2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题77（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Microfinance is an anti-poverty tool. If you make small loans to groups of poor women, they always repay them on time. Microfinance has grown rapidly in many countries. Yet the industry has come under attack for being too commercial.In Bangladesh the government has capped the annual interest rate that microfinance institutions (MFIs) can charge at 27%. In Andhra Pradesh (AP), the Indian state with the most microfinance borrowers, local politicians have bullied the business to a virtual halt. These steps are ostensibly motivated by a desire to defend the poor from getting stuck in a debt. But they are wrong-headed.Despite charging seemingly high interest rates, MFIs typically have thin margins because of the high costs of making and collecting payments on millions of tiny loans. Pressing them to reduce rates further would jeopardize their ability to attract private capital, inhibiting their growth.In fact, the poor often use microloans to pay off far more expensive loans from village moneylenders. This suggests that restricting peoples access to microcredit by capping rates could have the perverse effect of driving more poor people into the arms of village loan-sharks. That would be good news for these moneylenders, but is surely not the outcome that policymakers want.Sensible regulation need not be at odds with a thriving microfinance industry. Peru, for example, is ranked as having the best business environment for microfinance, in part because the regulator has successfully set and enforced rules on capital buffers, leading to a more stable environment for the industry. India, in contrast, is yet to decide whether rules governing microfinance are to be set at the national level or by individual states.Many things can be done. For instance, an association of Indian MFIs is trying to set up a credit bureau which would allow them to track clients overall indebtedness and credit histories, thus guarding them against lending a person more than she is able to handle. This would be helped enormously if the government sped up its efforts to give all Indians a universal identification number. The Indian government should also allow MFIs to take deposits, which they are currently prevented from doing: this would make them less dependent on capital markets for funding. Actually there are more useful measures for the poor than an interest-rate cap.1.The microfinance industry is under attack because（ ）.2.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 2 most probably means（ ）.3.According to the author, MFIs are not making a big profit because（ ）.4.According to the author，what would happen if peoples access to microfinance is restricted?5.In Paragraph 5, what does the example of Peru and India indicate?6.According to Paragraph 6, which measure is NOT approved by the author?问题1选项A.it develops too fastB.it offers small loansC.it over-emphasizes businessD.it is an anti-poverty tool问题2选项A.to set a maximum annual interest rateB.to change the annual interest rateC.to relax the control of the annual interest rateD.to reduce the annual interest rate问题3选项A.the interest rates are too lowB.the handing of numerous small loans is expensiveC.they fail to attract private capital.D.they are under great pressure from the government问题4选项A.The profit of MFIs would be reduced.B.Poor people would not be trapped in a debt.C.People would only get more costly loans.D.Policymakers would be thrilled at the outcome.问题5选项A.India has been aware of the importance of regulation on microfinance.B.The microfinance industry is booming in both India and Peru.C.Sensible regulations promote the microfinance industry.D.Regulations should be set at the national level.问题6选项A.Set up capital markets for funding.B.Understand the credit histories of the clients.C.Give everyone a universal identification number.D.Permit MFIs to attract deposits.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据 “yet the ndustry has come under attack for being too commercial（然而，该行业因过于商业化而受到抨击）”,即可得出本题答案。2.词义推测题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。第二段中提及印度的当地政府甚至叫停了小额信贷的业务。对比孟加拉，文中提及，微型金融机构可以收取27%的利率（the annual interest rate that microfinance institutions(MFIs) can charge at 27%.）。在第三段，作者还论述了对于小额信贷降低利率的弊端有哪些（jeopardize their ability to attract private capital, inhibiting their growth.）。由此可知，政府试图限制小额贷款的利率，从而得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息定位至原文第三段。根据 “because of the high costs of making and collecting payments on millions of tiny loans（因为数以百万计的小额贷款的分期付款成本很高）”,即可得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段第二句， “This suggests that restricting peoples access to microcredit by capping rates could have the perverse effect of driving more poor people into the arms of village loan-sharks.( 限制人们小额信贷的后果是迫使穷人转向利率更高的高利贷借贷。)”从而得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。根据 “Sensible regulation need not be at odds with a thriving microfinance industry(合理的监管不必与繁荣的小额信贷行业相抵触)”,即可得出本题答案。6.细节事实题。定位最后一段， “give all Indians a universal identification number.” “allow them to track clients overall indebtedness and credit histories” “allow MFIs to take deposits”可知选项A的内容在文章中并未提及，从而得出本题答案。2. 单选题The old belief that the universe never changes is quite wrong. Even before the invention of the telescope, astronomers noticed that bright stars suddenly appear in the sky，and then later disappear. （1）In fact we now know that they are really old stars which are slowly dying. A recent case of a nova occurred in 1918，and one of the few people who saw this was the American astronomer Edward Barnard. He was driving along in a car, occasionally looking up into the sky. Suddenly he noticed a star that he had never seen before, and exclaimed, “That star should not be there!” He was in fact watching the explosion of a nova.（2）As they do so, they let out huge clouds of material. Sometimes as large as the earth, and these explode into space at a speed of about 8，000, 000 kilometers per hour. When this happens, the hotter parts of the star become visible, and this is why novae are so bright. Although the explosions are huge on a human scale, they only consume a small part of the dying stars energy. （3）Indeed, there are even some stars which explode once a fortnight.There are other old stars which do not die slowly, but are completely destroyed by one great explosion. （4）The explosion of a supernova is equivalent to about a million, million, million, million hydrogen bombs going off at the same time. Just before the explosion the stars density become very great and it spins at a very high speed. A matchbox of material taken from the star at that time would weigh about 1,000 tons, and the star would be turning at about 16,000, 000 kilometers per hour.（5）One supernova which Chinese astronomers observed in 1054 can still be seen by us today. It has been shining for at least nine hundred years.问题1选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题2选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题3选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题4选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题5选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:E【解析】（1）空格处后面一句话有两个关键点，一是in fact,”实际上”的意思，表示与前文（空格处所填入的句子）是转折关系；另一个关键点是old的这个词，既然前后是转折关系，那么空格处会有一个与old相反的表述。综上，These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.符合题意。（2）空格处位于句首，因此可以考虑是一个主题句，即后面的内容都是围绕这个句子展开。因此需要把握整段文字的主要内容：讲述了一颗新星慢慢衰落的过程，因此Novae are old stars which are slowly dying符合题意。（3）空格处前面讲述了恒星爆炸，空格处后一句讲述的是”甚至有些恒星会每两周爆炸一次”，言下之意是有些恒星的爆炸并不是只有一次，可能会延续很长时间，因此The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.符合题意。（4）空格后的句子提到了一个关键词supernova，因此，空格处需要将这个概念引出来。再联系空格前一句中的other old stars可知They are known as “supernovae.”符合题意。（5）空格后的句子提到”中国天文学家在1054年观测到的一颗超新星至今仍可看见”，这个例子说明超新星爆炸后仍然可以长时间发光，因此The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.符合题意。3. 单选题Suppose you are there in the museum, with the head-sized smartphone permanently positioned in front of your nose. According to a new study published in Psychological Science this week, you are doing it all wrong. That tiny camera you are using to carefully （1） your art viewing experience is actually（2）your art memory, not preserving it.The study,（3）by Fairfield Universitys psychological scientist Linda Henkel, claims that museum goers have worse memories（4）objects and specific object details（5）they used a camera to record paintings, archeological relics or historical artifacts（6）. Its a phenomenon Henkel calls the “photo-taking impairment effect”.“When people（7）technology to remember for them一counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to（8）to it fully themselvesit can have a negative（9）on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel explains in a description of the study.To reach her conclusion, Henkel（10）an experiment at Bellarmine Art Museum at Fairfield University,（11）she recruited undergraduate students to（12）the institute and take note of specific objects on display. The subjects could either photograph the items or just observe them it was（13）them. Then the following day, the students memories were tested.The results proved that the camera-happy participants（14）worse than the persons who relied on their simple observation skills.“Research has suggested that the sheer（15） and lack of organization of digital photos for personal memories discourages many people from accessing and reminiscing about them,” Henkel states.问题1选项A.describeB.memorizeC.documentD.present问题2选项A.impairingB.compilingC.activatingD.adapting问题3选项A.sponsoredB.conductedC.managedD.arranged问题4选项A.toB.inC.forD.by问题5选项A.whereB.whereasC.whenD.how问题6选项A.in advanceB.in essenceC.at handD.on display问题7选项A.rely onB.account forC.lay outD.stick to问题8选项A.viewB.addC.benefitD.attend问题9选项A.suggestionB.impactC.inferenceD.feedback问题10选项A.set upB.put upC.made upD.ran up问题11选项A.whichB.whenC.whereD.as问题12选项A.marchB.tourC.scanD.survey问题13选项A.just forB.far fromC.all aboutD.up to问题14选项A.struggledB.faredC.failedD.recited问题15选项A.volumeB.scaleC.shapeD.size【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:D第7题:A第8题:D第9题:B第10题:A第11题:C第12题:B第13题:D第14题:B第15题:A【解析】（1）考查动词辨析。describe 描述；memorize 记住；document 记录 ；present呈现出。句意为：事实上，你所用来记录你参展经历的相机正在损坏你的记忆，而不是保持你的记忆。选项C符合句意。（2）考查动词辨析。impair “损伤”；compile “编辑”；activate “激活”；adapte “适应于；改编”。 句意：使用照相机会损坏你的记忆。选项A符合句意。（3）考查固定搭配。sponsored 赞助； conducted 实施，进行；managed管理；arranged 安排。conduct study “实施，进行(研究、实验等)”句意：这项由而进行的研究。（4）考查固定搭配。to 给；in在里面；for对于，为了；by 通过。have a memory for (of) sth.表示“对某事的记忆”。句意：他们对所看到物品及物品细节的记忆反而比不用相机记录时还要差。（5）考查关系词辨析。where关系副词，表地点；when关系副词，表时间；how怎样；句意为：当参观博物馆的人们用相机来记录他们所看到的绘画、古迹，以及其他历史文物的时候，他们对所看到物品及物品细节的记忆反而比不用相机记录时还要差。选项C符合句意。（6）考查介词词组辨析。in advance “提前”；in essence “本质上”；at hand “手头”； on display “展示”。句意为：他们使用相机记录博物馆中所展示的绘画、古迹，以及其他历史文物。选项D符合句意。（7）考查动词词组辨析。rely on “依赖”；account for “解释”；lay out “展开”；stick to “坚持”。句意为：人们依赖科技手段来记住所看到的事件。选项A符合句意。（8）考查固定搭配。view 观看，benefit 受益；add to表示“增加”，attend to表示“关注”；句意：人们依赖相机来记住事件，就无须自己来记住了。选项D符合句意。（9）考查名词辨析。suggestion 建议；impact 影响；inference 推理；feedback 反馈； have an impact on “对产生影响”。句意：这会对人们关于其所经历事件的记忆产生负面影响。选项B符合句意。（10）考查动词词组辨析。set up “建立，安排”；put up “建造，修建”；makeup “组成，化妆”；run up“上涨，增涨”。句意为：Henkel教授在费尔菲尔德大学的一家博物馆安排了一场实验。选项A符合句意。（11）考查关系词辨析。which关系代词；when关系副词，表时间；where关系副词，表地点；as 关系代词。空格所在句是非限制性定语从句，表示“Henkel教授在该大学招募大学生参与实验”。选项C符合要求。（12）考查动词辨析。march “前进，行军”；tour “观光，参观”；scan “扫描”；survey “调查，勘测”。句意：招募大学生参观博物馆并对具体物品进行记录。选项B符合句意。（13）考查固定搭配。just for “仅仅为了”； far from “远远没有达到”；all about “都是关于”；up to “多达，直到，在于，由决定”。句意：这由被试者自己决定。选项D符合句意。（14）考查动词辨析。struggle “挣扎”；fare “进展”；fail “失败”；recite “背诵”。句意：研究结果证明，使用相机的被试者与依靠自己观察技能进行记忆的被试者相比，其记忆成绩更糟。选项B符合句意。（15）考查名词辨析。volume “数量”；scale “尺度”；shape “形状”；size “尺寸”。句意为：研究表明仅仅是用来记录个人经历的数码照片的数量与这些照片缺乏组织性就阻碍了人们对这些信息的提取和回忆。选项A符合句意。4. 不定项选择题Chances are that, were you to be asked to imagine a victim of fraud, youd think of a little old lady being cheated out of thousands of poundsin person, on the phone or, increasingly, online. In fact, according to a recent report by the Better Business Bureau in the United States, this is far from the case.“Weve bought into stereotypes about scam victimsthey are usually seen as vulnerable and elderly, or gullible and poorly educated,” says the papers co-author, Emma Fletcher, product manager at the BBB Institute. “These stereotypes are strongly heldand they are wrong. We are all at risk, but younger and more educated individuals are actually the most likely to be scammed.”Similarly, a 2016 report by Norton, the antivirus company, found that 44 percent of millennials had been the victim of an online crime in the past year, compared with just 16 percent of baby boomers. Research by Barclays this year backs this up. The Barclays Digital Safety Index highlights that almost two thirds of 18-24 year-olds had fallen prey to hackers or viruses. Yet when asked about actions taken to prevent future attacks, millennials were less likely than their older counterparts to take positive actions, such as installing an anti-virus software following a computer breach.Why is this? After all, millennials are meant to have data running through their veins. There are several reasons. One is what is known as optimism biasthe idea that other people might be more vulnerable than you and that you know better. Younger people are usually more knowledgeable about IT than those in the older generations. But, perversely, this makes them less likely to heed advice about staying safe, whereas, perhaps surprisingly, older people are more inclined to listen.But this is not the only reason. Younger people spend far more time online. They shop more there (meaning their card details are entered more often and stored in numerous databases) and they share much more personal information online. According to Ofcoms 2016 Media Use and Attitudes report, more than 90 percent of those aged 16-34 have social-media accounts. For those aged between 55 and 64, this figure drops to 51 percent. For those 65 and over, its 30 percent.Interestingly though, according to the Office of National Statistics, older people are more likely to be victims of repeat fraud. This may be because they tend to be more trusting. Research at the University of California suggests that this isnt just because they grew up in more innocent times. Rather, age-related changes in the brain mean that as people get older, they tend to trust more and question less.42. The belief that old women are more likely to be cheated is _.43. The 2016 report by Norton mentioned in Paragraph 3 shows that _.44. We can learn from the research by Barclays that _.45. According to Paragraph 4, younger peoples optimism bias refers to their idea that _.46. In Paragraph 5, the decrease of the number of old peoples social-media accounts explains why the elderly _.47. According to the research by the University of California, older people are more trusting because they _.问题1选项A.proved to be wrongB.confirmed by a surveyC.changing over the yearsD.shared by both genders问题2选项A.young people are less likely to use antivirus software than the elderlyB.young people are more likely to be cheated online than the elder generationC.online cheating is common in the 21st centuryD.young people are more likely to be cheated online than in person问题3选项A.its research results echo those of Norton research in 2016B.most of the online fraud victims are between the ages of 18-24C.it is of great importance to install anti-virus software to prevent fraudD.the younger generation are likely to take counteractions against fraud问题4选项A.they are more knowledgeable than the older generationB.they are guarded by more Internet protectionC.they are stronger than othersD.they are less likely to fall victims to frauds问题5选项A.are more likely to suffer from repeat fraud onlineB.experience more online scams than young peopleC.leave less personal information online than the youngD.spend far less time shopping online than the young问题6选项A.were taught to be innocent when they were growing upB.suffer from age-related changes as they get oldC.are more experienced in judging peopleD.enjoy communicating with people both in person and online【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B【解析】42. 【选项释义】The belief that old women are more likely to be cheated is _. 认为老年妇女更容易被骗的观点_。A. proved to be wrong A. 被证明是错误的B. confirmed by a survey B. 被一项调查所证实C. changing over the years C. 多年来一直在变化D. shared by both genders D. 两种性别都有【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词old women可以定位到文章第一段“如果让你想象（imagine）一个诈骗的受害者，你可能会想到一个被骗走数千英镑的小老太太（a little old lady）不管是当面、在电话中或者越来越多在网上受骗的情况。事实上，根据美国商业改善局最近的一份报告表明，情况远非如此（far from the case）。”，说明在人们的想象中，老年妇女更容易上当受骗，但美国商业改善局的报告表明这一观点是不对的。因此A选项“被证明是错误的”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“被一项调查所证实”，文章说的是这一观点被证明错误，而不是被证明正确，属于反向干扰；C选项“多年来一直在变化”和D选项“两种性别都有”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。43. 【选项释义】The 2016 report by Norton mentioned in Paragraph 3 shows that _. 第三段中提到的诺顿公司2016年的报告显示_。A. young people are less likely to use antivirus software than the elderly A. 年轻人使用杀毒软件的可能性比老年人低B. yo