捷 赵民.新城规划的理论与实践田园城市思想的世纪演绎M. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005（英）尼格尔泰勒.1945年后西方城市规划理论的流变M.李白玉，陈贞译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2006