初中英语时态与语态分析与归纳

YOUR LOGO原 创 文 档 请 勿 盗 版精品学习资料精品学习资料初中英语时态与语态分析与归纳Tiger纵观现行的初中英语教材，无论是人教版、新目标、广州版等等，都没有脱离教学大纲的要求； 对于时态和语态的要求是一致的。在初中阶段， 学生必须了解和掌握八种时态， 两种语态。 只有很好地掌握好时态和语态，言打下坚实的基础。下面，我们一起对此做一分析和归纳。才能为进一步运用语（一）时态所谓时态， 在英语中， 就是通过动词的不同形式变化来表达不同时间内以不同的方式发生的动作或存在的状态。初中阶段要求掌握的时态如下表：时间 现在 过去 将来过去将来式一般进行完成一般现在时一般过去时 一般将来时一般过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时 不做要求不做要求现在完成时过去完成时 不做要求不做要求从上面的表格中，我们可以整体上把握时态的形式与结构；我们再具体分析如下：I.1一般现在时含义： 一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态、习惯或客观事实与真理。2基本结构：主语（非第三人称单数）e.g. I play tennis .+ 动词原形 (be例外)主语（第三人称单数）+动词第三人称单数形式e.g. She doesnt play tennis. The train leaves every morning at 8 a.m.3基本用法：A)表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。特征：常常与频度副词或时间状语连用如： always ,day ( week , month etc )经典例析：usually,ever,never,often,sometimes ,every等等。Peter oftengoes tohisofficeby underground.“皮特常常坐地铁上班。”Father doesn t smoke .“父亲不吸烟。”B)表示不受时间限制的客观存在。所谓不受时间限制的客观存在即包括客观真理、格言、科学事实等等。注意：在宾语从句中，动词时态不变。e.g. The sun rises in the east and sets in he west .“太阳东升西落。”A rolling stone gathers no moss.“滚石不生苔”。Our teacher said that the moon turns around the earth .C)表示主语的特征、性格、能力等等。e.g. John is an American .She has brown hair .4特别提醒：一般现在时表示将来时间：1）某些瞬间动词如： begin ,come,start,leave,arrive,go ,come,stop,return ,open , close在时替代一般将来时。等等，强调事实的客观性或不可变更时，常常用一般现欢迎下载第 1 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料e.g. The plane leaves at 7:30 .Class begins at 8:00 every morning .2 ）由 if / when / as soon as / before等 引导的条件状语从句或时间状语从句（动词时态用一般现在时）， 主句用一般将来时或祈使句，或者主句含有情态动词 +（V原形）来表示将要发生的动作。e.g. If the phone rings , can you answer it ?Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes ? Work hard and you will succeed .l考点透析：近来的中考题加大了综合能力的考查，把几种时态糅合在一定的语境中或透过相应的句式结构来考查学生l综合思考。解题对策：不能单一地从语法角度考虑，而应是结合语境，5中考链接：They usually TV in the evening . (北京 1999 )D. watches she back .A. watch江 2000 )A. will comeB. will watchC. are watchingI lltellMrs.Green about itas soon as(浙B. is comingC. comesD. came - Can you guess if they to play basketball with us ?-A.I think theycome;arell come if they free . ( 2001辽宁come;)areB.willcome;willbeC.willD.come ; will be We will have to clean the plates before Mother home . (2003广东 )A. will comeWere notsure the South Hill ( 2004B. is comingC. comeD. comes , we wontifit tomorrow .Ifitclimb西宁市 )A.will snow ; snowsB. will snow ; will snowD. snows ; will snowmuch faster than sound . (C. snows ; snows He said that light 沈阳 )A. travelledtravelingB. will travelC. travelsD. isII.1 主语 2A)一般过去时基本结构：+动词过去式基本用法：（ 规则动词是在其后+ ed ,不规则动词变化要记住）表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。特征：常常与频度副词连用如：always , usually等等B)C)表示过去习惯性的动作，但现在已终止。用used to来表示。表示在过去某一时间内的某个时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。特征：常常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用如：yesterday,lastweek,just now , a week ago , in 1998, when she was 14等等。D)特别提醒：特殊句式： It is / has been +时间名词 + since从句（ 用一般过去式）欢迎下载第 2 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料3中考链接：Sorry, MissWang.I the key to the door of the classroomat home. I have to go back江)for it( 2001黑龙A. leftA. was; -B. missedIt tenC. forgotD. lost to France .(2001 河北 )yearssincetheyC.movedB.was; have movedis; have movedD.is;movedI m sorry , Mr Wang . I my homework at homeThats OK. But dont forget itto schooltomorrow . ( 2004安徽芜湖 )A.forgot left ; to take; to takeB.left; to bringC.forgot; to bringD.He used to verylate,butnowhe isused to early.(2003潍坊市 )A. get up ; getting upC. getting up ; get upB. get up ; get upD. getting up ; getting upIII.1 A.B.化）21）一般将来时基本结构：主语 + will/ shall + V原形 （通常 shall用于第一人称）主语 + be going to + V原形（be 随着主语的变化，而对应变基本用法：表示在将来某个时间内要发生的动作或存在的状态。特征： 常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如：on 等等。tomorrow,nextweek (month ,yearetc. )from nowe.g. My father will go to Beijing tomorrow .31）特别提醒：be going to + V原形 ； will +V原形在表示“将来”的区别。A. 表示说话人的计划、打算、或准备要做的事，常用e.g. He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii .be going to结构表达。Were going to meet each other tonight at 7:00 PM.B. 表示根据现有的情况一种推测或预言将要发生的事情。常用 构表达。e.g. Look at the cloud. It is going to rain .be going to结2）e.g. I 4在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时来表示将来。ll give the note to him as soon as he comes back .中考链接： - Mike wants to know if a picnic tomorrow .-河北 )A.rainC.Yes. But ifit ,wellvisitthe museuminstead.(2001you have ;willrainB.youwillhave ;willyou willhave ;rainsD.willyou have ;rains欢迎下载第 3 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料 I dont know if she me when she .(2000黑龙江)A. tells ; arrivesB. tells; will arriveC. will tell ; willarriveD. will tell ; arrives. - Do you know when the world cup next week ?- Next Friday . When it , I will ring you .A. begins ; beginbeginB. begins ; willC.willbegin;willbeginD.willbegin;beginsIV.12一般过去将来时含义：表示在过去某个时间内将要发生的动作。 基本结构： would + V原形 ; was /were going to + V原形。常常用于宾语从句中。经典例析：She said that she would go to Sweden . Tom said he was going to swim next week341）特别提醒： would常常缩写成为 d.中考链接：如： I d ; youd . 等。The teacher said that she us to the park the next day .(北京 1993 )A. will take2）B. has takenC. would takeD. is taking- What did the scientists say ? (2001广州 )- He said he wondered if into space by spaceship one day .A. he had to flyC. can be fly V.B. he could flyD. could he fly现在进行时121）基本结构：主语基本用法：+ be + V ing (be的形式随主语的变化而变化)表示现在正在进行的动作。特征：常常与now或具体的时间连用，有时句中会有感官动词来提示，或上下文来暗示。e.g. Look ! The car is coming to you .- What are you doing ?-2）I m writing a letter to my mother.表示现阶段一直进行的动作。特征：这类动词常常是延续性动词。常与at present， this week , these days等连用。e.g. At present , computers are playing a more and more important role .3A.特别提醒：表示位置移动的动词如：come , go , leave , arrive , start ,begin , fly , return等，常常用其进行时来表示将来。e.g. I am leaving for Nanjing tomorrow .B.等等。C.用于进行时。感官动词不能用于进行时态。 如：see , hear,smell,taste,feel表示感情的动词如： love ,hate , fear, like , prefer等不能欢迎下载第 4 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料D.表示思考和理解意义的动词如：know , understand , believe,think , forget, remember4中考链接：等等不能用于进行时。.宁 )Dont talk loudly here. My little baby . ( 2003辽A. has gone outB. is sleepingC. sleepsD. went to schoolPeople in Qingdao learning English to get ready forthe 2008 Olympic Games .A. is active inB. takes anactive part in(2003青岛)C. are taking an active part inD. are joiningBe quick ,the monitor for you in the library . (河南 )A. was waitingD. waited过去进行时B. waitsC. iswaitingVI.12基本结构：基本用法：主语 + be (was / were ) + V ing（形式）表示在过去某个时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。特征：常常与表示过去的时间状语连用如：等等。 经典例析：then , at this/ thattime , at 9 last nightI was watching TV at 9 last night .特别提醒：3表示位置移动的动词如：come,go , leave,arrive, start,begin ,fly,return等，常常用其进行时来表示过去将来要发生的动作。He didn t said when he was going .特殊句式：A.主语 +（ 过去进行时暂时性 ）； when 引导的从句（一般过去时） 表示动作的When she knocked at the door , I was doing my homework.有时， when引导的从句，也可以用进行时，关键看这个动词是不是延续性动词。 When I was walking in the park , I dropped my wallet .B.主语 +的延续性 （一般过去时）； while引导的从句（过去进行时） 表示动作While Jim was making a cake , the bell rang .C.主语 +（过去进行时）； while作同时发生或进行 引导的从句（过去进行时） 表示两个动Somestudentsthe corner .were playingbasketball,whileotherswerewalkingaround4中考链接：1）Whenher father南州市 )cameback home, Joan withherfriend. ( 2002欢迎下载第 5 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料A. talkedtalkingB. talksC. is talkingD. was2) -Hi! Lin Tao . I didnt see you at the party .- Oh, I ready for the maths exam .A. am getting3) WhentheteacherB. was gettingC. got aboutD. have gotthe new filmcamein,thestudents.( 2004乌鲁木齐 )A. are talkingRick ! Your jacketB. were talkingC. talkedD. talksto the weather4) -iswet through.Didnt you listenreport this morning ?-No, I didnt . I was in a hurry . Besides , it when Ileft . ( 2004广州市 )A. hadntraine drainingB.would rainC.rainedD. wasntVII.12现在完成时基本结构： 基本用法：主语 + have / has + V ed（形式）1）表示过去发生的动作，但强调对现在产生的影响。特征：不能与表示具体的时间状语连用。如： yesterday , last week , when I was a child , at thatmoment,thatday ,when I livedinJapan .等等；但常常与 ever,never ,already,once ,manytimes,severaltimes,before,so far,yet,just等一起使用。经典例析：I have seen that movie three times .There have been many earthquakes in California .2)表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，还可能继续下去的动作或状态。特征：常常与 since , for , in the past +时间名词， in the last +时间名词时间状语连用 ,经典例析：而且谓语动词要求是延续性动词。I have lived in Guangzhou for five years .My English has really improved since I moved to Australia .The old farmer has been dead for a month . (不能用 has died )3）表示一种“经历或体验”经典例析：. 既可以表示经历过也可以是从来都没有经历过。I think I have seen that movie before .He has never traveled by train .3特别提醒：区分have been to“表示到过 /的途中”与 have gone to去过某地”强调此人在此地。have / has been toHave gone to“表示去强调此人不在此地。4中考链接：1）I don t think I you in that dressbefore . ( 2003北京海淀区 )A. have seenB. was seeingC. sawD. see2) - Mum, may I go out and play basketball ?欢迎下载第 6 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料- you your homework yet ?( 2003C. Did ; finish天津)A. Do ; finishHave ; finishedB. Are ; finishingD.3) - Lucy , you your ticket ?( 2003河北)- Not yet .A.did ; find findB.have ; foundC.has;foundD.do ;4) - Oh, Mrs King , your necklace looks nice . Is it new ?岗 )- No, I it for two years .( 2003黄A. hadboughtB. have hadC.D. have bought5) -黑龙江Where s Mr Lee ? I have something unusual to tell him . ( 2003)- You find him . He Japan .A.maynot ; has gone toB.maynot;has beentoC. can t ; has gone tohas been to VIII.D. can t ;过去完成时12基本结构：基本用法：主语 + had + V ed（分词） 1）表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。就是“过去的过去”经典例析：I had studied a little English when I came to the U. S. 2）表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。特征：常常与由 for / since引导的表示一段时间或从句连用。Comrade Hu had taught incame here.No. 1 Middle School for ten years before he3特别提醒：当我们强调动作的先后关系，句子由before , after , as soon as , when等引导从句， 从句用一般过去时， 此时， 主句的时态可以用过去完成时也可用一般过去时。I had finished my homework before 10 oclock yesterday evening .When we got to the cinema the movie had begun .By the end of last year , I had collected five hundred stamps .中考链接：） - Did you see Tom at the party ?- No, he by the time I got there.A. leftB. was leavingC. had leftD. hasleft） -Why didnt you go to the movie yesterday ?- Because I it before .(山东烟台 )欢迎下载第 7 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料A.had watchedB.have seenC.have watchedD.hadseen(二)语态所谓语态，就是说明主语和谓语之间关系的一种动词形式。分两种形式：主动语态：句中的主语是动作的执行者或发出者。 被动语态：句中的主语是动作的承受者或接受者。 语态的考查是全国各地中考的热点，也是初中必须掌握的语法之一。 我们重点学习被动语态。? 实际上 ,英语中的被动式就相当于汉语表达中的”把字句和被字句”. 即: ”归纳如把怎样“； ”被怎样” 初中阶段我们学习了七被动式结构，下：一般现在时的被动式：?动句句式 )?结构： am /is / are + Ved(过去分词）例句： My brother asks me to clean the windows.( 主步骤：）找到主动句中的宾语， 如果有双宾语 （间宾直宾） ，把间宾作为被动句中的主语?brother）确定主动句中的动词时态）对应变换为被动结构）有时，主动句中的主语在被动式中可省略 被动式： I am asked to clean the windows by（my）.现在完成式的被动式：?结构：主语 have / has + been +Ved.例句：We have finished our homework already.改： Our homework has been finished already (by us )现在进行时的被动式：?air.?air .过去式的被动结构：结构：例句：am / is / are + being VedLook, the students areplaying basketball in the openBasketballisbeingplayedby the studentsintheopen一般过去时的被动式：?结构： was / were + Ved例句：We cooked the lunch an hour ago .欢迎下载第 8 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料?改： The lunch was cooked ( by us ) an hour ago .We didnt make the model plane.The model plane wasnt made by us.过去进行时的被动式：?night .过去完成式的被动式?结构： was / were + being + Ved例句：He was watching TV when I called him last night. TV was being watched by him when I called him last：结构： had +been+ V ed例句：By the end of last term , we had learned about eighthundred English words .?About eighthundred Englishwords had been learnedbyus ,by the end of last term .一般将来时的被动式：?结构 ：will / be going to + be Ved例句：Mr. John willcomplete the project tomorrow .The project will be completed tomorrow.含有情态动词的被动式：?特别提醒：结构 :Modal Verb + be + V ed1.should + be +Ved2.must + be + V ed3. might + be + Ved“ -应该被做”“ -必须被做”“ -可能被做”“ -能被做4. can / could + be + Ved”谓语是由动词短语构成的，变被动语态时，不能把它们分开。The baby is taken good care of by his grandma .Take care of是一个完整的动词短语，不能分开。意思是“发生”的动词：happen / take place .不能变成被动语态。Great changes have taken place in the past few years .3.只有及物动词才能变成被动式。总之，我们在做题时，首先问问自己：句子的主语与后面的动词之间是什么关系？如果是动作的承受者或接受者，则选择用被动式。 尤其是现在的中考题目不是以简单的语法考查出现， 而是把要考的语法知识融会在一定的语境中，们要长个心眼，不要大意失荆州。 中考连接：此时， 同学） When and whereto goA. arenotdecidedC. is not being decidedforthe holiday yet . ( 2003呼和浩特)B.have notbeen decidedD. has not been decided） - Alice , you on the phone .( 2003杭州)-I m coming . Thanks .欢迎下载第 9 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料A.wantB.are wantedC.are wantingD.havewanted） A new shoe factory will in this part of the city . ( 2003武汉)A. be buildingB. be builtC. build） The trees must three times a week . ( 2003长沙D.)waters安A. waterB.iswateringC.be watered） - What do you think of the football match yesterday ? ( 2003徽)- .well, its surprising . The strongest team of our schoolA. was beatenB. wonC. scoredD. was failed欢迎下载第 10 页，共 10 页