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11、细节理解题、细节理解题 (questions of details)2、词义猜测题、词义猜测题 (words in context)3、推理判断题、推理判断题 (questions of inference)4、主旨归纳题、主旨归纳题 (main idea)4、主旨归纳题、主旨归纳题 (main idea)2Question forms:1.主题类主题类（1).The main idea of the passage is _. (2). The passage is mainly about _. (3). What is the passage mainly about? (4). Which of the following statement can best summarize/ sum up the main idea of the passage? (5). Whats the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?3Question forms:2.标题类标题类 （1).The best title/headline for this passage might be_. (2).The text (Passage) could be entitled _. (3).What is the best title for the passage? (4).Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?3.作者意图类作者意图类 (1).The authors main purpose in writing the passage is _.(2).The passage is meant to _.(3).The purpose of this article is _.(4). The authors purpose is to show _.45查找主旨、标题时，注意最基本、查找主旨、标题时，注意最基本、 最具有概括力的信息。最具有概括力的信息。1.Choose the most general word.A) chemist B) physicist C) scientist D) biologist 2.Choose the most general sentence. A) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily. B) There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn. C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board. D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting. 61 English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. Find the topic sentence72.Let us consider how voice training may contribute to personality development and an improved social adjustment. In the first place, it has been fairly well established that individuals tend to become what they believe other people think them to be. When people react more favorably toward us because our voices convey the impression that we are friendly, competent, and interesting, there is a strong tendency for us to develop those qualities in our personality. If we are treated with respect by others, we soon come to have more respect for ourselves. Then, too, ones own consciousness of having a pleasant, effective voice of which he does not need to be ashamed contributes materially to a feeling of poise（泰然自若）, self-confidence, and a just pride in himself. A good voice, like good clothes can do much for an ego（自我） that otherwise might be inclined to droop（萎靡）. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is:A) Our Ego B) The Reflection of Our Personality C) How to Acquire a Pleasant Voice D) Voice Training in Personality Development 8Tip 1:at the beginning 主题句主题句( Topic sentence)在段首在段首:一个主题句常常是一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在议议论文，科技文献和新闻报道论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。中多采用这种格式。 9 3. Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own(by themselves) . Still others like a democratic(民主的民主的) discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised(design) to satisfy all students at the same time. 10 4. Handshaking, though a European practice, is now often seen in big cities of China. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached. Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding(误解误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries are more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you. 67. The main purpose of the text is_.A. to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB. to offer us some important facts about handshakingC. to introduce us to some different customs in the WestD. to give us some advice before we travel abroad11Tip 2: at the end 主题句在段尾。主题句在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。 12 5. We surveyed local residents in three university towns throughout the state to find out their opinions on the students in those towns. We questioned over three thousand people and found that since our last survey three years ago, attitudes towards students have changed considerably. “Lazy” “scruffy” and “bad-mannered” was how more than 40% of those questioned described students， up from 22% in the last survey. This year only 25% considered students to be “polite” and “friendly” compared with 39% three years ago. Overall, 49% considered students to be a positive part of the town compared to 58% last time. 3. 有些段落的主题句被安排在段落的中间有些段落的主题句被安排在段落的中间 since our last survey three years ago, attitudes towards students have changed considerably.13Passage D 6. If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model, a much better set which is “just right for you”. It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying items on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale (detail)(detail)(detail)An example( detail)effects the topic sentence is in the middle of the passage.14Tip 3: at the middle主题句在段中。主题句在段中。开段的句子作为引题，而主题则由开段的句子作为引题，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达。为了阐明主题思想，在主题随之引出的句子来表达。为了阐明主题思想，在主题句后，仍有一些句子陈述细节。其层次为：引题句后，仍有一些句子陈述细节。其层次为：引题-主题主题-解释（细节）。解释（细节）。157.Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface在表面上在表面上 , it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately towards others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 16 8. Theres as an old Saying: “A coward （懦夫）（懦夫） dies many times; a hero dies but once.” So it is with newspaperstheir death has been predicted many times, but they are still with us. But will they be with us forever? Newspapers have survived as long as they have because they can bring an in-depth coverage of issues that require time and consideration. Readers go to newspapers to learn about complex issues. Reputable newspapers become opinion leaders in their editorial and commentary columns, quite apart from their ability to investigate issues and become breakers of important news. However, the threat of the internet is likely to prove profound. Many young people now turn to the Web for news. However much radio and television led the attack on the newspaper as a news source, one of its main sources of income advertisings remained intact （未受影响的）（未受影响的）. Not only does the Web take readers, it also takes advertising. Many newspapermen see the threat of the Web as being of a new kind. Some publications will go under, but those which serve specialized markets and which are commercially solid will survive. The death of the newspaper has been predicted many times, but the newspaper is still with us and is likely to remain so.17 Theres as an old Saying: “A coward （懦夫）（懦夫） dies many times; a hero dies but once.” So it is with newspaperstheir death has been predicted many times, but they are still with us. But will they be with us forever? Newspapers have survived as long as they have because they can bring an in-depth coverage of issues that require time and consideration. Readers go to newspapers to learn about complex issues. Reputable newspapers become opinion leaders in their editorial and commentary columns, quite apart from their ability to investigate issues and become breakers of important news. However, the threat of the internet is likely to prove profound. Many young people now turn to the Web for news. However much radio and television led the attack on the newspaper as a news source, one of its main sources of income advertisings remained intact （未受影响的）（未受影响的）. Not only does the Web take readers, it also takes advertising. Many newspapermen see the threat of the Web as being of a new kind. Some publications will go under, but those which serve specialized markets and which are commercially solid will survive. The death of the newspaper has been predicted many times, but the newspaper is still with us and is likely to remain so. What might be the most suitable title for the text? A. The newspaper VS the Web B. Why do people read newspaper? C. What do you like to read? D. Death of the newspaper?18Tip 4: at both the beginning and the endThis paragraph begins with a topic sentence and ends with a restatement of the same topic sentece在在文章开头和结尾文章开头和结尾 :首尾呼应，为突出主题首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主作者先提出主题题, 结尾时再次点出主题结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式常用这种首尾呼应的写作方式常用于于记叙文，议论文记叙文，议论文，但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重，但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。19Topic sentence& paragraphother info.other info.Topic sentence& paragraphTopic sentence ¶graphother info.info & exampleTopic sentence & paragraphTopic sentence & paragraphexample & other info20 If there is no topic sentence in the passage, what should we do to get the main idea or choose the best title? Sometimes there is no topic sentence in the passage.Summarize the main idea in our own words and then choose the best title.21Three main steps: First, get the main idea of each paragraph. Second, summarize the main idea in our own words, according to the structure of the passage. Third, compare it with the choices to see which one is the best.22 9. Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.partial detailsA. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.Tip 5: No specific topic sentence, so readers should summarize from all the details.从段落中归纳要点抓大意从段落中归纳要点抓大意.有些文章无明确的主题句有些文章无明确的主题句.这就这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实细节来概括要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实细节来概括总结主旨大意。总结主旨大意。注意：注意：1. 不能以偏概全不能以偏概全. 2. 不能过于宽泛，要恰如其分。不能过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 3. 注意多次出现的高频词或主题词注意多次出现的高频词或主题词23d e t a i l sParagraph ideasPassage idea241 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.2 Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.3 Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?Magellans death.Going around the World.The World Is Round.A. Magellans Voyage.10251 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world .262 Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.The process of Magellans long and difficult voyage273 Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Magellans voyage proved the earth is round.281 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.2 Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.3 Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Paragraph 1:Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world .Paragraph 2:The process of Magellans long difficult voyageParagraph 3: Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round.Magellans voyage29Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?A. Magellans death.B. Going around the World.C. The World Is Round.D. Magellans Voyage.(too narrow)(too narrow)(too broad)(just proper)30at the beginningat the endin the middleat both the beginning and the end命题类命题类主题句在文主题句在文章或段落中章或段落中的位置的位置no clear topic sentenceat the beginningat the end31Types Of Paragraph StructuresTypeThe position of the topic sentenceInformation wordsAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentencebesides,for exampleso, therefore,Sum them up by yourselfBut, however, actuallySummary:32主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种： l1. 概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。 l2. 概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。文章阐述的内容。 l3. 无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。言依据的信息。 33主要内容型 这种类型的题的关键是找到主题句 （topic sentence）。主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或者没有主题句，需要根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的句首或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。三、解题技巧三、解题技巧34文首：文首：新闻报道、议论文新闻报道、议论文文末：文末：记叙文记叙文说明文说明文:文中：例子文中：例子/假设假设例子例子/假设后假设后进入主题进入主题没有主题句：没有主题句：找找反复出现反复出现的词语的词语判断文章体判断文章体裁很重要！裁很重要！35找主题句的小窍门 1) 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；就是文章主旨； 首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。内容往往就是主旨。 2) 作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；词； 3) 段落中出现表转折的词语（如段落中出现表转折的词语（如however, thus, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；等）时，该句很可能是主题句； 36 例题一例题一 Widespread media coverage has been given to a new pill to prevent heart disease and stroke. The Sun said the pill, called Ateronon, “could save thousands of lives”. The Daily Telegraph said that the new product contains a natural thing found in tomatoes that is a powerful antioxidant. The newspaper said the pill can prevent the build-up of fat. What is the main idea of the passage? A. How we can prevent heart disease. B. A new pill gets much media attention. C. The build-up of fat is harmful. D. A natural thing was found in tomatoes.开门见山开门见山,提出主题提出主题,随之用细节来解释随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。题句所表达的主题思想。体裁：新闻报道体裁：新闻报道37例题二例题二：A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. 38 Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. Th
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