【牛津英语】2021届高三英语二轮复习 语法专题11 介词与介词短语

2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题专题11介词与介词短语一语法概念巧掌握：（一）概念1 介词的分类 介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前，表示词语之间意义关系的词类。 英语常用的介词大致可分为四类：（1）简单介词顾名思义，简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词，也是使用最频繁的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介词有：at，about，above，across，after，among， against，before，behind，below，beside，between，beyond，but，despite，during，except，for，in，of，on，over，near，past， round，since，through，till，until，with，up等。（2）合成介词指由介词其它介词或副词构成的介词。常用的合成介词有：inside，into，onto， outside，throughout，towards，within，without等。（3）二重介词指由两个单一的介词并列在一起，作为一个介词使用并表达一个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有：from among，from behind，from under，until till after等。（4）短语介词指由介词介词、介词名词、介词分词、介词动词、介词形容词、介词副词等构成的短语.常用的有：according to， along with，in front of，by means of，in spite of，together with，with regard to等。短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是由介词加宾语构成，本身可作句子成分，如定语或状语等，可单独使用；而短语介词是用作介词的短语，不可独立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等。2介词的用法及应注意的问题（1）介词的搭配与介词的选择介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分，而需要与其后面的宾语相结合，成为介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是，有时介词也受其前面用词的限制，因此，许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用相应的介词。（2）介词的宾语介词的宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如：名词：The car ran into a wall，and two men were killed代词：Wherever he went，he carried the photo with him形容词：Your plan is far from perfect副词：I cant see the tower clearly from hereShe came from afar动名词：He entered the room without taking off his hat不定式：He did nothing but cry介词短语：She often studies till after midnight数词：In nine out often he wont come疑问词不定式：The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle疑问词引导从句：He does not care about who will be promotedthat引导的从句：Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak（3）介词的语法功能介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分，构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语（须后置）、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语，间或作主语等。例如：The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel（定语）Her eyes were tired from long reading（状语）The decision is of great importance to me（表语）They found the machine in a bad state（宾语补足语）A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain（介词宾语）On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference（主语）3 介词的固定搭配在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多，平时需要加强记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配，并且就较容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。1act as 担任 act for 代理2apply to 应用于，适合于，向申请 apply for 申请，要求3belong to 属于 belong in住在，应该 belong with 应归于（类别，范畴等）4call on 号召，请求，拜访 call at 探访（at后接地方） call in 请医生，召集，收集 call to 高声唤（某人）5compare with 跟相比较 compare to 把比作，与相比6correspond with 与通信；适合 correspond to 相当于7deal in 做生意，经营（engage in） deal with 对付，论及，与交往（cope with）8play with 玩（某物） play at玩（某种游戏） play on 玩（某种乐器）9suffer from 患（病），受祸患10wait on 伺候 wait for等待二解题方法灵活用解题方法或策略：（一）在考试中应注意的一些常用介词 1in表示某种状态或情况，例如： Hehadneverbeeninlovebefore他以前从未恋爱过。 Theroseswereinflower玫瑰在盛开。 Hisclotheswereinrags他衣衫褴褛。 属于该类搭配的还有：indanger，in（dis）order，in poverty，inretirement，intears，introuble等。 2at用在某些表示情感的形容词、具有形容词作用的-ed分词以及某些动词后面，表示原因，例如： Wefeltgladatwhathehadsaid他说的话使我们感到高兴。 Theywereshockedathisideaofbeinganartist他们对他要当艺术家的想法感到震惊。 类似的形容词还有：alarmed，amazed，angry，delighted，disappointed，disgusted，happy，indignant，overjoyed，pleased，surprised；动词有：blush，brighten，grieve，marvel，tremble，wonder等。 3by与某些名词连用，表示按计算，成地买（或卖）之意，例如： Wewerepaidbythedayweekmonthyear我们按日周月年领工资。 Sugarissoldbythepound，petrolbythegallon糖按磅出售，而汽油按加仑卖。 Wedonothingbyhalves我们干什么都是彻底的。 这样的用法还有：bythedozen，bythehundredsthousandsmillions，bytheounce，bytheyard，bytwosandthrees等。 4for与某些动词、形容词以及具有形容词作用的ed分词连用，表示原因，译法较活，例如： Thankyouforyourgift谢谢你的礼物。 Imustapologizeforcomingtoschoollate我必须就上课迟到道歉。 下面的词亦属于此类：blame，（dis）like，forgive，weep；begrateful，beobliged，beshamed等。 5to后面加上物主代词和表感情色彩的名词，意为使某人的是，该结构一般为插入语，表结果。例如： Tomysurprise，hebegantocry使我惊讶的是，他哭了。 Toourdelight，ourteamhaswonthegame使我们高兴的是，我们的队赢了比赛。 其他词还有：amazement，annoyance，astonishment，disappointment，distress，horror，joy，satisfaction，等。 6from用在某些动词和表人或物的名词之后，这种用法往往具有保护、使不受之害或阻止的意思，例如： Theshedwillprotectusfromtherain这个棚子能使我们避雨。 Shesavedthechildfromthefire她从火中救出了孩子。 下列各词的用法类似：bar，discourage，dissuade，hinder，keep，preserve，refrain，restrain，shelter等。 7outof后面跟一抽象名词，表示出于（某种动机等），例如： Theboyopenedtheboxoutofcuriosity那男孩出于好奇打开了盒子。 Hedidthatnotonlyoutofnecessity，butalsooutof asenseofduty他做那件事不仅仅因为必要，而且出于责任感。 类似的词还有：desperation，fear，gratitude，interest，kindness，pity，sympathy等。 （二）某些派生词后的介词用法 注意部分派生出来的抽象名词或形容词后面的介词，与其同源的动词或形容词后面的介词是一致的，例如：A manssuccessdependschieflyonhimself一个人的成功主要靠自己。 Thesamplewasdifferentfromthegoodsfurnished样品和所提供的货物不一样。 这样的词还有：ableabilityto，capablecapabilityof，congratulatecongratulationon，excitedexcitementabout，independentindependenceof，insistinsistenceon，loyalloyaltyto，patientpatiencewith，succeedsuccesssuccessful in，superiorsuperiorityto等。三高考真题大演练：1I am always delighted when I receive an email from you._the party on July 1st，I shall be pleased to attend.(2013江苏，26)AOn account of BIn response toCIn view of DWith regard to2Thank God youre safe!I stepped back, just_to avoid the racing car.(2012江苏，29)Ain time Bin caseCin need Din vain3Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.(2011江苏，32)Ain detail Bin generalCon purpose Don time4The manager wants to see changes in the company，and I am sure he will _.(2013陕西，24)Ain particular Bin turnCin charge Din time5A serious study of physics is impossible_some knowledge of mathematics.(2013大纲全国，31)Aagainst Bbefore Cbeyond Dwithout6I have an appointment _ Dr.Smith，but I need to change it.(2013北京，26)Ato BoffCwith Dfrom7_everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.(2013辽宁，25)ABy means of BOn behalf ofCIn search of DFor fear of 8Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always _ whenever she tries to.(2013福建，29)Ain the way Bon watchCin sight Don the line9It was a real race_time to get the project done.Luckily，we made it.(2013新课标全国，34)Aover BbyCfor Dagainst10It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner._，Ill set the table.(2013浙江，14)AAs a result BOn the wholeCIn the meanwhile DAs a matter of fact11The Smiths are praised_the way they bring up their children.(2013山东，34)Afrom Bby Cat Dfor12Nothing is so easy as _ parents to raise their expectations of their children too high.(2012福建，33)Aof BtoCby Dfor13Thank God youre safe!I stepped back，just_to avoid the racing car.(2012江苏，29)Ain time Bin caseCin need Din vain14You can change your job，you can move house，but friendship is meant to be_life.(2012安徽，25)Aof BonCto Dfor15The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place _the main road at the far end of the lake.(2012辽宁，27)Ato BforCoff Dout16China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ all its citizens.(2012福建，26)Ain charge of Bfor the purpose ofCin honor of Dfor the benefit of17Brown said he was by no means annoyed；_he was glad to be able to make himself clearly understood.(2012浙江，14)Aall in all Bfor one thingCon the contrary Dby the way18_all the animals Ive ever had，these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word.(2012浙江，6)AFrom BOfCFor DWith19An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are _ it.(2012陕西，11)Aagainst BforCto Dwith20Do you think this shirt is too tight _ the shoulders？(2012北京，34)Aat BonCto Dacross【答案及解析】：1答案D解析考查介词短语辨析。句意为：当我收到你的email时，我总是很高兴。至于7月1日的聚会，我将很乐意参加。on account of由于，因为；in response to响应，回答；in view of鉴于，考虑到；with regard to至于，关于。2答案A解析in time及时；in case万一，以防；in need需要；in vain徒劳，无济于事。句意为：谢天谢地，你是安全的！我后退了一步，及时躲过了那辆赛车。由句意知选A项。3答案A解析句意为：在制订计划之前我们最好详细地讨论一下各方面的事情。in detail详细地，详实地；in general通常，大体上，从总体上看；on purpose故意地；on time按时。只有“详细”讨论才能制订计划，故选A项。4答案D解析句意为：经理想看到公司的变化，我坚信他最终会看到的。in particular尤其；in turn轮流，反过来；in charge掌管；in time最终。5答案D解析句意为：不掌握一定的数学知识是没有办法对物理学进行系统地研究的。without没有，缺乏，符合句意。6答案C解析考查介词用法。句意为：我与史密斯博士有约，但我需要做出调整。have an appointment with.与有约，为固定搭配。7答案B解析考查短语辨析。句意为：我谨代表大家祝愿你归国旅途愉快。by means of用，凭借；on behalf of代表；in search of寻找；for fear of 唯恐。8答案A解析句意为：Mrs.Smith发现很难清理混乱局面，因为当她尽力清理时她的孩子总是妨碍她。in the way妨碍；on watch值班，监视；in sight在视力范围内，在即；on the line处于危险中，(对方)在接电话。9答案D解析考查介词辨析。句意为：完成这项任务真是一场与时间的赛跑，值得庆幸的是，我们做到了。与时间赛跑，显然是对抗，用against。10答案C解析考查固定短语。as a result作为结果；on the whole整体看来；in the meanwhile在这时候，与此同时；as a matter of fact事实上。根据句意“如果你去商店把我们晚餐需要的东西买来，那可算帮我大忙了。你在做这事的时候，我会在家布置好桌子。”知C项符合逻辑。11答案D解析考查介词。根据固定搭配praise sb.for sth.可知答案为D项。12答案D解析句意为：对父母而言，没有什么能比把对孩子的期望值提得太高再简单的事情了。本题把介词短语置于句中提高了试题的难度，实际上就是For parents nothing is so easy as.。for parents对父母来说。13答案A解析in time及时；in case万一，以防；in need需要；in vain徒劳，无济于事。句意为：谢天谢地，你是安全的！我后退了一步，及时躲过了那辆赛车。由句意知选A项。14答案D解析句意为：你可以换工作，也可以搬家，但友谊却可以终身受用。for life终身。故选D项。15答案C解析off表示“离开，偏离”的意思。句意为：Well宾馆坐落在一个安静的地方，在湖的尽头与主干街道隔着一定的距离。off the main road意为“与主干街道偏离”。16答案D解析in charge of掌管，负责；for the purpose of为了目的；in honor of为了纪念；for the benefit of为了的利益。句意为：为了所有公民的利益，中国一直在推动公立医院的改革。根据句意可知D项意思最符合。17答案C解析句意为：布朗说他一点儿都不恼火。相反他很高兴能够让别人清楚地理解他。on the contrary相反，符合句意。all in all总而言之；for one thing首先，一方面；by the way顺便讲一下。解题的关键是对词组by no meansnever(决不)的理解。18答案B解析two dogs属于all animals，故用介词of表示这种关系，如：many of us，我们中的许多人。故B项符合语境。19答案A解析考查介词。be against反对，符合句意。be for支持，赞成；be to到达；be with和在一起，都与句意不符。20答案D解析at在；on在之上；to关于；across穿过，横穿。across表示的动作是在某一物体的表面进行的，而at和on指在小的位置点上，比如at the corner of the desk在桌角，on the corner of the street在街道拐角处；而题中是衬衫在肩膀处太紧，shoulder应是在一个范围内，故用across。句意为：你觉得这件衬衫在肩膀处太紧吗？四模拟试题来检测：1Do you often go fishing at weekends?Not often，I only go fishing_.Aat one time Ball the timeCat a time Dfrom time to time2He was a good student and scored _ average in most subjects.Abelow BofCon Dabove3The traveler didnt know_which direction to go.Ain BatCto D/4I am_your suggestion that we should spend more time on this project.Ain memory of Bin honour ofCin favour of Din need of5Your sisters plan is not quite practical.Why not try to persuade her to give it up?My sister is very stubborn，so it is_to try to change her mind.Aby chance Bin vainCon purpose Dfor sure6He wanted to pass the exam and stayed up very late，while this _created further problems.Ain turn Bin caseCin doubt Din short7The woman sold the eggs _ seven dollars and they were sold_half price.Awith；at Bfor；atCat；in Dby；on8He likes his new job，for he is paid _ the day.Athrough BduringCby Daccording9Shirley，a real book lover，often brings home many books to read _ the library.Ain BforCby Dfrom10Nick，its good for you to read some books _ China before you start your trip there.Ain BforCof Don11I always wanted to do the job which Id been trained _.Aon BforCby Dof12Im sorry I didnt phone you，but Ive been very busy _ the past couple of weeks.Abeyond BwithCamong Dover13There were 252 votes _ the bill and 186 against.Ain need of Bin favour ofCin search of Din case of14This shop will be closed for repairs _ further notice.Awith BuntilCfor Dat15_it is a good thing I did not get the post I had applied for，though I must admit that I was disappointed at the time.ABy the way BIn a wayCIn the way DIn no way16Never put the medicine_the reach of your little child in case he takes it by mistake.Abeyond BwithinCacross Dfrom17When did it begin to snow?It started_the night.Aduring Bby Cfrom Dat18Those overseas students volunteer 10 hours each week in Paris _ free food and accommodation.Ain search of Bin contact withCin case of Din exchange for19Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain detail Bin generalCon purpose Don time20The two things are the same in outward form but different_.Ain addition Bin briefCin common Din essence21Mr.Columbus was always ready to help others._，he was liked by everyone.AIn conclusion BIn returnCIn turn DIn particular22Johnson was to blame for the incident.But _ his positive attitude，we forgave him because “Every man has his faults.”Ain view of Bin search ofCfor fear of Din exchange for23She was told to wear flat shoes _ her back problem.Aon account of Bregardless ofCin terms of Din case of24At the railway station，he waved goodbye to his friend until the train was _.Aout of sightBout of reachCout of orderDout of place25While in London，we paid a visit to the hospital founded _ Florence Nightingale.Ain honor of Bin line withCin favor of Din place of【答案及解析】：1答案D解析考查介词短语。at one time曾经；all the time始终；at a time每次；from time to time有时。由句意可知D项正确。2答案D解析句意为：他是一个好学生，大多数科目得分高于平均水平。above average高于平均数；below average低于平均数；on average平均起来，一般说来。3答案A解析表示“朝方向去”，用介词in而不用to。4答案C解析句意为：我很赞成你的建议，那就是我们应该在这个工程上花费更多的时间。in favour of赞成。5答案B解析句意为：你妹妹的计划不是很切合实际。为何不劝她放弃？我妹妹很固执，所以要她改变主意根本就是白费力气。in vain意为“枉费心机，白费力气”。by chance碰巧，凑巧；on purpose故意地；for sure毫无疑问。6答案A解析考查介词短语的辨析。in turn 轮流，反过来，符合句意。in case假使，以防万一；in doubt 不确定，拿不准；in short总之，简言之。7答案B解析第一空用for“换取”，意为“这位妇女的鸡蛋卖了七美元”；第二空用at，at.price“以的价格”。故选B。8答案C解析by意为“按计算”。9答案D解析句意为：Shirley，一个读书爱好者，经常从图书馆带些书回家去读。10答案D解析on 表示关于，some books on China意为“关于中国的一些书”。句意为：Nick，你在去中国旅行之前最好读一些关于中国的书。故选D项。11答案B解析考查介词。句意为：我经常想做我之前为之受过培训的工作。for表示目的，意为“为了”，符合题意。12答案D解析通过前半句“Ive been very busy”现在完成时，可知搭配用的时间状语为“在过去的几周里”，故选over。句意为：很抱歉没给你打电话，可是这几个星期我一直很忙。13答案B解析in favour of支持，赞同，符合句意。in need of需要；in search of寻找；in case of以防，万一。14答案B解析句意为：在另行通知前，这家店将停业整顿。until further notice表示“在另行通知前”。15答案B解析in a way在某种程度上；in no way决不；by the way顺便提一下；in the way碍事。句意为：我没有得到我申请的工作在某种程度上说是件好事，尽管我承认当时我很失望。16答案B解析句意为：千万不要把药放在你的小孩够得着的地方，以防他错吃了它。within在之内。17答案A解析句意为：什么时候开始下雪的？在夜间开始的。“在期间”应用during。18答案D解析in exchange for与交换；in search of寻找；in contact with与接触；in case of在情形下。句意为：为了换取免费的食宿，那些在巴黎的留学生们每周义务劳动10个小时。故正确答案为D项。19答案A解析句意为：在我们制定计划之前，我们最好详细地讨论每件事。in detail详细地；in general通常，大体上；on purpose故意地；on time准时，按时。由句意知选A项。20答案D解析考查介词短语词义辨析。in essence本质上，符合句意。in addition此外；in brief简短地，简言之；in common共同。21答案B解析in return作为回报，作为报答。句意为：Columbus先生总是乐于助人，作为回报，大家都喜欢他。in conclusion 最后；in turn轮流；in particular尤其。22答案A解析句意为：Johnson应为事故负责，但鉴于他态度不错，我们原谅了他，因为人人都有缺点。in view of鉴于，考虑到，符合句意。23答案A解析句意为：因为她背部有问题，她被要求穿平底鞋。on account of表示“因为，由于”，符合句意。24答案A解析句意为：在火车站，他挥手同他的朋友告别直到火车看不见了。out of sight看不见，符合题意。25 答案A解析句意为：我们在伦敦时，参观了为纪念弗罗伦斯南丁格尔而建的医院。in honor of为纪念，符合题意。13