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专题05 介词与介词短语介词和介词短语也是高考的一个必考点，每年都保持在一至两个题目，命题形式除了单项填空外还在完形填空、语法填空、短文改错中进行考查，其考点主要涉及常用介词的用法区别，介词与动词、名词、形容词等的常见搭配，介词在特定语境中的选用和介词短语的用法等。掌握介词必须要立足基本用法，广泛记忆，细心体会比较。其考点主要包括：1考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出，介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词，如at，in，for，from，to，of，on，with，until，about，by，since，as，around等。2考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中，辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。3考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词，不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。一、表示时间的介词1in，on，at，over(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如：in the 1950s，in 1989，in summer，in January，in ones thirties，in the morning等。(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如：on May 1st，on Monday，on a cold night in January, on a fine morning等。(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间，也泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如：at 3：20，at this time of year，at Christmas，at night，at this moment等。(4)over后面接一段时间，表示“超过”或“在期间”。如：David Crum, the CEO of Geldart Software, announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.(5)在last，next，this，that，some，every等词之前一律不用介词。如：He went to Japan last year.We meet every day.2in，after(1)“in一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如：My mother will come back in three or four days.(2)“after一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如：He arrived after five months.(3)“after具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如：She will appear after five oclock this afternoon.The rain began to fall after seven.3from，since，for(1)from后接具体时间，说明从什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today.(2)since后接具体过去时间，表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。如：We have not seen each other since 2010.(3)for后接一段时间，通常与完成时连用。如：I have been in the army for 5 years.二、表示地点方位的介词1at，in，on，to(1)at表示在小地方或“在附近；在旁边”。如：He arrived at the station at ten.He is sitting at the desk.(2)in表示在大地方或“在范围之内”。如：He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.Shandong lies in the east of China.(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如：Russia lies on the north of China.(4)to表示“在范围外”，不强调是否接壤。如：Japan is to the east of China.2above，over，on(1)above意为“在上方”，只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直，与below相对。如：The bird is flying above my head.(2)over意为“在之上”，表示垂直高于，与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。如：There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为“在之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如：He put his watch on the desk.2above，over，on(1)above意为“在上方”，只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直，与below相对。如：The bird is flying above my head.(2)over意为“在之上”，表示垂直高于，与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。如：There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为“在之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如：He put his watch on the desk.三、表示运动方向的介词1across，over，through(1)across表示从物体表面穿过，与on有关。如：across the playground/square/desert/river(2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。如：He jumped over the wall.(3)through表示从物体里面穿过，与in有关。也可表示时间，指“(从开始到结束)经历了”。如：through the pipe/forest/doorWe work hard all through the year.2in，into(1)in通常表示静态，意为“在里面”。如：We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。(2)into通常表示动态，意为“进入到里面”。如：We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。四、表示原因的介词1for表示原因时，常与sorry，famous，punish，praise，thank，blame等词连用。如：I am sorry for what I said to you.2at表示引起某种情感变化的原因，常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用，意为“因听到或看到而”。如：He was surprised at the news.3from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因，如受伤、车祸等。如：He died from the wound.4of多用于表示自身或内在的原因，如病、饿等。如：The old man died of hunger.5with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如：Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.He was shaking with anger.6by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如：She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。7over一般用于cry，weep，laugh等带有感情色彩的动词后，表示所发生的事情的原因。如：She wept over the death of her daughter.We laughed over the victory.8because of表示引起结果的直接原因。如：He retired last month because of his illness.9thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常意为“幸亏，多亏”。如：Thanks to John, we won the game.五、表示计量的介词1at表示“以速度；以价格”。如：It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.I sold my car at a high price.2for表示“用交换；以为代价”。如：He sold his car for 500 dollars.注意：at表示单价，for表示总钱数。3by表示“以计”，后跟度量单位。如：They paid him by the month.注意：by后接具体度量单位要加the。六、表示工具或手段的介词1by意为“用某种方式”，后面的名词不带冠词。如：I went there by bus.2with表示“用某种工具”，后面的名词需带冠词。如：He broke the window with a stone.3in表示“用”时，后面的宾语不带冠词，且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如：I hate letters written in pencil.We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.4on表示“以方式”，多用于固定词组。如：They talked on the telephone.She learns English on the radio/on TV.七、表示“在之间”的介词1between表示在两者之间。如：You are to sit between your father and me.2among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如：He is always happy among his classmates.3有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，但强调多者中的两两关系时用between。如：Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.八、表示“除了”的介词1besides表示“除之外，还有”。如：We all went to see the film besides you.除你之外我们也都去看电影了。2except表示“除外，把除去”。如：We all went to see the film except you.除你之外我们都去看电影了。3but与except同义，但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副词nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如：I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.4except for表示“如无就，只是”，多表明理由细节。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5except that表示“除外，把除去”，后面接句子。如：I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.6apart from在不同的上下文中，既有besides的含义，又有except和except for的含义，要根据上下文来判别。如：Apart from/Besides English，he has a good command of Russian and French.He has no interests，apart from/except his work.Its a good paper，apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.九、介词与某些词类的习惯搭配高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。1名词词组：如on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in ones opinion根据某人的看法；on time准时；out of reach够不着2动词词组：如remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事；rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的；result from由引起；call at访问(某地)3形容词词组：如be curious about对好奇；be proud of因而自豪；be popular with受到的欢迎4介词短语：如apart from除之外；in addition to除之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of防备，万一；thanks to由于；in the middle of在中间according to根据；in front of在前面；in return for作为对的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为的结果；in exchange for与交换等。考点一、考查介词辨析例1(2016天津，14)I hate it when she calls me at workIm always too busy to carry _ a conversation with her.【答案】on【解析】句意：我不喜欢她在我工作时给我打电话我总是太忙，不能和她进行会话。carry on“继续进行，从事”，符合句意。【变式探究】【2015重庆】10. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 _ the average.A. below B. on C. at D. above【答案】D 考点二、考查介词短语辨析例2. 【2016天津】2. The dictionary is _: many words have been added to the language since it was published. A. out of control B. out of date C. out of sight D. out of reach【答案】B【解析】句意：这本字典过时了：自从它被出版，很多单词被增加到这个语言中。A.失去控制；B.过时的；C看不见的；D.够不着的。根据句意，故选B。【考点】考查介词短语。 【2015浙江】17. These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of【答案】B【解析】句意：这些评论是对某些经常被当地新闻人问到的问题的回应。A. in memory of 意为纪念， B. in response to意为回应，C. in touch with意为联系，D. in possession of意为拥有。分析句子成分知道空格处充当介词短语作状语的作用，根据常识和句意，评论应该是对问题的回应。所以答案应该是B. in response to回应。考点三、考查介词或介词短语的用法例3、.【2016浙江】6.That young man is honest , cooperative , always there when you need his help ._, hes reliable.A. Or else B. In short C. By the way D. For one thing【答案】B【解析】句意：这个年轻人是诚实的，有合作精神的，当你需要他的帮助的时候，总是在那里。简言之，他是可靠的。A.否则；B.简言之；C.顺便说一下；D.首先。故选B。【考点】考查介词短语。【变式探究】【2015福建】22._A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform.A. ofB. onC. toD. with【答案】A【解析】考察介词辨析。A.of表示关于，表示从属关系；B.on表示在之上；C.to表示对于；D.with表示和在一起。该句意思为：他们共有的关于他们学校的记忆是校服。故选A 1(2016新课标，64)But my connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first.【答案】to2(2016新课标，44)Most of us are more focused _ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.【答案】on【解析】句意：我们大多数人在早晨时对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on意为“集中于”。3(2016新课标，70)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat _ their hands.【答案】with【解析】句意：筷子并非被亚洲的所有国家(的人民)使用。例如在印度，大部分的人习惯用手吃饭。with“用”，符合句意。4(2016四川，67)The mother continued to care for the young panda _ more than two years.【答案】for【解析】句意：这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。“for一段时间”作时间状语，表示“持续了一段时间”。5(2016浙江，16)In this article，you need to back up general statements _ specific examples.【答案】with【解析】句意：在这篇文章中，你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。根据句意及结构可知，这里用介词with表示“用”。6(2016天津，8)Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice _ her opinion on the subject.【答案】to【解析】句意：在讨论刚开始时，玛丽一言不发，但最后她就这个主题发表了自己的观点。give voice to“表达，吐露，发泄”，符合句意。1.(2015江苏，27)The university started some new language programs to cater the countrys Silk Road Economic Belt.解析句意：大学开始开设一些新的语言项目，以迎合中国的丝绸之路经济带。固定表达cater for 迎合，满足所需。答案for2.(2015江苏，29)The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.答案on3.(2015江苏，34)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but Thomas Edison.解析句意：如果没有托马斯爱迪生的话，我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。but for如果没有的话。答案for4.(2015浙江，3)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea?解析句意：你听说过既可生长在陆地上又可生长在海里的可作为动物家园的树吗？固定表达home to.是的家园或故乡。答案to5.(2015浙江，10)Most people work because its unavoidable. contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work.解析句意：大多数人工作是因为无法避免，相比之下，也有一些人真的喜欢工作。固定表达by contrast相比之下。答案By6.(2015浙江，11)We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal our emotions than for straight facts.解析句意：我们倾向于对令感官兴奋的或吸引我们情感的东西记忆深刻。固定表达appeal to对有吸引力。答案to7.(2015浙江，17)These comments came in response specific questions often asked by local newsmen.解析句意：这些解释是对当地记者经常询问的特定问题的回应。固定表达in response to作为对的回答，作为对的反应。答案to8.(2015湖北，30)This meeting room is a nonsmoking area.I would like to warn you advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.解析句意：这个会议室是禁烟区。我想提前警告你，如果你吸烟，你会被罚款的。固定表达in advance预先，提前。答案in9.(2015重庆，10)Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 the average.答案above10.(2015陕西，12)The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.解析句意：这个小学生挎着奶奶的胳膊，扶着她穿过了马路。考查介词。动词sb介词the人体部位，是惯用法，根据身体的不同的部位变化介词，如：pat sb on the head，hit sb in the face等。答案by11.(2015安徽，33)They believe that there are transport developments the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.解析句意：他们认为即将到来的交通发展将会带来很多好的方面的变化。 考查介词短语搭配，around the corner即将来临。答案around12.(2015福建，22)A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform.解析句意：在他们上学的日子中，一个共同的记忆就是校服。考查介词。of表示“在其中的。”答案of 13.(2015福建，32)Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live harmony with nature.解析句意：人类被认为是自然的一部分，同样，我们要生存下去的唯一方式，就是要与大自然和谐相处。考查介词短语。in harmonious with与和谐。答案in1.（2014福建卷）22. Our club is open to everyone _ age, sex or educational background.A. due to B. except for C. along with D. regardless of【考点】考察介词短语意义辨析【答案】D2.（2014江苏卷）24. Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay_.A. in placeB. in orderC. in shapeD. in fashion【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】C【解析】本题考察的是与介词in有关的短语辨析。in place有序，在适当的位置；in order井井有条；in shape健康的，状态良好的；in fashion流行的，时尚的；句意：为了保持健康，每天早晨Tom总去慢跑，也经常做引体向上。根据句意可知Tom锻炼的目的是为了保持健康。故C正确。3.（2014江西卷）25. Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence ._, it could just put you in debt.A. In other words B. All in all C. As a result D. On the other hand【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】D【解析】本题考察的是介词短语辨析。A换句话说；B总得说来；C结果是；D另一方面；句义：自己做生意也许是获得经济独立的一个很好的方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。根据句义说明这是一件事情的两个方面，所以D项符合上下文串联。4.（2014江西卷）33. It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life _his great wealth .A. without B. despite C. in D. to 【考点】考察介词词义辨析【答案】B【解析】without没有，要不是；despite尽管，不管；in在里面；在上等；句义：真是难以相信啊！尽管Lucas先生有很多钱，但他还过着如此简单的生活。根据句义说明上下文之间存在这转折关系，选项中只有B项与之相符。故B正确。5.（2014陕西卷）14. The Scottish girl _ blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.A. by B. of C. in D. with【考点】考察介词短语【答案】D6.（2014天津卷）6. _ the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.A. In reply to B. In addition to C. In charge of D. In place of【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】B【解析】本题的四个介词短语都很重要。In reply to作为的回复；in addition to除之外（包括在内）；in charge of负责；in place of代替；句义：除了学校，村子里还有诊所，诊所也是在政府的支持下建成的。也就是说学校和诊所都是政府支持建设成功的。故B正确。7.（2014浙江卷 ）10. While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything _ .A. in return B. in common C. in turn D. in place【考点】考察介词短语保持【答案】A【解析】介词短语in return作为回报，后面常常接介词for；in common与相似；in turn依次，轮流；反过来；in place恰当，在合适的地方。句意：当他住在那个村子里的时候，James无私地和村民们分享他拥有的一切，不要去得到任何回报。根据句意说明A正确。8.（2014浙江卷 ）12. Facing up to your problem _ running away from them is the best approach to working things out.A. more than B. rather than C. along with D. or rather【考点】考察介词短语辨析【答案】B【解析】介词短语more than超过，不仅仅，非常；rather than代替，而不是；along with和一起；or tather更准确地说；句意：面对你的问题而不是逃避是解决这些问题最好的方法。根据句意可知B项符合上下文含义。9.（2014浙江卷 ）18. Theres no reason to be disappointed. _, this could be rather amusing. A. Above all B. As a result C. In addition D. As a matter of fact【考点】考察介词短语词义辨析【答案】D（2013新课标I卷）34. It was a real race _ time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it. A. over B. by C. for D. against 【答案】 D 【解析】题干中的it显然是形式主语，真正主语是不定式to get the project done。句意：完成这个项目真正是在和时间赛跑。幸运的是，我们赢了。此处a race against time是固定短语，意思是“和时间赛跑”，故D正确。【考点定位】本题考查介词的用法。（2013新课标卷)11. A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.A. against B. before C. beyond D. without【答案】D【解析】考查介词辨析。against反对，衬托；before在.之前；beyond超过；without没有。句意“没有一些数学知识的话，一个严肃的物理研究是不可能的。”故选D。【考点定位】介词辨析。（2013浙江）14.It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner._, Ill set the table.A.As a result B. On the whole C. In the meanwhile D.As a matter of fact【答案】C【解析】句意：如果你能去超市把今天晚餐所需要的买回来将会帮我很大的忙，同时我来摆桌子。A 结果 总的来说与此同时 实际上【考点定位】考查介词短语（2013大纲卷）31 A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.A. against B. Before C. Beyond D. Without【答案】D【考点定位】介词辨析。（2013北京卷)26. I have an appointment Dr. Smith, but I need to change it.A. toB. offC. withD. from【答案】C【解析】have an appointment with sb是固定词组，意为和某人有一个约会/约定。句意为，我和史密斯医生有个预约（约定),但是我需要改个时间。【考点定位】考察介词（2013福建卷)29.Mrs. Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess, as her children are always _ whenever she tries to.A. in the way B. on watchC. in sightD. on the line【答案】A【解析】考查介词短语：A妨碍，B值班C在视野之内D冒极大的危险，根据句意：斯密斯太太发现很难打扫家里的混乱，因为每当她想这么做孩子们就会很碍事。所以选A。【考点定位】考查介词短语 （2013湖北卷)30. An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered _ a long lost antique Greek vase.A. at random B. by chance C. in turn D. on occasion【答案】B【解析】句意：一个在南部岛上旅行的画家偶然发现了一只古希腊花瓶。at random“任意地，随便地”；by chance“偶然地，意外地”；in return“反过来，作为报答”；on occasion“有时， 间或”。【考点定位】考查介词短语的意义。（2013江苏卷)26. I am always delighted when I receive an e-mail from you. _ the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend.A. On account of B. In response to C. In view ofD. With regard to【答案】D【解析】句意：收到你的邮件我总是很高兴。至于七月一日的晚会我会很高兴参加。“on account of”因为；“in response to”对-的回应；“in view of”鉴于，考虑到；“with regard to”关于，至于。【考点定位】考查介词词组。（2013山东卷)34. The Smiths are praised _ the way they bring up their children. A. from B. by C. at D. for 【答案】D【解析】句意为：史密斯夫妇因为他们养育孩子的方式而受到称赞。短语be praised for.“因.而受到称赞”。【考点定位】考查介词（2013辽宁卷)25. everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your journey.A.By means of B.On behalf of C.In search of D.For fear of 【答案】A.【考点定位】考查介词短语。（2013安徽卷)22. Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library a book about it.A. on B. at C. for D. to【答案】C【解析】on在上面, 通过某种媒介;at在一点;for为了;to到, 向. 句意:在你去一个有趣的地方游玩之前, 去你们当地的图书馆找一本关于它的书看看. 本句中需注意in your local library是插入语, 作地点状语, 故选C, look for寻找.【考点定位】介词辨析. - 17 -
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