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Definition of Logistics物流的定义There are many different definitions for logistics in different countries and periods, and they have always changed with the development of society. Some definitions are typical.The Council of Logistics Management defined the logistics in 1992 as the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.有物流在不同国家和时期的许多不同的定义，他们总是改变了社会的发展。一些定义是典型的。物流管理理事会确定的物流于1992年，规划的过程中，实施和控制从起点的快速，高效流动和储存的货物，服务和相关信息消费点，以满足客户的目的要求。And the definition from the MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics is that logistics involves “managing the flow of items, information, cash and ideas through the coordination of supply chain processes and through the strategic addition of place, period and pattern values.”In practice, the terms “logistics” and “supply chain management” are now used interchangeably. Actually logistics and the Supply Chain are equivalent terms, so the Institute of Logistics (1998) gave the following definitions:并从麻省理工学院为中心的运输与物流的定义是，物流涉及到“项目管理，信息，资金和想法，通过供应链流程的协调，并通过战略性补充的地方，周期和模式值的流。”在实践中，术语“物流”和“供应链管理”正在互换使用。实际上物流和供应链是等价的条件，所以物流研究所（1998）给出了如下定义：Logistics is the time related positioning of resource or the strategic management of the total supply chain. The supply chain is a sequence of events intended to satisfy a customer. It can include procurement, manufacture, distribution, and waste disposal, together with associated transport, storage and information technology1.”In some developed countries, the productivity had risen and the total quantities of products became saturation in the early 1990s, also there were many products which can not be distributed because of the competition. It was difficult to develop the technique as well. People had to find a new way to solve the problems. They intend to expand the market and reduce the cost through the improvement of distribution. It was the initial concept of logistics.物流是资源的时间与定位或整个供应链的战略管理。供应链是旨在满足顾客的事件序列。它可以包括采购，制造，分销，以及废物处理，以及相关的运输，仓储和信息技术1“。在一些发达国家，生产力已经上升，总批量的产品成为饱和度在90年代初，也有因竞争而无法散发许多产品。这是难以发展的技术也是如此。人们必须找到一种新的方式来解决问题。他们打算扩大市场，并通过分布的改善降低了成本。这是物流的初步概念The earliest concept of logistics came from Arch W. Shaws Some Problems in Market Distribution (1915). They called it “Physical Distribution” (PD) at that time. The definition focused mainly on the distribution.In the late 1980s people have already had a general and deep comprehension about logistics. PD as a definition could not characterize the whole frame of logistics. The logistics included not only the physical distribution but also production logistics, returned logistics, material reuse and the contents like that. Logistics as a suitable definition occurred instead of PD.物流的概念最早来自于拱W. Shaw的若干问题的市场分布（1915）。他们在那个时候把它称为“物流配送”（PD）。的定义中，主要集中在分布。在80年代后期的人已经有大约物流广泛而深入的理解。帕金森病作为一种定义物流的整体框架不能表征。物流不仅包括物流，还生产物流，回收物流，材料再利用和喜欢的内容。物流作为一个合适的定义时发生的，而不是帕金森病。Logistics Engineering means the management process of choosing the best scheme under the guidance of theories about system engineering and planning, managing, controlling the system with lowest cost, high efficiency and good customer service for the purpose of improving economy profits of the society and enterprises2. In this definition we also integrate the logistics and the flow of information as a system and regard the process of producing, distribution, and consumption as a whole activity.物流工程是指有关系统设计和规划，管理，控制系统，成本最低，效率高，良好的客户服务，为提高社会和企业2的经济利润为目的的理论的指导下选择最佳方案的管理过程。在这个定义中，我们还整合了物流和信息作为一个系统流和把生产，配送的过程中，和消费的整体活性Contents and Characteristics内容及特点The object of Logistics engineering is to solve the problems in logistics system: the first task is to make system plan and design with the theory of facility design; and the second one is to manage and control logistics system so as to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency.物流工程的目的是解决在物流系统中的问题：第一个任务是使系统的规划和设计，设施设计的理论，而第二个是管理和控制物流系统，以降低成本，提高效率。Facility Design设施设计Facility design has been often used in industry department such as factory including layout design, the system design of materials handling, building design, information system design and etc.设施的设计已在行业主管部门，如被经常使用，包括工厂布局设计，材料处理系统的设计，建筑设计，信息系统设计等Logistics Management物流管理Logistics System Design物流系统设计 In external logistics system, the design implies the decisions about spots of the networks for materials distribution. But in internal logistics system, the main target is to improve the economy profits of the production system. 在外部物流系统，设计意味着对网络的物流配送点的决定。但在内部物流系统，主要目标是提高生产系统的经济利润。Functions of Logistics Systems物流系统的功能1. Members in logistics system should collaborate with the active partners and integrate the serial activities of supply chain to improve the management and strengthen the integrated service capability.2. It is helpful for building the rapid response system. The time to prepare and the cost will be reduced and the supply chain will accrue. The enterprise will be more competitive. 1。大家在物流系统应与积极的合作伙伴合作，整合供应链的系列活动，以改善管理，加强综合服务能力。2。它是建立快速反应系统有帮助。准备和成本将降低时间和供应链将拨。该企业将更有竞争力3. A good logistics system can reduce the level of organization, work out the personal potentiality of the employees, encourage the team spirit and make sure of maximization of the corporate comprehensive interests3. It can also form the active corporate culture oriented by the customer demands and supported by the technological innovation. 3。良好的物流系统可以降低组织化程度，制定出员工的个人潜力，鼓励团队合作精神，并确保企业的综合权益3的最大化。它也可以形成积极的企业文化由客户需求为导向，以技术创新支撑。Significance of Logistics.物流的意义。The theory of logistics engineering is the study of analyzing, designing, optimizing and controlling the logistics system as a whole. It utilizes the methods of the industrial engineering and system engineering. The study of logistics is of great importance in the production practice.It can cutback the appropriation of labor, reduce the labor intensity, shorten the production cycle and accelerate the capital turnover. It also can reduce the cost and the circulating capital appropriation, raise the profits and economic efficiency, and improve the product quality and the competitiveness of the enterprise.物流工程的理论分析，设计，优化和控制的物流系统作为一个整体的研究。它利用工业工程和系统工程的方法。物流的研究是非常重要的，在生产实践。它可以削减劳动力的分配，减轻了劳动强度，缩短了生产周期，加快资金周转。它也可以降低成本和流动资金占用，提高利润和经济效益，提高产品质量和企业的竞争力。Notes1. “Logistics is the time related positioning of resource or the strategic management of the total supply chain. The supply chain is a sequence of events intended to satisfy a customer. It can include procurement, manufacture, distribution, and waste disposal, together with associated transport, storage and information technology.”句意：物流是关于时间的资源配置或者总供应链的战略管理。 供应链是满足顾客的事件序列。 它可能包括采购、制造、配送、废物处理、以及相伴随的运输, 存贮和信息技术。 Logistics Engineering means the management process of choosing the best scheme under the guidance of theories about system engineering and planning, managing, controlling the system with lowest cost, high efficiency and good customer service for the purpose of improving economy profits of the society and enterprises.句意：物流工程是指为了改善社会和企业的经济效益，在关于系统工程理论的指导下选择最优的方案、以最低的成本、最高的效率和最好的客户服务规划、管理和控制系统的管理过程。 3. A good logistics system can reduce the level of organization, work out the personal potentiality of the employees, encourage the team spirit and make sure of maximization of the corporate comprehensive interests.句意：一个好的物流系统可以减少管理的层次，发挥员工的个人潜能，激发团队精神以及确保企业综合利益的最大化。 Unit 2 Inventory Management单元2库存管理Inventory decisions are high risk and high impact for supply chain management. Inventory committed to support future sales drives a number of anticipatory supply chain activities. Without a proper inventory assortment lost sales and customer dissatisfaction may occur. Likewise, inventory planning is critical to manufacturing. Material or component shortages can shut down a manufacturing line or force modification of a production schedule, which creates added cost and potential finished goods shortages. Just as shortages can disrupt planned marketing and manufacturing operations, inventory overstocks also create operating problems. Overstocks increase cost and reduce profitability as a result of added warehousing, working capital, insurance, taxes, and obsolescence. Management of inventory resources requires an understanding of the principles, cost, impact, and dynamics. 库存决策是高风险和供应链管理的高冲击。库存致力于支持未来的销售带动了一些预期性的供应链活动。如果没有适当的库存品种销售损失和可能出现的客户不满。同样，库存规划是制造中的关键。材料或元件短缺可以关闭一条生产线或力调整的生产进度，从而产生额外成本和潜在的制成品短缺。正如短缺可能破坏计划的营销和制造业务，库存积压也产生操作问题。存货过多增加成本，降低盈利能力的增加仓储的结果，营运资金，保险，税收，和报废。库存资源的管理需要的原则，成本，影响和动态的理解Inventory Risk存货风险Inventory management is risky, and risk varies depending upon a firms position in the distribution channel. The typical measures of inventory commitment are time duration, depth, and width of commitment.For a manufacturer, inventory risk is long term. The manufacturers inventory commitment starts with raw material and component parts, includes work-in-process, and ends with finished goods. In addition, finished goods are often positioned in warehouses in anticipation of customer demand. In some situations, manufacturers are required to consign inventory to customer facilities. In effect, this practice shifts all inventory risk to the manufacturer. Although a manufacturer typically has a narrower product line than a retailer or wholesaler, the manufacturers inventory commitment is deep and of long duration. 库存管理是有风险的，而且风险取决于在分销渠道坚定的立场各不相同。存货承诺的典型措施是持续时间，深度和宽度的承诺。对于一个制造商，库存风险是长期的。制造商的库存方面的承诺始于原材料和零部件，包括工作进程，并与制成品结束。此外，成品通常放置在仓库的预期客户的需求。在某些情况下，生产商须委托库存，以客户的设施。实际上，这种做法转移所有库存风险，制造商。虽然制造商通常具有更窄的产品线比零售商或批发商，制造商的库存方面的承诺深，持续时间长和。A wholesaler purchases large quantities from manufacturers and sells smaller quantities to retailers. The economic justification of a wholesaler is the capability to provide retail customers with assorted merchandise from different manufacturers in specific quantifies. When products are seasonal, the wholesaler may be required to take an inventory position far in advance of the selling season, thus increasing depth and duration of risk. One of the greatest challenges of wholesaling is product-line expansion to the point where the width of inventory risk approaches that of the retailer while depth and duration of risk remain characteristic of traditional wholesaling1. In recent years, retail clientele have also forced a substantial increase in depth and duration by shifting inventory responsibility back to wholesalers.一个批发商采购大量的生产商及销售较少量给零售商。批发商的经济理由是有能力提供零售客户提供从特定量词不同厂家生产的各种商品。当产品是季节性的，而批发商可能需要采取的存货状况远远提前销售季节，从而增加深度和风险的持续时间。其中一个批发的最大挑战是产品线扩展到存货风险的宽度接近的零售商，同时深入和风险的持续时间保持传统wholesaling1的特征点。近年来，零售客户也被迫在深度和持续时间大幅增加通过转移库存责任推回给批发商For a retailer, inventory management is about buying and selling velocity. The retailer purchases a wide variety of products and assumes a substantial risk in the marketing process. Retailer inventory risk can be viewed as wide but not deep. Due to the high cost of store location, retailers place prime emphasis on inventory turnover and direct product profitability. Inventory turnover is a measure of inventory velocity and is calculated as the ratio of annual sales divided by average inventory. 对于零售商的库存管理是关于购买和销售速度。零售商购买了各种各样的产品，并假定在营销过程中的重大风险。零售商库存风险可以被看作是宽，但不深。由于店面选址成本高，零售商把总理强调存货周转率和直接产品盈利能力。存货周转率是库存速度的度量，计算公式为年销售额以平均存货除以比例If a business plans to operate at more than one level of the distribution channel, it must be prepared to assume related inventory risk. For example, the food chain that operates a regional warehouse assumes risk related to the wholesaler operation over and above the normal retail operations. To the extent that an enterprise becomes vertically integrated, inventory must be managed at all levels of the supply chain.如果一个企业计划在分销渠道的多个级别来操作，它必须准备承担相关的库存风险。例如，经营区域仓库食物链承担相关风险，并在正常的零售业务上的批发商操作。在某种程度上，企业成为垂直整合，库存必须在各级供应链的管理Inventory Functionality库存功能From an inventory perspective, the ideal situation would be a response capability to manufacture products to customer specification. While a zero-inventory manufacturing/ distribution system is typically not attainable, it is important to remember that each dollar invested is a trade-off with an alternative use of assets that may provide a better return从库存的角度来看，理想的情况是一个应变能力，以制造产品，以客户的规格。虽然是零存货的生产/配送系统通常是不能达到的，但要记住，每一个美元的投资是一个权衡以其他方式使用资产可能会提供一个更好的回报是很重要的Inventory is a major asset that should provide return for the capital invested. The return on inventory investments is the marginal profit on sales that would not occur without inventory. Accounting experts have long recognized that measuring the true cost and benefits of inventory on the corporate profit-and-loss is difficult. Lack of measurement sophistication makes it difficult to evaluate the trade-offs among service levels, operating efficiencies, and inventory levels. While aggregate inventory levels have been decreased, many enterprises still carry an average inventory that exceeds their basic requirements. This generalization can be understood better through a review of the four prime functions of inventory.库存是应该提供回报的投资资本的主要资产。存货投资的回报是销售就不会发生，没有库存的边际利润。会计专家早就认识到，衡量的真实成本和企业利润和存货损失利益是困难的。缺乏测量的复杂性使得很难评估取舍之间的服务水平，运营效率和库存水平。虽然总库存水平已经下降，许多企业仍然携带的平均库存超过他们的基本要求。这一概括可以通过存货的四个首要职能进行审查被更好地理解。Geographical Specialization地理专业Allow geographical positioning across multiple manufacturing and distributive units of an enterprise. Inventory maintained at different locations and stages of the value-creation process allows specialization.允许跨多个生产地域的定位和企业的分配单位。库存维持在价值创造过程中的不同位置和阶段允许专业化。Decoupling解耦Allows economy of scale within a single facility and permits each process to operate at maximum efficiency rather than having the speed of the entire process constrained by the slowest. 允许经济规模内的单个设备，并允许每个进程以最高效率，而不是由最慢的约束，整个过程的速度来操作Supply/Demand Balancing供应/需求平衡Accommodate elapsed time between inventory availability (manufacturing, growing, or extraction) and consumption适应可用库存之间经过的时间（制造，种植，或提取）和消费Buffering Uncertainty缓冲不确定性Accommodates uncertainty related to demand in excess of forecast or unexpected delays in order receipt and order processing on delivery and is typically referred to as safety stock. These four functions require inventory investment to achieve managerial operating objectives. Given a specific manufacturing/marketing strategy, inventories planned and committed to operations can only be reduced to a level consistent with performing the four inventory functions2. All inventories exceeding the minimum level are excess commitments.可容纳的不确定性超出预测或在收到订单和订单处理交货和意外延误，要求有关，通常被称为安全库存。这四个函数需要的库存投资，以实现管理的经营目标。给出了具体的生产/营销策略，库存计划，并承诺操作只能降低到与执行四个盘点functions2相一致的水平。所有存货，超出最低水平是多余的承诺。At the minimum level, inventory invested to achieve geographical specialization and decoupling can only be modified by changes in facility location and operational processes of the enterprise. The minimum level of inventory required to balance supply and demand depends on the difficult task of estimating seasonal requirements. With accumulated experience over a number of seasonal periods, the inventory required to achieve marginal sales during periods of high demand can be projected fairly well. A seasonal inventory plan can be formulated based upon this experience.在最低水平，库存投资，以实现地域专业化和去耦只能通过在工厂的位置和改变企业的运作流程进行修改。平衡供给和需求所需存货的最低水平取决于估算季节性需求的艰巨任务。随着经验积累了一些季节性的周期，在高需求期间实现边际销售所需的库存可以预测得相当好。季节性的库存计划可以制定基于这方面的经验Inventories committed to safety stocks represent the greatest potential for improved logistical performance. These commitments are operational in nature and can be adjusted rapidly in the event of an error or policy change. A variety of techniques are available to assist management in planning safety stock commitments. The focus in the balance of this chapter is on a thorough analysis of safety stock relationships and policy formulation. 致力于安全库存存货指为改善后勤性能的最大潜力。这些承诺是业务性质，可以在发生错误或政策变化时迅速作出调整。多种技术可用来协助管理规划安全库存的承诺。本章平衡的重点是对安全库存的关系和政策制定的透彻分析Inventory management is a major element of logistical strategy that must be integrated to meet service objectives. While one strategy to achieve a high service level is to increase inventory, other alternative approaches are the use of fast transportation and collaboration with customers and service providers to reduce uncertainty.库存管理是物流战略，必须整合，以满足服务目标的一个重要组成部分。虽然有一个策略，实现了较高的服务水平是增加库存，其他替代方法是使用快速交通和与客户合作和服务供应商，以降低不确定性。Inventory Planning库存计划Key parameters and procedures, namely, when to order, how much to order, and inventory control, guide inventory planning. The when-to-order is determined by the demand and performance average and variation. The how much to order is determined by the order quantity. Inventory control determines the process for monitoring inventory status.关键参数和程序，即当订购，订购多少，库存控制，引导库存计划。的时候到顺序是由需求和性能平均和变化来确定。该订购多少由订货量决定的。库存控制决定了过程监控库存状态。Determining When to Order确定何时订购 The reorder point defines when a replenishment shipment should be initiated. A reorder point can be specified in terms of units or days supply. This discussion focuses on determining reorder points under conditions of demand and performance cycle certainty. The basic reorder point formula is:R=DTwhere R = Reorder point in units; D= Average daily demand in units; and T = Average performance cycle length in days.订货点时，定义一个补充货物应启动。再订购点可以以单位或天的供应量来指定。本次讨论的重点是确定需求和绩效周期的确定性条件下的再订货点。基本订货点计算公式为：R =T在单元式中R=再订购点;D =平均日需求量单位;和T =天数平均绩效周期的长度To illustrate this calculation, assume demand of 20 units/day and a 10-day performance cycle. In this case R =DT = 20 units/day 10 days = 200 units. An alternative form is to define reorder point in terms of days of supply. For the above example, the days of supply reorder point are 10 days. The use of reorder point formulations implies that the replenishment shipment will arrive as scheduled. When uncertainty exists in either demand or performance cycle length, safety stock is required. When safety stock is necessary to accommodate uncertainty, the reorder point formula is:R =DT+SSwhere SS = Safety stock in units.为了说明这个计算，假设20台/天，10天的循环性能的需求。在这种情况下R =T=20单位/日10天=200个单位。另一种形式是确定订货点的供应天数计算。对于上面的例子，供应订货点的日子是10天。采用订货点的配方意味着如期补充货物将到达。当不确定性存在于无论是需求还是性能周期长，安全库存是必需的。当安全库存是必要的，以适应不确定性，订货点计算公式为：R =直径T + SS其中SS=安全库存的单位Determining How Much to Ordervv确定订购多少 Lot sizing balances inventory carrying cost with the cost of ordering. The key to understanding the relationship is to remember that average inventory is equal to one-half the order quantity. Therefore, the greater the order quantity is, the larger the average inventory is and, consequently, the greater the annual carrying cost is. However, the larger the order quantity, the fewer orders required per planning period and, consequently, the lower the total ordering cost. Lot quantity formulations identify the precise quantities at which the annual combined total inventory carrying and ordering cost is lowest for a given sales volume. Figure 6.1 illustrates the basic relationships. The point at which the sum of ordering and carrying cost is minimized represents the lowest total cost. Simply stated, the objectives are to identify the ordering quantity that minimizes the total inventory carrying and ordering cost.批量结余库存持有成本，订货成本。理解的关键关系是要记住，平均存货等于一半的订单数量。因此，更大的订单数量，较大的平均库存，因此，更大的每年的持有成本是。然而，订单数量，每个规划期所需要的订单少了较大的，因此，较低的总订购成本。很多数量的配方确定精确的数量在该年度合并总库存账和订货成本是最低的一个给定的销量。图6.1说明了基本的关系。在此订购和持有成本的总和最小的点代表了最低的总成本。简单地说，目标是确定最小化总库存账和订货成本订货量Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) 经济订货量（EOQ） The EOQ is the replenishment practice that minimizes the combined inventory carrying and ordering cost. Identification of such a quantity assumes that demand and costs are relatively stable throughout the year. Since EOQ is calculated on an individual product basis, the
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