2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前模拟强化练习题87（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题On closer _, however, the place has subtle marks of distinction.问题1选项A.inspectionB.inspirationC.expectationD.execution【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项inspection“视察，检查”；B选项inspiration“灵感；鼓舞；吸气；妙计”；C选项expectation“期待；预期；指望”；D选项execution“执行，实行；完成；死刑”。句意：然而，仔细观察，这个地方有微妙的区别。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题Very few people understood his lecture, the subject of which was very _.问题1选项A.dimB.obscureC.conspicuousD.intelligible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项dim“暗淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，看不清的；悲观的，怀疑的”；B选项obscure“昏暗的，朦胧的；晦涩的，不清楚的；隐蔽的；不著名的，无名的”；C选项conspicuous“显著的；显而易见的”；D选项intelligible“可理解的；明了的；仅能用智力了解的”。句意：很少有人听懂他的演讲，因为他的主题晦涩难懂。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题In the case of Finney, where an attendant at a mental hospital caused the death of a patient by releasing a flow of boiling water into a bath, the test was whether he was grossly _.问题1选项A.negativeB.negligentC.neglectedD.negligible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negative“负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的”；B选项negligent“疏忽的；粗心大意的”；C选项neglected“被忽视的；无人照管的”；D选项negligible“微不足道的，可以忽略的”。句意：在芬尼案中，精神病院的一名护工将沸腾的开水倒入浴缸，导致一名病人死亡，测试的是他是否严重疏忽。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题That part of the city has long been _ for its street violence.问题1选项A.notoriousB.responsibleC.historicalD.illegal【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项notorious“声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”；B选项responsible“负责的，可靠的；有责任的”；C选项historical“历史的；史学的；基于史实的”；D选项illegal“非法的；违法的；违反规则的”。句意：该市的那个地区长期以来因街头暴力而臭名昭著。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题The father, who was illiterate, said to his son that he was _ dog to learn new tricks.问题1选项A.too old aB.a too oldC.so old aD.a so old【答案】A【解析】考查句式。根据句意可知本题主要考查too.to do“太而不能”，故可排除C选项和D选项。tooadj.a(an)n.to do /to be done，这个句型在too形容词后再接一个带不定冠词的名词，不定冠词一定要放在形容词后，只有当too后形容词修饰一个可数名词时，才可以在形容词与名词间加不定冠词“a/an”。当句子主语是动词不定式的执行者时，用to do主动式，当主语是动词不定式的承受者时，则用to be done被动式。句意：那位父亲不识字，对他儿子说自己简直就是一只老狗，哪还学得了什么新把戏。所以该句中应用too old a.而不用a too old.，因此A选项正确。6. 单选题All the rows, all the ethical problems and all the money spent in pursuing the human code for life will have been well worth it if it fulfils even some of its medical promise.The potential prizes certainly glitter. In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, so-called gene engineering. At the nearer end of the time scale, genetic tests are allowing people to choose suitable therapies and life styles to beat disease. And in between, lie further tantalizing prospects: thousands of new drugs for previously untreatable diseases; drugs tailored to individuals, so with far fewer side effects, the ability to replace faulty genes, short-circuiting diseases at source.But the work of turning the base pair data into the gold of new treatments has already begun, according to Dr. Francis Collins, head of the US National Human Genome Research institute. I keep a tally of the genes that are responsible for human diseases that are identified over the course of year. In a good year, in times gone by, there might have been two or three. Last year, there have been 29 discovered.Private companies have also combed the data to find genes that play roles in diabetes, asthma, psoriasis and migraines. The most extreme suggested use for the human genome data is editing the DNA inheritance passed down from one generation to the next. Such a scenario involves identifying an abnormal gene and then correcting it in the cells which are used to pass genetic information to offspring. No subsequent generation would then be affected by their ancestors gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention generation would then be affected by their ancestors gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention with the code for life will only be allowed after major ethical reservations and safety concerns over possible unexpected results of the changes are addressed.There is little doubt that the revelation of human genome will benefit healthcare in the short and long term. But many of the treatments will be expensive and will do nothing to avoid the damage caused by viral and bacterial diseases. It has been suggested that a brave new world awaits us in which all ailments can be monitored from a daily mouth swab inserted into a DNA reader in our bathroom cabinets. But Dr. Ian Purvis says, “It could be that like, a long time in the future, but that is based on the rather arrogant view humanity has that it will understand everything we findand we never have in the past.”1. By saying that the “potential prizes certainly glitter”, the author means that _.2. The chief purpose of gene engineering is to _.3. From the first sentence of the third paragraph we learn that _.4. The author warns that in trying to alter human genes, special attention should be paid to _.5. According to Dr. Purvis, human beings _.问题1选项A.pursuing the human code for life certainly provokes much debateB.gene engineering fails to fulfil some of its medical promisesC.gene engineering will certainly prove to be a fruitful researchD.potential prizes for gene research have actually proved to be small问题2选项A.develop drugs suited to each individual with fewer side effectsB.prevent faulty genes from passing on to the next generationC.develop drugs for previously untreatable diseasesD.work out the best therapy for the terminally ill问题3选项A.actual work on gene engineering has been under wayB.getting away with faulty genes has proved to be a tough taskC.the prospect of finding the new treatments seems brightD.researchers have begun to collect the human genome data问题4选项A.ethical problems involvedB.abnormal genes to be alteredC.the code of life to be searched forD.protecting healthy genes问题5选项A.are more arrogant than we were in the pastB.will be able to monitor all ailments in the near futureC.understand our past better than we do our futureD.may not understand everything we discovered【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“The potential prizes certainly glitter. In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, so-called gene engineering. At the nearer end of the time scale, genetic tests are allowing people to choose suitable therapies and life styles to beat disease. And in between, lie further tantalizing prospects: thousands of new drugs for previously untreatable diseases; drugs tailored to individuals, so with far fewer side effects, the ability to replace faulty genes, short-circuiting diseases at source.（潜在的奖励肯定是闪闪发光的。在遥远的将来，通过将遗传疾病一劳永逸地从基因库中剔除，也就是所谓的基因工程，就有可能防止遗传疾病。随着时间的推移，基因测试使人们能够选择合适的治疗方法和生活方式来战胜疾病。在这两者之间，还有更诱人的前景：数以千计的新药可以治疗以前无法治疗的疾病；为个人量身定制的药物，副作用少得多，能够替换有缺陷的基因，从源头上消除疾病。）”，由此可知题干中potential prizes certainly glitter的意思是真正的工程必将被证明是一项富有成效的研究，即它可以治疗遗传疾病，所以C选项“真正的工程必将被证明是一项富有成效的研究”符合题意。A选项“追寻人类的生命密码肯定会引发很多争论”；B选项“真正的工程没有履行一些医疗承诺”以及D选项“基因研究的潜在回报实际上被证明是很小的”文章都没有提及，因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, so-called genuine engineering. （在遥远的将来，通过将遗传疾病一劳永逸地从基因库中剔除，也就是所谓的基因工程，就有可能防止遗传疾病。）”，由此可知基因工程的主要目的是防止有缺陷的基因遗传给下一代，B选项“防止有缺陷的基因传递给下一代”更符合题意。A选项“开发适合每个人的副作用更少的药物”；C选项“为以前无法治疗的疾病开发药物”；D选项“找出治疗绝症的最佳疗法”。因此B选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到第三段第一句话“But the work of turning the base pair data into the gold of new treatments has already begun, according to Dr. Francis Collins, head of the US National Human Genome Research institute.（但美国国家人类基因组研究所所长弗朗西斯 柯林斯博士表示，将碱基对数据转化为新疗法的黄金数据的工作已经开始。）”，再联系下文可知，基因工程正在实施中，因此A选项“基因工程的实际工作正在进行中”符合题意。B选项“摆脱有缺陷的基因被证明是一项艰巨的任务”和C选项“找到新疗法的前景似乎很光明”不能从该句子体现出；根据第三段以及第四段“I keep a tally of the genes that are responsible for human diseases that are identified over the course of year. Private companies have also combed the data to find genes that play roles in diabetes, asthma, psoriasis and migraines.（我记录了一年中发现的与人类疾病有关的基因私营公司也梳理了数据，寻找与糖尿病、哮喘、牛皮癣和偏头痛有关的基因。）”可知文章只提到弗朗西斯柯林斯博士和私营公司在收集人类基因组数据，并没有提到研究人员，因此D选项“研究人员已经开始收集人类基因组数据”说法错误。因此A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段的最后一句话“However, such irreversible intervention with the code for life will only be allowed after major ethical reservations and safety concerns over possible unexpected results of the changes are addressed.（然而，只有在处理了重大伦理保留意见和对可能出现的意外结果的安全担忧之后，才允许对生命守则进行这种不可逆转的干预。）”，由此可知在试图干预人类基因时应注意伦理以及安全问题，所以A选项“涉及的道德问题”符合题意。B选项“被改变的异常基因”；C选项“寻找生命的密码”；D选项“保护健康基因”均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据珀维斯博士所说“It could be that like, a long time in the future, but that is based on the rather arrogant view humanity has that it will understand everything we findand we never have in the past.（可能在很长一段时间以后，但这是基于人类相当傲慢的观点，即它会理解我们发现的一切而我们过去从未这样做过。）”可知人们需要在很长一段时间后，并且是基于很傲慢的观点才会理解他们的发现，所以D选项“可能并不理解我们发现的一切”符合题意。A选项“比过去更傲慢”曲解了文意；B选项“在不久的将来能检测到所有的疾病”出现在文章最后一段“It has been suggested that a brave new world awaits us in which all ailments can be monitored from a daily mouth swab inserted into a DNA reader in our bathroom cabinets. （有人认为，一个勇敢的新世界正在等待着我们，在这个世界里，所有的疾病都可以通过每天将口腔拭子插入浴室橱柜里的DNA读取器来监测。）”，此处只是说有些人认为、有意见认为，并没有绝对地说人类将来能监测到所有疾病，因此B选项错误；C选项“了解我们的过去胜过了解我们的将来”在珀维斯博士所说的话中没有体现。因此D选项正确。7. 单选题The usual distinctions between “basic research”, “applied research”, and “development”, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. One cannot distinguish in any meaningful way “basic” from “applied research” by observing what a scientist is doing.“Applied research” should not be used to mean “purposeful and demonstrably useful basic research,” and one should be wary of the use of the term in government statistics. In corporate research laboratories, such as the TJ. Watson Research Laboratories of IBM, all of the work is referred to simply as “research.” There is no need to attempt a distinction between “basic” and “applied” research. All of the companys research investments are motivated by corporate interests. All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so “pure” that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.We should reserve the words “applied research” for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words “problem-solving research” instead.Narrow problem-solving and development are activities initiated by someone who wishes to apply research methods purposefully to exploit an identified opportunity or solve a problem. They involve the application of technical resources to achieve an identified goal for a specified beneficiary, usually the investor in the work. It is a reasonable assumption that those who engage in such activities expect to benefit from them, and to benefit by a sufficient margin over the cost to accommodate the technical risk that is ever-present in research. The investor in problem-solving may be a government agency, but is more likely to be a private firm. In most cases that firm would be expected to be able to appropriate sufficient benefits to need no government subsidy to take those risks. Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science.1. According to the author, the distinction between Basic and applied researches in government documents is _.2. A disturbing result of the definitions of nature of research in government statistics is that _.3. It is implied in the second paragraph that basic research is characterized by _.4. The “applied research” as the author understands it is best defined in terms of _.5. The passage is mainly concerned with defining the role of _.问题1选项A.theoretically unjustifiableB.obscure and misleadingC.scientific but insufficientD.meaningful though confusing问题2选项A.the role of government in funding research activities is poorly definedB.scientists are not sure whether what they are doing is meaningfulC.the goals of both basic and applied researches are not rationally setD.research in corporate settings is not purposeful or demonstrably useful问题3选项A.less creativityB.higher motivationC.lack of immediate valueD.insufficient investment问题4选项A.the goal it serves and the problem it solvesB.the party that sponsors and benefits from itC.the cost and risks involved in such researchD.both A and B问题5选项A.applied research in the creation of new technologyB.basic research in the creation of new technologyC.private firms in refunding problem-solving researchD.government in the creation of new technology【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The usual distinctions between basic research, applied research, and development, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise.（对基础研究和应用研究与发展这些词语的基本区分，在国家科学基金会记录的正式的政府数据中已经沿用多年，不幸的是，在讨论政府对技术活动的投资政策时，这些区分显得很不足。的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由此可知“基础研究”和“应用研究”的区别定义不够清楚，且会引起误导，所以B选项“模糊和误导性的”符合题意。A选项“理论上不合理的”；C选项“科学但不充分的”；D选项“有意义但令人困惑的”。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. （的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由此可知政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确是导致不安结果的原因，所以A选项“政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确”符合题意。B选项“科学家不确定他们正在做的事情是否有意义”；C选项“基础研究和应用研究的目标设置不合理”；D选项“在公司背景下的研究是没有目的的，也没有明显的用处”。因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章二段“All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so pure that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.（所有的研究都有一个目的。所有这些都是在高度创造性的条件下进行的。哪项研究都不是那么纯粹，以至于研究的投资者不指望它有任何价值。）”，由此可推测，基础研究（即所谓的纯科学研究）不在于满足某些人的功利需求，也不在于满足一个短期的价值预期，所以C选项“缺乏直接价值”符合题意。A选项“更少的创造力”；B选项“更高的动机”；D选项“投资不足”。因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“We should reserve the words applied research for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words problem-solving research instead.（我们应该把应用研究这个词保留在那些狭义的定义上，即应用研究指在有限时间内利用有限资源为某个特定使用者完成某个特定任务，作为受益者的使用者获得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。为了在这次讨论中明确应用研究的观点，我使用了以解决问题为目的的研究这个词。）”，作者称之为“以解决问题为目的的研究”这个定义，以及下一段对这个定义的进一步解释，强调了研究的目的性，当然也强调了解决问题，因此A选项“它服务的目标和它解决的问题”表达的意思是正确的。同时，这个定义也强调了受益者（=投资者），因此B选项“赞助并从中受益的一方”也是正确的。C选项“这种研究涉及的成本和风险”没有提及，所以D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。第一段前两句实际上表达了本文的主旨。分析“应用研究”的定义也是为了澄清概念，说明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science. 对新技术创新进行公共投资（区别于上面提到的私人和公司投资，所谓公共的根据上下文实际上指政府的）是一个关键环节，将社会目标和为追求这些社会目标所做的科学研究联系在一起。因此，对技术的追求是对科学的追求的一个重要也许是最重要的源泉。”最后一句实际上又强调了应用研究和基础研究的关系。可见，本文的主要意图是如何解决政府在“应用研究”和“基础研究”中的作用，所以D选项“政府在创造新技术上的支持”符合题意。A选项“新技术创造中的应用研究”；B选项“创造新技术的基础研究”；C选项“私营企业资助问题解决研究”。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone （1） making mistakes. It is actually caused by （2） of your “body clock”a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological （3） . The body clock is designed for a （4） rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it （5） daylight and darkness at the wrong times in a new time zone.The （6） of jetlag often persist for days （7） the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is （8） that is based on proven （9） pioneering scientific research.Dr. Martin Moore-Ere has （10） a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone （11） controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates （12） of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either （13） or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule （14） light exposure depends a great deal on （15） travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individuals sleep （16） are used to produce a Trip Guide with （17） on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls （18） bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, （19） you are on an aero plane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light （20） for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.问题1选项A.forB.fromC.ofD.to问题2选项A.ruptureB.corruptionC.disruptionD.eruption问题3选项A.actionsB.functionsC.reflectionD.behavior问题4选项A.regularB.formalC.continualD.circular问题5选项A.retainsB.encountersC.possessesD.experiences问题6选项A.diseasesB.symptomsC.signsD.defects问题7选项A.whileB.whereasC.ifD.although问题8选项A.adaptableB.approachableC.availableD.agreeable问题9选项A.broadB.inclusiveC.tentativeD.extensive问题10选项A.devisedB.recognizedC.scrutinizedD.visualized问题11选项A.throughB.atC.inD.as问题12选项A.mostB.leastC.littleD.more问题13选项A.attainB.shedC.retrieveD.seek问题14选项A.onB.withC.forD.in问题15选项A.uniqueB.specificC.complicatedD.peculiar问题16选项A.normB.modeC.patternD.style问题17选项A.directoriesB.instructionsC.specificationsD.commentaries问题18选项A.offB.onC.forD.up59.问题19选项A.orB.andC.butD.while60.问题20选项A.agitationB.spurC.accelerationD.stimulus【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:A第12题:A第13题:D第14题:C第15题:B第16题:C第17题:B第18题:B第19题:A第20题:D【解析】1. 考查固定搭配。be prone to“有倾向的，易于的”，句意：时差使商务旅行者的工作效率降低，更容易出错。因此D选项正确。2. 考查名词辨析。A选项rupture“破裂；决裂；疝气”；B选项corruption“贪污，腐败；堕落”；C选项disruption“扰乱，打乱，中断”；D选项eruption“爆发，喷发；火山灰；出疹”。句意：实际上，它是由你的“生物钟”被打乱引起的。因此C选项正确。3. 考查名词辨析。A选项actions“行动；活动；功能；战斗；情节”；B选项functions“功能；函数；职责；盛大的集会”；C选项reflection“反射；沉思；映像”；D选项behavior“行为，举止；态度；反应”。句意：是控制身体机能节律的一簇脑细胞。这是形容词与名词之间的偏正搭配：身体、生理的“功能、机能”，生理活动（actions）、生理反应（reflection）又是两码事，而我们不说生理行为（behavior），因此B选项正确。4. 考查形容词辨析。A选项regular“有规律的，定时的；经常的”；B选项formal“正式的；拘谨的；有条理的”；C选