2022年考博英语-中国传媒大学考前模拟强化练习题27（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-中国传媒大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题In 2008 there were fears that we might enter another economic（）as bad as the 1930s.问题1选项A.dropB.recessionC.decreaseD.slump【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。drop“水滴”；recession“衰退，不景气”；decrease“减少，降低”；slump“（价格，数量等）骤降”。句意：2008年的时候，有人担心我们可能会进入与上世纪30年代一样严重的又一次的经济衰退。选项B更符合语境。2. 单选题You can claim a（） on your tax.问题1选项A.rebateB.debateC.abateD.libate【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项rebate“退还款；折扣；返还部分”；B选项debate“辩论；（正式的）讨论”；C选项abate“减轻；减少”；D选项libate“喝酒。句意：你可以要求退回部分税款。此处应填入一个名词，故排除C项和D项，只有A项符合句意，故选A。3. 单选题The tone of the articles（）the writers mood at the time.问题1选项A.reproducedB.reflectedC.imaginedD.imitated【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。reproduce “繁殖，复制”;reflect “反映，表现”，reflect ones mood “反映某人的心情”，符合句意；imagine “想象，设想”；imitate “模仿，仿效”。选项B符合题意。句意：文章的语气反映了作者当时的心情。4. 翻译题As Technology Gets Better, Will Society Get Worse?Imagine that two people are carving a six-foot slab of wood at the same time. One is using a hand-chisel, the other, a chainsaw. If you are interested in the future of that slab, whom would you watch?This chainsaw/chisel logic has led some to suggest that technological evolution is more important to humanitys near future than biological evolution, nowadays, it is not the biological chisel but the technological chainsaw that is most quickly redefining what it means to be human The devices we use change the way we live much faster than any contest among genes，Were the block of wood，even if, as I wrote in January, sometimes we dont even fully notice that were changing.1. Assuming that we really are evolving as we wear or inhabit more technological prosthetics-like ever-smarter phones, helpful glasses, and brainy carsheres the big question: Will that type of evolution take us in desirable directions, as we usually assume biological evolution does?Some, like the Wired founder Kevin Kelly, believe that the answer is a resounding “yes”. In his book “What Technology Wants”. Kelly writes: 2. “Technology wants what life wants; Increasing efficiency; Increasing opportunity; Increasing emergence; Increasing complexity; Increasing diversity; Increasing specialization; Increasing ubiquity; Increasing freedom: Increasing mutualism: Increasing beauty: Increasing sentience: Increasing structure increasing evolvability.”We can test the “Increasing” theory by taking a quick trip up north, to an isolated area south of the Hudson Bay. Here live the Oji-Cree, a people, numbering about thirty thousand, who inhabit a cold and desolate land roughly the size of Germany. For much of the twentieth century, the Oji-Cree lived at a technological level that can be described as relatively simple. As nomads, they lived in tents during the summer, and in cabins during the winter. Snowshoes, dog sleds, and canoes were the main modes of transportation, used to track and kill fish, rabbits, and moose for food. A doctor who worked with the Oji-Cree in the nineteen-forties has noted the absence of mental breakdowns or substance abuse within the population observing that “the people lived a rugged, rigorous life with plenty of exercise.” the Oji-Cree invariably impressed foreigners with their vigor and strength. Another visitor，in the nineteen-fifties, wrote of their “ingenuity, courage, and self-sacrifice,” nothing that, in the North, “only those prepared to face hardship and make sacrifices could survive.”The Oji-Cree have been in contact with European settlers for centuries, but it was only in the nineteen-sixties, when trucks began making the trip north, that newer technologies like the internal combustion engine and electricity really began to reach the areas. The Oji-Cree eagerly embraced these new tools. In our lingo, we might say that they went through a rapid evolution, advancing through hundreds of years of technology in just a few decades.The good news is that, nowadays, the Oji-Cree no longer face the threat of winter starvation, which regularly killed people in earlier times. They can more easily import and store the food they need, and they enjoy pleasures like sweets and alcohol. Life has become more comfortable. The constant labor of canoeing or snowshoeing has been eliminated by outboard engines and snowmobiles. Television made it north in the nineteen-eighties, and has proved enormously popular.But, in the main, the Oji-Cree story is not a happy one. 3. Since the arrival of new technologies, the population has suffered a massive increase in morbid obesity，heart disease，and Type 2 diabetes. Social problems are rampant; idleness, alcoholism，drug addiction, and suicide have reached some of the highest levels on earth. Diabetes, in particular, has become so common (affecting forty per cent of the population) that researcher think that many children，after exposure in the womb, are born with an increased predisposition to the disease. Childhood obesity is widespread, and ten-year-olds sometimes appear middle-aged. Recently, the Chief of a small Oji-Cree community estimated that half of his adult population was addicted to OxyContin or other painkiller.Technology is not the only cause of these changes, but scientists have made clear that it is a driving factor. In previous times, the Oji-Cree lifestyle required daily workouts that rivaled those of a professional athlete. “In the early 20th century,” writes one researcher, walking up to 100 km/day was not uncommon.” But those days are over, replaced by modem comforts. Despite the introduction of modem medicine, the health outcomes of the Oji-Cree have declined in ways that will not be easy to reverse. The Oji-Cree are literally being killed by technological advances.The Oji-Cree are an unusual case. It can take a society time to adjust to new technologies, and the group has also suffered other traumas, like colonization and the destruction of cultural continuity. Nonetheless, the story offers an important warning for the human race. The problem with technological evolution is that it is under our control and, unfortunately, we dont always make the best decisions.4.This is also the principal difference between technological and biological evolution, Biological evolution is driven by survival of th fittest, as adaptive traits are those that make the survival and reproduction of a population more likely. It isnt perfect, but at least，in a rough way, it favors organisms who are adapted to their environments.Technological evolution has a different motive force. It is self-evolution, and it is therefore driven by what we want as opposed to what is adaptive. In a market economy, it is even more complex: for most of us, our technological identities are determined by what companies decide to sell based on what they believe we, as consumers, will pay for. As a species, we often arent much different from the Oji-Cree. Comfort-seeking missiles, we spend the most to minimize pain and maximize pleasure. When it comes to technologies, we mainly want to make things easy. Not to be bored. Oh, and maybe to look a bit younger.Our will-to-comfort, combined with our technological powers, creates a stark possibility. If were not careful, our technological evolution will take us toward not a singularity but a sofalarity. Thats a future defined not by an evolution toward superintelligence but by the absence of discomforts.The sofalarity (pictured memorably in the film “Wall-E” is not inevitable either. But the prospect of it makes clear that, as a species, we need mechanism to keep humanity no track. 5. The technology industry, which does so much to define us, has a duty to cater to our more complete selves rather than just our narrow interests. It has both the opportunity and the means to reach for something higher. And, as consumers, we should remember that our collective demands drive our destiny as a species, and define the post human condition.【答案】1.假设当我们用更多的科技手段比如越来越智能的手机，方便的眼镜和智能汽车来弥补自身不足时，我们确实也在进化，一个重大问题就出现了:这样的进化能否像生物进化那样，把我们带向更加美好的未来？2.科技想要的就是生活想要的：增进效率、机会、新事物，增强复杂性、增进多元化、增强专业度、增进普遍化、增强自由度、增强协作、增添美丽、 增强感官能力、增强条理性、增强人的进步能力。3.自新技术出现以后，这里的人们就饱受肥胖症、心脏病和第二型糖尿病的折磨。社会问题也蔓延猖獗：失业率、嗜酒率、吸毒率以及自杀率飙升，有些甚至达到了世界最高水平。糖尿病变得尤其普遍(影响着40%的人口)，研究者们认为许多儿童由于在子宫中就受到影响，生来就有的更严重的糖尿病倾向。4.这也是技术与生物进化的主要区别，生物进化是以优胜劣汰为驱动力的，因为适应性特征使生物种群生存和繁殖的可能性更大，它不是完美的，但至少在以一个大致的方式进行，它对适应环境的生物是有利的。5.科技产业对我们来说非常重要，它有责任来满足我们真正的自我，而非我们狭隘的嗜好。科技产业有机会也有能力取得更高的成就。另外，作为消费者的我们也应该牢记，我们的共同需求推动着我们作为人类物种的命运，决定着新一代人类的未来。5. 单选题Cordia Harrington was tired of standing up all day and smelling like French fries at night. She owned and operated three McDonalds shops in Illinois, but as a divorced mother of three boys, she yearned for a business that would provide for her children and let her spend more time with them.Her lucky moment came, strangely enough, after she was nominated in 1992 to be on the McDonalds bun committee. “The company picked me up in a corporate jet to see bakeries around the world.” She recalls. “Every time I went to a meeting, I loved it. This was global!”The experience opened her eyes to business possibilities. When McDonalds decided it wanted a new bun supplier, Harrington became determined to win the contract, even though she had no experience running a bakery.Harrington studied the bakery business and made sure she was never off executives radar. “If you have a dream, you cant wait for people to call you,” she says. “So Id visit a mill and send them photos of myself, in a bakers hat and jacket, holding a sign that says “I want to be your baker.” After four years and 32 interviews, her persistence paid off.Harrington sealed the deal with a handshake, sold her shops and borrowed $13.5 million. She was ready to build the faster, most automated bakery in the world.The Tennessee Bun Company opened ahead of schedule in 1997 in time for a slump in US fast-food sales for McDonalds. Before Harrington knew it, she was down to her last $20,000, not enough to cover payroll. And her agreement with McDonalds required that she sell exclusively to the company. “I cried myself to sleep many nights, ” she recalls. “I really did think I am going to go bankrupt”.But Harrington worked out an agreement to supply Pepperide Farm as well. “McDonalds could see benefit if our production went up and prices went down and no benefit if we went out of business,” she says. “That deal saved us.”Over the next eight years, Harington branched out even more: She started her own trucking business, added a cold-storage company, and now has three bakeries producing fresh buns and frozen doughall now known as the Bun companies. Speed is still a priority: It takes 11 people at the main bakery to make out 60,000 buns an hour for clients across 40 states, South America, and the Caribbean.Grateful for the breaks shes had, Harrington is passionate about providing opportunities to all 230 employees. “Financial success is the most fun when you can give it away, ” she says.The current economy is challenging. Some of her clients sales have declined, but shes found new clients and improved efficiencies to help sustain the economys double-digit growth.Cordia Harrington doesnt have to stand on her feet all day anymore. Two of her three sons now work for her. And shes married her husband, Tom, is now her CFO.“This is more than a job, ” says Harrington. “Its a mission. Im always thinking. How can we best serve our employees? If we support them, theyll do their best to look after our clients. Thats how it works here.”1.According to the passage, which of the following was most significant in Harringtons early career?2.“Harrington . made sure she was never off executives radar (Paragraph Four) means that she（）.3.How did she survive the crisis of the bakery business?4.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in describing her current business?5.According to the passage which of the following is fundamental to Harringtons success?问题1选项A.Her travel and the visits to bakeries around the world.B.Her nomination on the McDonalds bun committee.C.A business contract with local bun suppliers.D.The interviews and experience in running a bakery.问题2选项A.herself wanted to be a company executive.B.meant to hire executives to run the businessC.meant to keep her management knowledge and skills.D.focused on the management of the bakery business.问题3选项A.By opening her bun company ahead of schedule.B.By supplying buns for another company.C.By keeping supplies up for McDonaldD.By making a new agreement with McDonald问题4选项A.It is fast growing.B.It is diversified.C.Its clients are all local.D.It is more efficient.问题5选项A.Perseverance and concern for employeesB.Business expansion and family supportC.Efficiency and love for the familyD.Opportunities and speed【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第三段的首句“The experience opened her eyes to business possibilities. 这次经历使她看到了商机”，也就是说，在哈林顿的早期职业生涯中最重要的是这次经历。再根据上一段的内容可知，这次经历是在她被任命为麦当劳的面包委员会委员后，公司派专机接她去看世界各地的面包房。所以选项A符合原文。本题容易错选B，但被任命后如果没有那些经历，也不能对她的职业产生影响，所以重要的还是“experience”。2.判断推理题。根据原文句意“哈林顿学习了怎样经营面包店，并且确保自己从来没有离开过管理层的视线”，由此可知，她这样做是为了保持她的管理知识和技能，所以选项C正确。选项A“她自己想成为一名公司主管”不正确，因为她是想自己经营一家公司而不是成为主管；选项B“打算雇佣管理人员来经营企业”不正确，这时候她自己还没有开公司，所以谈不上雇佣；选项D“专注于面包房业务的管理”也不正确，因为上一段提到她没有经营面包店的经验，所以她学习的是如何经营面包店，而不是业务管理。只有选项C符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第七段的最后一句话“那笔交易救了我们”，这里的交易指的是本段首句提到的“达成协议为Pepperide农场供应面包”。所以选项B“向另一家公司供应面包”正确。4.细节事实题。根据第八段的最后一句“ It takes 11 people at the main bakery to make out 60,000 buns an hour for clients across 40 states, South America, and the Caribbean. 面包店的11个人每小时要为来自40个州、南美洲和加勒比海地区的客户制作6万个面包。”由此可知，她的客户不仅仅是当地的，所以选项C不正确。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段的内容“这不仅仅是一份工作，哈林顿说。这是一个任务。我总是思考。我们怎样才能更好地为员工服务?如果我们支持他们，他们就会尽力照顾我们的客户。这就是这里的运作方式。”由此可知，关心员工是哈林顿成功的根本原因之一。除此之外，还有原文前面所提及的她自己付出的努力，以及自己坚持不懈的精神是她事业成功的另一个根本原因。所以选项A正确。6. 单选题When the American psychologist Wayne Oates died in 1999, the New York Times began his obituary by noting two facts. First, the man had authored an astonishing 57 books. Second -and presumably not coincidentally- he had coined the word workaholic. Oates invented the new-ubiquitous term in a 1968 essay, in which he confessed that his own addition to industriousness had been a disorder similar to substance abuse. Of course, he acknowledged, workaholism is much more respectable than drinking a fifth a day-more the sort of personality trait that might help someone, say, earn an obit in the paper record.What precisely, qualifies someone as a workaholic? Theres still no single accepted medical definition. But psychologists have tried to distinguish people merely devoted to their careers from the true addicts. A seminal 1992 paper on how to measure the condition argued that sufferers work not only compulsively but also with little enjoyments. Newer diagnostic tests attempt to single out those who, among other behaviors, binge and then suffer from withdrawal - just as someone would with, say, a gambling or cocaine habit.Even as the precise outlines of workaholism remain a bit fuzzy, various studies have tried to identify its physical and emotional effects. At the risk of carrying on like a Pfizer ad: research has associated it with sleep problems, weight gain, high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression. That is to say nothing of its toll on family members. Perhaps unsurprisingly, spouses of workaholics tend to report unhappiness with their marriages. Having a workaholic parent is hardly better. A study of college undergraduates found that children of workaholics scored 72 percent higher on measures of depression than children of alcoholics. They also exhibited more-severe levels of “prettification - a term family therapists use for sons and daughters who, as the paper put it, are parents to their own parents and sacrifice their own needs.to accommodate and care for the emotional needs and pursuits of parents or another family member.How many people are true workaholics? One recent estimate suggests that about 10 percent of U.S. adults might qualify; the proportion is as high as 23 percent among lawyers, doctors, and psychologists. Still more people may be inclined to call themselves workaholics, whether or not they actually are: in 1998, 27 percent of Canadians told the countrys Social Survey that they were workaholics, including 38 percent of those with incomes over $80,000, (Even among those with no income, 22 percent called themselves workaholics! Presumably some were busy homemakers and students.)The condition may well have a certain social cachet; as the psychologist Bryan Robinson once part in work addition might be “the best-dressed mental health problem” of them all. In one of the rare economics studies on the subject, researchers found that the educated and affluent were much more likely than lower-income Americans to put off retirement, a possible sign of workaholism in addition. Such delayed retirement certainly gives new meaning to the phrase “work to death”. For what it is worth, the concept would not raise many eyebrows in Japan, where grueling job hours have long been a norm, and there is a word for death by overwork-karoshi. The countrys courts have even recognized it as a basis for wrongful-death suits.1. All of the following statements about Wayne Oates are true EXCEPT that（）.2. What is the definition of workaholics given by the seminal 1992 paper?3. Which of the following result is NOT related to workaholism?4. What can be implied from whether or not they actually are in the fourth paragraph?5. What is the main idea of this passage?问题1选项A.he thought workaholism was not socially respectableB.he had written 57 booksC.he brought the term workaholic to the worldD.he admitted his own addition to work问题2选项A.those who work willingly and happilyB.those who work hard and happilyC.those who work unwillingly and unhappilyD.those who work hard and unhappily问题3选项A.Sleep disorderB.Weight lossC.Depression and anxietyD.Unhappy marriages问题4选项A.Nobody is hard working at all.B.Some people are not as hard working as others think.C.All the people are not as hard working as others think.D.Some people prefer to be regarded as hardworking.问题5选项A.The reasons why people become workaholics.B.The definition and harm of workaholism.C.The countries that have the most workaholics,D.The methods of not being a workaholic.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列哪个选项对Wayne Oates的描述不对？”文章第一段提到他写了57本书（First, the man had authored an astonishing 57 books），因此选项B的描述是正确的，排除；第一段提到他创造了workaholic这个词(he had coined the word workaholic),因此选项C的描述是正确的，排除；第一段提到他承认自己沉迷于工作（he confessed that his own addition to industriousness），因此选项D的描述是正确的，排除。综上，选项A符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“1992年的那篇论文对工作狂的定义是什么？”文章第二段提到1992年的研究认为工作狂是那些不仅强迫自己工作并且不享受工作的人（A seminal 1992 paper on how to measure the condition argued that sufferers work not only compulsively but also with little enjoyments），因此选项C符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列哪项不是工作狂导致的结果？”文章第三段第二句话提到与工作狂相关的问题有睡眠问题、体重增加、高血压、焦虑和抑郁（At the risk of carrying on like a Pfizer ad: research has associated it with sleep problems, weight gain, high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression），因此选项B符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“第四段中的他们是否是真的（是工作狂）暗示了什么？”文章第四段提到有更多人倾向于称他们自己是工作狂，不论他们是不是（Still more people may be inclined to call themselves workaholics, whether or not they actually are），即无论他们是不是真正的工作狂，都希望被别人看到热衷于工作，因此选项D符合题意。5.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章的主旨是什么？”文章主要讲述了工作狂这个词的由来，它的定义，已经它所带来的不良后果，因此选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Many people were homeless in the（） of the earth quake.问题1选项A.aftermathB.premonitionC.omenD.presentiment【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项aftermath“后果；余波”；B选项premonition“预感”；C选项omen“预兆， 征兆”；D选项presentiment“预感