2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前模拟强化练习题81（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery .The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of light. As we all know, light is hot; my source of light - from the sun itself down to a humble match burning will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes.Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the form of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no unwanted damagea true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried. The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.1.Up until the 1960s the instruments used to perform surgical operations were（ ）.2.After the development of the laser in the 1960s, we find that（ ）.3.The laser beam is so strong because（ ）.4.Surgeons can now carry out operations which（ ）.问题1选项A.fashionableB.extraordinaryC.specialD.basic问题2选项A.medical help became available for industrial workersB.the study of art went through a complete revolutionC.mans whole approach to surgery changed completelyD.more and more surgeons began using surgical instruments问题3选项A.it is composed of a concentrated beam of lightB.its heat is increased by the heat of the sunC.it can be plugged into an ordinary lightD.it sends out heat in many different directions问题4选项A.can be performed successfully only on the human eyeB.result in very little damage to the patients themselvesC.me made much more complicated by using the laser beamD.result in long periods of recovery time for patients【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章开头Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic.20世纪60年代之前，外科手术使用过的工具有：石头，锋利的骨头和角，金属刀，橡胶和塑料。确定这些工具都是很基本的，D选项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段中所举的眼科手术的例子可知，使用激光做手术，可以让患者感觉轻松和舒服，不需要很长时间就能恢复，彻底改变了外科手术的方法，C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据第一段中“The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated This means that alight with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam. 然而，激光束中的光是集中的，这意味着不需要比普通电灯泡产生更多的能量就能点燃，当它集中在一个针尖大小的光束上时，就会变得非常强烈。” 可知，激光光束强是因为它的光束没有分散，而是集中成针尖大小的光束，所以A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据“No knives, no unwanted damagetrue surgical wonder.Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. 没有刀，没有不必要的伤害真正的外科奇迹。手术曾经让病人精疲力竭，需要很长时间的恢复，现在让他们感到放松和舒适。 ” 可知，使用激光做外科手术，可以让病人遭受极少的痛苦，B选项正确。2. 单选题There are two basic ways to see personal growth: one as a product, which can easily be identified and measured; the other as a process, which, （ ），is much more difficult to determine.问题1选项A.in additionB.by contrastC.furthermoreD.likewise【答案】B【解析】副词固定词组词义辨析。本题需要分析前后两句的关系，通过句意从两个基本的方法可以看出个人成长：一个是结果，能够很轻易地被 识别和衡量；另一个就是过程，相比之下就很难被决定。是将两者进行比较。A选项in addition “除此之外，此外”，意思上的递进；B选项by contrast “相比之下，与之相比”，正确；C选项furthermore “此外，而且”，也是意思上的递进；D选项likewise “同样地，也”。故应选B项3. 翻译题Like waistlines in many prosperous countries, cell phones are going XXL and some of their owners are struggling to tuck them in.Jeremy Roche, 47 years old, owns a Samsung Galaxy Note II phone that is about 75% larger than the original Apple Inc. iPhone, and roughly the size and heft of an extra-large Hersheys chocolate bar, with about an inch nibbled off the end. It “did feel weird” at first to hold his big phone to his head for calls, he says, but now he loves his ample screen.After years of evolution from brick-size monstrosities into slim pocket devices, cell phones are going in reverse. South Koreas Samsung Electronics Co. is credited or blamed 一 with bringing big phones back into the mainstream with devices like the original 5.3-inch Note, introduced outside the U.S. in late 2011.Some tech reviewers at the time derided the big phone as “silly”，and “a phone designed for giants.” But sales boomed, and other makers have followed with still-bigger “phablets”, as techiesarc beginning to call thema cross between a phone and a tablet.Fares Fay ad, a 39-year-old consultant in Dubai, says he used to think a 3.5-inch cell phone screen was just right, until he tried the iPhone 5, which has a 4-inch screen. “I dont believe I can go back to the slightly smaller screen,” Mr. Fay ad says,Some ergonomics experts worry lame phones could pose an injury risk. “As the stretch to reach all areas of the screen increases, we might start to see more serious repetitive stress injuries - likely to the thumbs - in larger touch-screen devices”, says Anthony Andre, a professor of human factors and ergonomics at San Jose State University.【答案】就像许多富裕国家居民的腰围一样，如今手机的尺寸也在逐渐增大，一些手机用户在费尽心思想把它们塞进自己的兜里。在经历了多年来从砖头般的庞然大物向小巧口袋设备的演变后，如今手机又踏上了回头路。有的科技评论家当时曾讥讽这款巨型手机“傻傻的”、“专为巨人设计”。但巨型手机的销量却实现了激增，其他手机生产商也纷纷跟风推出了越来越大的、 科技专家开始称之为“平板手机”的产品-手机和平板电脑的跨界组合。人类工程学的一些专家担心巨型手机可能会带来损伤的风险。由于触控全屏需增加拉伸的幅度，我们可能会开始看到越来越多由大型触屏电子设备引发的严重累积性 -创伤失调，例如对拇指的损害。4. 翻译题Translate the following paragraph in the following passage into English.在中国，笔(brush)、墨(ink stick)、纸、砚(ink slab),就是人们所说的“文房 (the study)四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。作为文化艺术工具，以其独特性能催生了汉字特有的书法艺术，也促使中国画形成了独特的风格。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。在当今时代，使 用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习和写作的人越来越少了，但是在中国的书法，绘画，收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。【答案】In China, writing brush, ink stick, paper and ink slab, what people call “four treasures of the study”，play an important role in the inheritance of Chinese civilization. As tools for culture and art, the “four treasures of the study”, by virtue of their unique property, promoted the emergence of the calligraphy art peculiar to Chinese character, and Chinese painting has also formed the unique style. In addition to practical values, they are also the works of art for people to view and admire, and gradually become collections today. In contemporary times, the number of people using “four treasures of the study” for studying and writing has been decreasing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the activities of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and self-cultivation.5. 单选题Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations lead to family instability. They believe that those regulations, which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families that can eligibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.If all poor families could welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipients. The first is the Cheater -the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family, but in fact disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who, sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter, leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these two types are significantThe third type is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. This group is large. The formation， maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large pan a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal process has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society, such as division of property, and child support.Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and lo the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage social-economic group. Expected income exerts pressures air family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution .To the extent that welfare is a form of government-subsidized AFDC payments, it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providing a system of government-subsidized payments.1.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?2.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ）.3.With which of the following statements about marriage would the author most likely agree?4.The passage would most likely be found in a（ ）.问题1选项A.Welfare restriction do not contribute to low-income family instabilityB.The most significant kind of welfare recipients is not the cheating” father.C.The divorce rate is bound to fall when welfare benefits are cut.D.Government welfare payments lead directly to growing divorce rate.问题2选项A.confident and optimisticB.scientific and detachedC.discouraged and alarmedD.polite and sensitive问题3选项A.Marriage is largely shaped by powerful but impersonal economic and social forcesB.Marriage has a greater value to higher income groupsC.Society has no interest in encouraging people to remain married to one anotherD.Marriage will gradually give way to other forms of social organization.问题4选项A.basic economic textB.book on the history of welfareC.religious literature on the importance of marriageD.scholarly journal devoted to public policy questions【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章针对许多批评家对当前的福利制度导致家庭不稳定的指责，分析了产生这种情况的原因，并得出了与批评者相反的结论，所以A选项福利限制不会导致低收入家庭的不稳定正确。2.观点态度题。文中作者科学而又客观地(scientific and detached)分析了造成家庭解体的诸多因素，B选项符合题意。3.推理判断题。根据原文中的“Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage social-economic group. 婚姻的稳定性与就家庭消费和生产达成可接受的共识所付出的代价有关，也与婚姻社会经济团体不稳定的社会盛行价格有关。”确定A选项 “婚姻在很大程度上是由强大但客观的经济和社会力量所决定的”符合题意。4.推理判断题。本文主要分析了福利制度与家庭稳定性关系，属于公共政策问题，所以D选项专门研究公共政策问题的学术期刊正确。6. 单选题During the interview, the mayor expressed his heart-felt gratitude through the reporters for the timely assistance and support that people from other cities have kindly（ ）to his citizens after the city was struck by several earthquakes.问题1选项A.renderedB.securedC.soughtD.furnished【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析题。A选项的render“给予某物作为报偿或用以交换，回报，归还”； B选项的secure “将某物固定住，系住，使某物安全，保护”；C选项的seek “寻找，探索”；D选项的furnish “提 供，陈设，布置”。根据句意在采访中，市长通过报道对其他城市的人在该市遭受了几次地震袭击后给予市民的及时的友好的援助和支持表示了衷心的感谢确定A选项正确。7. 单选题Newly woven Indian baskets often（ ）a strange smell.问题1选项A.give awayB.give overC.give offD.give up【答案】C【解析】词组辨析。A 选项“放弃，分发或赠与，有意或无意地泄露某事物或出卖某人”； B选项 “停止做某事”； C选项 “发出（光、气味等），长出（枝、杈等）”； D选项 “放弃，投降”；依据题目中的关键词smell和句意新编织的印式筐经常散发出一股奇怪的气味确定C选项正确。8. 单选题There are, as yet, no vegetation types or ecosystems whose study has been（ ）to the extent that they no longer ecologists问题1选项A.exhausted.interestB.perfected.hinderC.diverted.arouseD.vetoed.irritate【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析题。exhaust“排出，耗尽，使精疲力尽，详尽论述”；interest “使感兴趣，使关心，使注意，使参与，使有利害关系”；B选项的perfect “使完美（完 善）”；hinder “阻碍，妨碍，成为阻碍”；C选项的divert “使转向，使绕道，转移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse “激起，引起（感情、态度），唤醒某人，激发，行动起来“；D选项的veto “否决，禁止，反对”；irritate “刺激，使兴奋，激怒”。根据句意 迄今为止，还没有任何植物类型或生态系统，人们对它们的研宄能达 到如此详尽无遗的地步，以致它不再能够引起生态学家的兴趣确定A选项正确。9. 单选题（ ） in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.问题1选项A.Judged the bestB.Judging the bestC.To be judged the bestD.Having judged the best【答案】A【解析】语法题。动词judge和句子主语the three students是逻辑动宾关系，后面有完整的主谓宾，所以使用表示被动意义的过去分词。排除B，D选项。由于judge表示的动作在主句动词award之前，因此可以排除选项C，所以A选项正确。10. 单选题From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal diseases can now be cured by modem drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly injured each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a mans very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind the steering wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual test for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a persons driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.1.The main idea of this passage is that（ ）.2.Which of the statements below is NOT in keeping with the implication of the 2nd paragraph?3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a counter-measure against traffic accidents?4.The authors attitude toward the social phenomenon is（ ）.问题1选项A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.only stricter traffic laws can prevent road accidentsC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.thousands of people over the world are killed each year问题2选项A.People usually cannot stay quiet and pleasant while driving.B.People are usually beside themselves when they are driving.C.Peoples hidden abilities are often brought into full play by the act of driving.D.Peoples bad qualities and emotions can be fully exposed by the act of driving.问题3选项A.Making driving test standardized and more difficult.B.Raising age limit for drivers and retesting them regularly.C.Restricting the speed of driving within reasonable limits.D.Testing the amount of alcohol in drivers blood frequently.问题4选项A.ironicalB.criticalC.indifferentD.militant【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。本题询问这篇阅读的中心思想。A选项意为“交通事故主要是由摩托车引起的”；B选项意为“只有更严格的交通法规能够阻止事故的发生”；C选项意为“一些国家关于驾驶的法规太过松弛”；D选项意为“每年全世界有几千人丧生”。 分析全文内容可知，文章前几段主要分析了造成事故的几个原因，而最后一段得出的结论是应该通过更严格的交通法规才能更好地制止交通事故的发生，所以B选项正确。2.细节事实题。本题询问下列哪一项论述不符合第二段的内容。A选项意为 “人们开车时通常无法保持安静愉快的心情”；B选项意为“当人们开车时，他们通常会发狂”；C选项意为“通常人们隐藏的能力会通过驾驶行为充分地发挥出来”；D选项意为“人们的坏品质和负面情感会通过驾驶行为完全被公开”。根据原文 “It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a mans very worst qualities. 有人说得对，当一个人坐在方向盘后面，他的车就成了他个性的延伸。毫无疑问，汽车常常显露出一个人最坏的品质。”可知人们在驾驶时的情绪和个人品质会通过驾驶行为显露出来，C选项正确；由原文 “People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind the steering wheel. 通常安静而愉快的人，当他们坐在方向盘后面时，可能会变得面目无睹。” 可知本段中并没有说人们开车总是无法保持安静和愉快，A选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。本题询问下列哪一项没有被作为阻止交通事故发生的一项对策提及。A选项意为“将驾照考试更标准化和增加难度”；B选项意为“提高驾驶员的年 龄限制并定期复查”；C选项意为“将驾驶速度限制在合理的范围内”；D选项意为“经常测试司机血液中的酒精量”。根据原文最后一段中提出了的如何降低摩托车事故发生的方式“驾驶测试应当标准化，比现在要更严格；所有四级每三年考核一次；年轻人驾车的允许年龄应提高到21岁；全部机动车每年都应经过严格的安全测试”可知D选项没有提及符合题意。4.观点态度题。本题询问作者对于这种社会现象的态度。A选项意为“讽刺的”；B选项意为“批判的”；C选项意为“漠不关心的”；D选项意为“富有战斗性的”。文章的前三段分别给出了导致交通事故发生的几个原因，作者也呼吁各国制定更为严格的交通法规来阻止事故的发生，而对于摩托车事故，作者一直持批评的态度，B选项正确。11. 单选题Some cinema-goers in Leipzig even confessed that the film had made them feel emotional and slightly（ ）for their recent past.问题1选项A.nostalgicB.instinctiveC.intuitiveD.mirthful【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。A选项 “乡愁的，怀旧的”； B选项 “本能的，天生的，直觉的”; C选项 “直觉的”; D 选项“愉快的，高兴的”；根据关键词emotional和their recent past以及句意莱比锡的一些电影观众甚至承认，这部电影触动了他们的情感，有点怀念他们的过去确定A选项正确。12. 单选题Before sitting for the entrance examination for postgraduate students, many candidates try to familiarize themselves with the formula of the exam by doing（ ）tests.