2022年考研-考研英语二历年考试真题汇编5

住在富人区的她2022年考研-考研英语二历年考试真题汇编（带答案）题目一二三四五六总分得分一.单项选择题(共10题)1.With so much focus on childrens use of screens, its easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. “Tech is designed to really suck on you in,” says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, “and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who used devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsiveas they often are when absorbed in a deviceit can be extremely disconcerting for the children. Radesky cites the “still face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; the child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mothers attention. “Parents dont have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a childs verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,” says Radesky.On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “Its based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if youre failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.” Tronick believes that just because a child isnt learning from the screen doesnt mean theres no value to itparticularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.Radeskys food-testing exercise shows that mothers use of devices _.A. takesawaybabiesappetiteB. distractschildrensattentionC. slowsdownbabiesverbaldevelopmentD. reducesmother-childcommunication正确答案：D,2.根据下面资料，回答1-20题Happy people work differently. Theyre more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D( research and development). Thats because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested.So they compared U. S. cities average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8 . But is it really happiness thats linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to investlike size, industry,and salesand for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to less confined decision making processand the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment. The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16. Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.17 this doesnt prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. Its not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average, said one researcher.第（7）题选_.A. SureB. OddC. UnfortunateD. Often正确答案：A,3.根据下面资料，回答1-20题Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3.In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can 12 new scientific advances, for instancebut sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about longterm 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity, Hsee says. In other words,dont read online comments.第（16）题选_.A. concealB. overlookC. designD. predict正确答案：D,4.Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, DiaMirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: Its easy to beat plastic.Theyre part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for WorldEnvironment Dayencouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-useplastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together forWorld Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation tocurb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed atindividuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, forexample, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could evenbe harmful, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressingonto bigger, bolder, more effective actionsa kind of “moral licensing” thateases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and ourresponsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, wereignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shopsustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries toaccount to push for real systemic change.Its important to acknowledge that the environmentisnt everyones priorityor even most peoples. We shouldnt expect it to be.In her latest book, Why Good People Do BadEnvironmental Things, Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the bestway to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for thechange to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastictax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banningsingle-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate allsingle-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based waysof making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is atleast as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isnt saying people should stop caring aboutthe environment. Its just that individual actions are too slow, she says, forthat to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual.Its just about putting things into perspective. We dont have time to wait. Weneed progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engagedcitizens pushing for change.The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may _.A. misleadusintodoingworthlessthingsB. preventusfrommakingfurthereffortsC. weakenoursenseofaccomplishmentD. suppressourdesireforsuccess正确答案：B,5.Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1. As was discussed before, it was not 2the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 3, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 8. It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11its impact on the media was not immediately12. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13, with display becoming sharper and storage 14increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15generations, with the distance between generations much 16.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed 20“harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult._A. conceptB. dimensionC. effectD. perspective正确答案：D,6.根据下面资料，回答1-20题Happy people work differently. Theyre more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D( research and development). Thats because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested.So they compared U. S. cities average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8 . But is it really happiness thats linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to investlike size, industry,and salesand for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to less confined decision making processand the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment. The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16. Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.17 this doesnt prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. Its not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average, said one researcher.第（18）题选_.A. arrivesB. jumpsC. hintsD. strikes正确答案：C,7.For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. In 1a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend 2can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are 3readers. Most of us develop poor reading 4at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency 5in the actual stuff of language itselfwords. Taken individually, words have 6meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. 7,however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to 8words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over 9you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which 10down the speed of reading is vocalizationsounding each word either orally or mentally as 11reads.To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an 12, which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate 13the reader finds comfortable, in order to “stretch” him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, 14word-by-word reading, regression and sub vocalization, practically impossible. At first 15is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster 16your comprehension will improve. Many people have found 17reading skill drastically improved after some training. 18Charlie Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good 172 words a minute 19the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can 20a lot more reading material in a short period of time._A. applyingB. doingC. offeringD. getting正确答案：D,8.根据下面资料，回答26-30题With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about 60 percent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nations health. Sounds greatbut how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK,85 percent of the countrys total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 percent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldnt allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensivelymeaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesnt have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 percent of the countys land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and vegetablewhich would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homeswe would achieve only a 30 percent boost in crop production.Just 23 percent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 percent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK_.A. farmland has been inefficiently utilizedB. factory-style production needs reformingC. most land is used for meat and dairy productionD. more green fields will be converted for farming正确答案：C,9.In a disaster such as an earthquake or terrorist attack, nearly two-thirds of U.S. parents would disregard orders to evacuate and would rush to pick up their kids from school, according to a new survey. The survey found that 63% of parents would ignore orders to evacuate and instead attempt to reunite with their children, possibly hindering rescue efforts by adding to traffic congestion.The authors of the study, released Thursday on the seventh anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks, said that despite years of government efforts to enhance disaster preparedness, schools need to do more to plan for disasters and parents need to be made aware of the plans. The report was commissioned by the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia Universitys Mailman School of Public Health and the Childrens Health Fund. Among parents of school-age children, 45 percent said they do not know the location where their children would be evacuated as part of the schools disaster plan. “There should be an outcry from parents to push their schools and the