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2021/8/61Walt Whitman 1819-1892 2021/8/62 Contents l Life l Major Works l Appreciation of Worksl Writing Stylel Influence2021/8/63 LifelAmerican poet, essayist, and humanist.lA part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism.lThe father of the free verse.2021/8/64 LifelBorn in 1819 on Long Island , New York.lPoor and semiliterate (半文盲的) parents , only 5 years formal education, largely self educated.lWorked as office boy, printing worker , schoolmaster , editor and journalist.Birthplace of Whitman2021/8/65 Major Works铭言集亚当的子孙菖蒲集候鸟集海流集路边之歌桴鼓集林肯总统纪念集秋之溪水神圣之死的低语从正午到星夜离别之歌古稀之砂再见，我的幻想老年的回声2021/8/66 Major WorkslLeaves of Grass 草叶集 lSong of Myself 自我之歌lI Sit and Look Out 坐观世间lO Captain, My Captain! 船长，我的船长lWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 当紫丁香最近在天井里开花的时光l I hear America Singing 我听见美国在歌唱2021/8/67 Leaves of GrasslFirst published in 1855 with only 12 poemslNine editions altogether : 1855,1856,1860,1867,1871,1876,1881,1889,1891-92 l Last edition includes more than 400 poemslGrass-the most common thing with the greatest vitality, as a symbol of the rising American2021/8/68 Major themeslExtol ( 赞颂 ) transcendent power of love, brotherhood, and comradeship ( 同志之谊 )lExpress the ideals of democracy and equality. his poems revel a world of equality without rank and hierarchy ( 等级制度) ,attack the slavery and racial discrimination.lAdvocate the realization of the individual value. he celebrates the dignity and the self-reliant spirit.2021/8/69 Song of MyselflI celebrate myself ,and sing myself. 赞美我自己，歌唱我自己。lAnd what I assume you shall assume. 我承担的你也将承担。lFor every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. 因为属于我的原子同样也属于你。 “I” and “you” stand for a kind of people or a kind of thoughtEmbody the unity of you and me. It emphasizes the close connection of “I” and ”you”.2021/8/610 Song of MyselflI loaf and invite my soul。 我邀请灵魂一道逍遥lI lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of some grass. 我逍遥自在的俯身下视，观察一片夏天的青草 Emphasize the unity of body and soulalliteration“grass” stands for ideal ,hope. It can grow at different space, finally it stands for development especially the development of human2021/8/611 Song of Myself lMy tongue, every atom of my blood, form d My tongue, every atom of my blood, form d from this soil, this air.from this soil, this air.我的舌头，我血液的每个原子，都来自这些泥土，这些空气。lBorn here of parents born from parents the same, and Born here of parents born from parents the same, and their parents the same.their parents the same.我在这里为父母所生，我的父母也在这里为父母所生，他们的父母也是如此。lI, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health beginI, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin，hoping to ease not till death.hoping to ease not till death.我现在37岁，身体健壮，开始起步了，但愿永不停步，一直到死。2021/8/612 The meaning of “I”l诗中的“我” 如果从字面上理解，就会认为这说明惠特曼是一个夜郎自大的人。这样理解不但不是作者愿意，在上下文也讲不通。实际上，惠特曼所用的“我”在大多数情况下指“人类的象征，既是现代人的也是全人类的象征；更多的是生命力的拟人化。”这一点在第二十四节中更为明显： Walt Whitman, a cosmos, of Manhattan the son, 沃尔特惠特曼，一个宇宙，曼哈顿之子 Turbulent, fleshy, sensual, eating, drinking and breeding, 粗暴、肥壮、多欲，吃着、喝着、生殖着， No sentimentalist, no stander above men and women or apart from them, 不是伤感主义者不凌驾于男人和女人之上，也不脱离他们， No more modest than immodest. 也谦逊也不谦逊2021/8/613 The meaning of “I”l 这里既然写着诗人的姓名，似乎指的是他本人无疑了，但也并不尽然。其中有些确实是作者的特征，如“曼哈顿之子”、“不凌驾于男人和女人之上”等；但“生殖者”可能是代替其他事物所言。因为第一行写着他象征着“一个宇宙”，上述问题也就不难理解了。”2021/8/614 O Captain! My Captain! OCaptain!myCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone,Theshiphasweatheredeveryrack,theprizewesought iswon,Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimand daring;ButOheart!heart!heart!Othebleedingdropsofred,WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead. OCaptain!myCaptain!riseupandhearthebells;Riseup-foryoutheflagisflung-foryouthebugletrills, Foryoubouquetsandribbonedwreaths-foryoutheshoresaccroding 2021/8/615Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturning;HereCaptain!dearfather!Thisarmbeneathyourhead!ItissomedreamthatonthedeckYouvefallencoldanddead. MyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill,Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulsenorwill,Theshipisanchoredsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone,Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;ExultOshores,andringObells!ButI,withmournfultread,WalkthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.2021/8/616 啊，船长！我的船长！ 啊，船长！我的船长！我们完成了可怕的远航， 巨轮历尽风雨，我们赢得追寻的奖赏； 港口已近，钟声传来，一片欢呼的声浪； 稳健的大船，追随的目光，多么威武雄壮； 可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！ 心中的鲜血在滴滴流淌， 甲板上躺着我们的船长， 他已辞世，全身冰凉。 啊，船长！我的船长！起来听那钟声荡漾； 起来，旌旗为你招展，号角为你激昂， 花团锦簇，彩带飘飞，为你，岸边人群熙熙嚷攘； 人们把你呼唤，万头攒动，他们晃动急切的面庞2021/8/617 啊，船长！我的船长！啊，船长！我的船长！ 在这里，船长，慈爱的父亲！ 你的头下枕着我的臂膀！ 那是甲板上的梦境， 你已辞世，全身冰凉。 我的船长没有回答，双唇苍白， 沉默、安详， 我的父亲无法觉察我的手臂， 他的脉搏停止了跳荡； 可怕的征途已过，胜利归来， 大船安全停靠，就此结束远航； 啊，海岸欢呼，啊，钟声敲响！ 然而，我的步履沉重悲伤， 在甲板上踱步，那里躺着我的船长， 他已辞世，全身冰凉。2021/8/618 Themes This poem eulogizes ( 颂扬 ) Lincolns monumental contributions and express the poets mourning for Lincolns death with the background of victory of the Civil War.2021/8/619 Special FeatureslThe poem is composed of three octaves(八度音节), that is, four lone lines and four short lines, the latter being used as a refrain.lThe meter is iambic and the rhyming scheme is roughly represented as aabb cded.lPhonetic recurrence （重复）is the main feature of the poem, i.e. the systematic repetition of words and phrases at the beginning of the line , in the middle or at the end .lOral English is also applied in his free verse to make it an effective way too express freely the feelings of common people.2021/8/620 The Themes in his poetrylEqualitylDivinitylMultiplicitylSelf reliant spirit lDeath , beauty of death lExpansion of America lBrotherhood and social solidarity lPursuit of love and happiness 2021/8/621 Whitman Writing StylelOne of the major principles of his technique is parallelism or a rhythm of thought .lAnother main principle is phonetic recurrence. These two principles coordinate with and reinforce (加强) each other.2021/8/622 InfluencelSpecial mention should be made of Emersons influence over Whitman. He was groping both in theme and form when he chanced upon Emersons works. Emersons support came just at the moment when it was most needed. lHis influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America. He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.2021/8/623 Influencel惠特曼一生的诗作都汇集在草叶集中。他一巨大的热情讴歌和表达了新兴资产阶级的力量和信念，创造了新型的美国人的形象，洋溢着美国人民在立国初期勇敢进取得青春活力，反映了他们对自由民主平等的向往与追求。惠特曼创造的自由诗体独树一帜，其诗歌艺术的最大成就是单句和全篇的比较含蓄却又十分丰富的音乐性。他生前在美国从来不是个受欢迎的诗人，死后却出现了一批又一批深受他影响的美国诗人和外国诗人。他是19世纪美国最杰出的诗人。2021/8/624
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