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教学目标学习英语写作句式多样化的常见技巧。星级授课日期及时段你能用多少种方式把下面这两句话串联成一句话？The young pilot was on his first overseas training. He felt very uneasy.Keys:(1) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (2) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (3) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (4) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. (5) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (6) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (7) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (8) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (9) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (10) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (11) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (12) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, which made him feel very uneasy. 竟然至少可以有12种方式！在上述12个句子中，(1)-(7)是简单句；(8)是并列句；(9)-(12)是复杂句。简单句除(2)和(7)之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。合并上述两个句子，人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是(10)和(11)这两句；接着便是并列句(8)。如果大多数人的句子只限于(2),(7), (8), (10)和(11)这五种，而其他的则放弃，不是很可惜吗？ 句型多样化技巧同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。 具体方法如下：（一）句子开头“去人化”不要总是以有生命的名词和人称代词开头(I，People，We等)，可采用以下方法加以丰富（1）用形式主语it开头1. Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.It is widely accepted that birth control is quite necessary in China. 2. College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success according to a recent report. It is recently reported that college students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. 拓展：形式主语it开头的常见句型：It + be + 名词/ + that从句 It is common knowledge that是常识It + be + 形容词 + that从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是It is obvious that 很明显It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 It is believed that人们相信It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 It appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 （2）以状语开头，具体来说可用形容词、副词、分词短语、介词短语、不定式、从句等做开头。1. Many people have ambitious plans but no ability, so they accomplish little.High in ambition but low in ability, many people accomplish little.2. School work exerts pressure on teenagers, and their peers also encourage them. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty. Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes.3. The man was in despair and turned to his friends for help.In despair, the man turned to his friends for help.4. We have to continually update our knowledge to acclimatize（适应新气候或环境）to the ever-changing world.To acclimatize to the ever-changing world, we have to continually update our knowledge.5. We need to use English to communicate with more and more foreigners who come to China, so learning English has become increasingly important in our life.As we need to use English to communicate with more and more foreigners who come to China, learning English has become increasingly important in our life.（3）表示某人拥有的“sb. have”句型变成 there be句型More and more young students go abroad because they want to get better education and find a better job in the future. I think that they may have problems in study and also in life.There may be problems in study and also in life for young students to go abroad in order to get better education and find a better job in the future.（4）以“某人”作主语使用情态动词（can, may, should等）时，建议前两个改成It is likely /possible to do/ that.；后一个改成It is necessary/ imperative/ highly expected/ suggested that sth. be done.的句式：We can go anywhere we like with our bicycle. It is possible for us to go anywhere we like with our bicycle.To curb global warming, our government should promulgate new laws to govern the felling of trees. To curb global warming, it is imperative that our government promulgate new laws to govern the felling of trees.（5）使用被动句式在比较正式的新闻、商务、法律等英语文体中，被动句式因为其更突出客观性的宾语或者事实被广为使用。图表分析和议论文都是比较正式的文体，所以我们也应该注意多用被动句式。尤其是在以下两个方面：1.主语不确定Someone murdered the millionaire last night.The millionaire was murdered last night.2. 主语是泛指很多人或者大部分人To improve the air quality, we should reduce the use of private cars. To improve the air quality, the use of private cars should be reduced.Most people think that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.It is widely believed that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.被动句的用法不仅体现在主句中，在从句、非谓语动词短语中都有可能用到，如：It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to control the software piracy. It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to have the software piracy controlled.I dont expect that she returned. She is not expected to have returned.I am not sure whether the college graduates will find jobs in the financially difficult year. I am not sure whether the college graduates will get employed in the financially difficult year.但是因为汉语中本来是没有被动句式的，所以受汉化思维的影响很多考生不会想到这一点。这就要求我们对此要引起足够的重视，并且在平时多加练习以培养对其敏感度。 归纳起来说，议论文中我们要积极避免“某个人”做主语，尽量用不定式、动名词从句做主语，或者使用被动语态，谓语动词用评价性的动词充当，这样就可以由记叙文性质的“过程性句式”顺利转化成更符合议论文文风的客观评价性的句式。（二）名词化写作中把原本用动词或者形容词表达的地方换成名词叫做名词化（nominalization）。名词化是为了避免太多动词造成的句法处理上的困难，同时也可以把某些陈述型的句式转化成更客观的评价句，更符合议论文的文体要求。如：Our monitor didnt come today. He has got a flu.Because our monitor has a flu, he didnt come today.这个because引导的原因状语从句以及其它的状语从句是考生们很常用的复合句，由于使用者过多，且其实仍然是某个人做主语，效果不算理想。Having a flu, our monitor didnt come today.这一句使用了非谓语动词，比前一句效果有所改善，但这仍是某个人做主语，效果还可以再进一步提升。The flu caused the absence of our monitor today.The absence of our monitor is because of his illness.我们把前后两部分分别用一个概括性的名词来替代，中间加上我们熟悉的表示因果关系的动词，这时句子就非常符合议论文的风格，或者如最后一句，至少我们可以尽量将其中的一个小句变成名词，减少某个人做主语的口语化句式的出现频率。常见的名词化用法：if there is nolack of, dont know ignorance of ,cant read/ cant useilliteracy in, didnt dofailureLack of the knowledge would make it impossible for you to get that jobMy ignorance of its importance at last put me into trouble My illiteracy of computer prevented me from getting a better job在具体的使用过程中可以结合介词with使用，使得句法更加凝练。此外个别单词也可以利用动词的名词性后缀如： -tion，-ment, -isation, -ness, -ity等或者变成动名词形式-ing。如：More younger generations celebrate the western festivals.The celebration of the western festivals was enjoyed by more younger generations 35% of the students did homework at home in the Spring Festival.Doing homework at home in the Spring Festival accounts for 35% among the students.（三）长短句交插 长句和短句是就句子的字数多少、形体长短而言的。长句和短句各有其优点和缺点。长句，因为使用的定语、状语较多，限制了概念的外延，增大了概念的内涵，所以比较精确、严密，但使用起来不够活泼简便。短句，由于字数少，直截了当，一般比较简洁、明快、有力，但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在具体语言活动中，最好长短句交替使用。这既体现了节奏上的要求，也是意义上的需要。例如： （1）We can imagine the beautiful surroundings.（2）There are many trees along the streets.（3）There is a clean river in the city.（4） There are many fishes in the river.（5）There are willow trees on the one side.（6）There are some pieces of grassland on the other side.（7）There are many flowers on them. 文中七个句子都是简单句，句型结构单一，而且句子长短同一，都在七、八词左右，十分单调。下面是修改后的段落： （1）Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener.（2）Green trees line the streets.（3）A clean river winds through the city，in which a lot of fishes abound.（4）On the one side stand rows of willow trees.（5）On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers. 改写后的这段文字，有长句（1）、（3）、（5），也有短句（2）和（4），一长一短，抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交插，而且句型结构变化也很大，使文章流畅自然，生动活泼。 （四）其它常见句式多样化手段（1）将陈述句改为感叹句。 1. To prevent the pollution is very importantHow important it is to prevent the pollution!2. She is a clever girl what a clever girl she is!（2）将陈述句改为倒装句1. People have never imagined to travel around the world without walking out of house.Never before have people imagined to travel around the world without walking out of house. 2. Such steep price rise never happened no matter in the industrial age or any other time of history. Neither in the industrial age nor any other time of history did such steep price rise happen. 倒装的几种情况：1. only 放在句首后接副词，介词短语或状语从句时，句子半倒装。Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 只有到那个时候我在意识到我错了。Only in this way can you improve your pronunciation. 只有用这种方法你才能改善你的发音。Only when his home town was liberated in 1949 was he able to go to school.只有在1949年他家乡解放时，他才能上学。2.含有否定意义的副词或连词（如hardly, never, not, not only, little等）放在句首时，句子半倒装。Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. 我一到就有新的问题需要处理。Scarcely had we started lunch when the door bell rang. 我们刚开始吃午饭，门铃就响了起来。No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake. 她刚回到家就意识到自己弄错了。Never shall I forget it. 我永远忘不了这件事。Not a single mistake did he make. 他没有犯一个错误。Little does he care about what others think.他很少考虑别人是怎么想的。Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. 我们不但把钱全丢了，还几乎丢了性命。（注意只倒装前半句）（3）将简单句改为强调句1. Smoking did great harm to his health. It was smoking that did great harm to his health.2. Our money is earned through hard work by our parents.It is through hard work that our money is earned by our parents.（4）将两个简单句合并为并列句1. You （5）将两个简单句合并为复合句1. 同位语和同位语从句（常用于描述人物、地点等介绍性文段）1) Liu Xiang is an excellent athlete. He won the first prize in Mens 110 Hurdle Race in the 2004 Olympic Games. Liu Xiang, an excellent athlete, won the first prize in Mens 110 Hurdle Race in the 2004 Olympic Games.2) Thcan do it. I can do it. One of us must do it. Either you or I must do it.2. I want to buy this bike. I dont have enough money. I want to buy this bike, but I dont have enough money.e word is true. The president will give our school a speech. The word is true that the president will give our school a speech.2. 定语从句（限制性/ 非限制性）1) In my opinion, the Great Wall and the Summer Palace are well worth visiting.In my opinion, the Great Wall and the Summer Palace are the two places which are well worth visiting. 2) The 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing, and its slogan is One World, One Dream. The 2008 Olympic Games, whose slogan is One World, One Dream, was held in Beijing.3) Yesterday, we went to the East Gate, and we bought a lot of clothes there.Yesterday, we went to the East Gate, where we bought a lot of clothes.4) Many boys learn to smoke. It does harm to their health.Many boys learn to smoke, which does harm to their health.3. what 引导的名词性从句I like what she likes.（what引导宾语从句）What she said made us surprised.（what引导主语从句）This is what I like.（what引导表语从句）1) His wonderful performance on the stage impressed me. What impressed me most was his wonderful performance on the stage.2) It satisfied me. Our school dining hall provides us with a large variety of kinds of dishes. What satisfied me is that our school dining hall provides us with a large variety of kinds of dishes.3) I learned from the story that as long as we have patience, confidence and perseverance, we can realize our dreams. What I have learnt from the story is that as long as we have patience, confidence and perseverance, we can realize our dreams.4. 状语从句 结果、程度 sothat ; such that让步 no matter how what when where.=whatever, however, whenever, wherever时间 was doingwhen 1)不管前面有多少困难，我们都要学会独立的克服他们。 No matter how many difficulties there are ahead of us, we should learn to overcome them independently.2) 我正沿着马路走，突然我听到有人叫我。I was walking along the road when suddenly I heard my name called.（6）使用非谓语动词1. The teacher praised the students and then left the classroom. Having prasied the students, the teacher left the classroom.2. Because my friend was frightened of losing his job, he said nothing to the police. Frightened of losing his job, my friend said nothing to the police. 3. We have to study hard so that we can find a good job in the future. To find a good job in the future, we have to study hard.（7）使用with 引导的短语或者复合结构 With + 宾语+ adj./ adv./介词短语/to dodoingdonewith a population of.with a total area ofwith a long history of years1) 这个地区占地2000平方千米，人口10万。This area covers an area of 2000 square kilometers, with a population of 100,000. 2) 我们学校周围种了很多花和树，吸引了大量的学生来参观。 With so many trees and flowers surrounding our school , it attracts a large number of people.3 没有做完作业，这个小孩不敢去上学。 With homework not finished, the boy dared not go to school.4) 这两个男人早早就睡了，蜡烛烧了一个晚上。The two men went to bed early, with candles burning a night long.（8）不要总是用肯定句来表达, 要学会用否定表示肯定的意思（双重否定，或用没有.更句型）。1. Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost. There is hardly a young boy and girl who doesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost. 2. Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements. It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements. 3. Food is the most basic issue to individual and national survival. No issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food. 双重否定的肯定程度往往比一般的肯定句强烈常用的双重否定词：Nonenot, neverwithout, impossiblewithout, there be no denying thatNone are so deaf as those who will not hear. 不愿听人言者最聋。There is no denying that the economy is worsening. 毫无疑问，经济正在恶化。Impossible is nothing. 一切皆有可能（某国际运动品牌广告语）。试比较某国内运动品牌的英文广告语：Anything is possible.意思都差不多，但其力度就相去甚远了。（五）升级词汇1. 对被过度使用的词或词组进行“升级”more and more an increasing number of; growing number of/ growing trend of increasingly; on the rise, on the decline trend up; trend down; dropeg. More and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV.People in increasing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV.because of (because) due to; given; considering; thanks to; owing to; on account of; in view of ; by reason of; in that in view of the fact thatsoconsequently; as a result; therefore; in resultimportantSignificant; vital; prominent; crucial; indispensable; essential; primary; key; leading; notableemphasizelay emphasis on; attach importance to; place stress on; make a point of; underline; highlight; give priority tomanya multitude of; a host of; a big variety of; a series of; a great many of; numeroustry to do sth. strive to do sth.; make great effort to do sth.; spare no effort in doing sth./to do sth.; take pains to do sth; do ones utmostI thinkin my opinion; from my point of view; Im of the opinion that; it occurs to me; as far as I am concerned; I am in favor of2. 避免使用语义较模糊的make, let, have,而多使用语意具体生动的动词。1) This conversation let me have this opportunity to share their experience and knowledge. This conversation allowed me this opportunity to share their experience and knowledge.2) TV makes people have few chances to communicate with each other. TV deprives people of the chance to communicate with each other.3) The substance and tone of his remarks make the lasting peace in the Middle East possible. The substance and tone of his remarks contribute to the possibility of the lasting peace in the Middle East. （一）按要求改写下列句子1. Many people think that global warming has moved from a subject for a disaster movie to a serious scientific issue.(以it为形式主语)2. The professor is young and ambitious and aims high.(以形容词开头) 3. We almost forget this event. （以the event 为主语） 4. Because of technological development, there appear many cyber crimes. （改为被动句） 5. Poverty is the only thing that can be got without pains.(双重否定) 6. Man didnt know what heat is until the early years of the 19th century.(倒装句 ) 7. As one of modern college students, I get online everyday to acquire the information I need. I also download the music l like on the Internet. And I chat with the friends I miss.（排比句） 8. There are more and more people who begin to realize that wealth is not the sole prerequisite for happiness.(替换more and more) 9. If we don t recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake.(简单句) 10. Cultural heritage sites make people have a deep insight into the past. (替换makehave) Keys: 1. It is generally recognized that global warming has moved from a subject for a disaster movie to a serious scientific issue.2. Young and ambitious, the professor aims high.3. This event is almost fading from my memory. 4. Many cyber crimes are brought into existence by technological development.5. Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.6. Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.7. As one of modern college students, I get online everyday to acquire the information I need, to download the music and movie l like, and to chat with the friends I miss.8. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that wealth is not the sole prerequisite for happiness.9. Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big mistake.10. Cultural heritage sites offer people a deep insight into the past.（二）实战演练最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。60%的同学认为1、不应收门票2、公园是公众休闲的地方3、如收票，需建大门、围墙，会影响城市形象40%的同学认为1、应收门票，但票价不宜高2、支付园林工人工资3、购新花木注意：1、信的开头已为你写好 2、词数：100左右。3、参考词汇：门票：entrance fee写作过程展示：160的同学认为公园不应该收费。 Sixty percent of the students think that the park should not charge entrance fees Sixty percent of the students hold the view that entrance fees should not be charged 被动句Sixty percent of the students have the idea that people should be allowed to enter parks without charge.In the opinion of 60of the students, people can enter parks for free2公园是公众休闲的地方。 A park is a place for the public to rest and enjoy themselves A park is a place where people rest and relax 定语从句3如收门票，需建大门围墙，会影响城市形象。 If entrance fees are charged, it will be necessary to build gates and walls, which will affect the appearance of the city With entrance fees charged, it will be necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of the city. （With的短语）440的同学认为应收门票，但票价不宜高。 40 of the students think that entrance fees are necessary, but the prices should not be highThere are 40of the students who think that entrance fees should be charged, but fees should be low（定语从句）40 of the students hold the view that entrance fees should be charged low（同位语从句）5门票收入支付园林工人工资购买新花木。 The income from entrance fees is used to pay the gardeners and buy new plants and flowersThe money from entrance fees is made use of to pay garden workers and buy new plants With money from entrance fees, the gardeners are paid and new plants as well as young trees are bought（With的短语）（被动句）参考范文Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believed a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Without doubt, Charging entrance fees will keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low. 放电影回顾式学习法批注：采用放电影学习法，让学生自己回忆在本模块学到了哪些知识点；如果学生回答不出，这个时候可以让学生翻看前面的知识点进行总结。
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