2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题74（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题In fact, a number of recent developments suggest that new media may actually be the salvation of old media; that online newspapers, Webzines, and e-books could preserve and extend the best aspects of the print culture while augmenting it with their various technological advantages.问题1选项A.limitingB.maintainingC.distinguishingD.increasing【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。横线单词augmenting意为“增加；增大”；A选项“limiting”意为“限制；限定”；B选项“maintaining”意为“维持；继续；维修；主张”；C选项“distinguishing”意为“区分；辨别”；D选项“increasing”意为“增加；增大；提高；增强”。句意：事实上，最近的一些发展表明，新媒体实际上可能是传统媒体的救赎；在线报纸、网络杂志和电子书可以保留和扩展印刷文化的最好方面，同时用它们的各种技术优势扩大它。由题干可知，while是连词，意为“与此同时”，说明while前后意思相近而不是转折。preserve and extend（保留和扩展）表示传统印刷业将继续扩张。由此可知，augmenting在此处最可能是“增大”的意思。因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题As soon as we entered the house, we felt an intangible sense of gloom and hopelessness.问题1选项A.untouchableB.unconsciousC.imponderableD.unjustifiable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词intangible意为“无形的，触摸不到的；难以理解的”；A选项“untouchable”意为“达不到的；不可批评的；不可捉摸的”；B选项“unconscious”意为“无意识的；失去知觉的；不省人事的；未发觉的”；C选项“imponderable”意为“无重量的；无法计算的”；D选项“unjustifiable”意为“不合道理的；不能分辩的；辩护不了的”。句意：我们一走进房子，就感到一种难以言喻的阴郁和绝望。由题干可知，sense of gloom and hopelessness（忧郁和绝望的感觉）是无法触摸的，所以可以推测出intangible在此处最可能是“触摸不到的”的意思，四个选项中untouchable具有“不可捉摸的”的意思，与此相近。因此A选项符合题意。3. 单选题Looming over the debate about human interference in the worlds boreal forests is an as yet unanswerable question: Will the effects of global warming eventually dwarf mans impact?问题1选项A.raise to greater importanceB.make more difficult to measureC.cause to appear smallD.bring to an abrupt end【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。横线单词dwarf意为“（使）变矮；使显得矮小；使无足轻重”；A选项“raise to greater importance”意为“提高重要性”；B选项“make more difficult to measure”意为“使得更难以测量”；C选项“cause to appear small”意为“使显得不重要”；D选项“bring to an abrupt end”意为“突然结束、停止”。句意：关于人类对世界寒带森林干预的争论迫在眉睫，这是一个至今无法回答的问题：全球变暖的影响最终会使人类的影响变得无关紧要吗？由题干可知，the effects of global warming（全球变暖的影响）和mans impact（人类的影响）是两组不同的影响，题目意在将全球变暖的影响和人类的影响相比较，是否全球变暖会使得人类的影响变得微不足道。由此可知，dwarf在此处最可能是“使无足轻重”的意思。因此C选项符合题意。4. 不定项选择题One fact was clearly demonstrated by the early sleep researchers: one part of the night is not just like another. As scientists began to compare the records of volunteers, they observed that human sleep follows a rhythmic schedule; they noted that not only was this schedule much the same in healthy person of the same age with similar habits but, from night to night, each individual had an EEG record almost as consistent as a signature.Sleep and wakefulness, once considered to be the light and dark of consciousness, no longer seem to differ so sharply. To sleep does not mean to drown in an ocean of darkness. Actually, sleep is not a unitary state; it involves many shades or degrees of detachment from the surrounding world. Sleep is made up of separate stages of light and deeper slumber. Typically, only during the first hours of sleep does a person reach the stage of the deepest slumber, the rest of them is spent drifting between the other lighter stages in specific patterns, all night long a person drifts down and up through different levels of consciousness, as if on waves. While sleep may feel like a blanket of darkness punctuated by dreams a time when the mind is asleep nothing could be less true. With laboratory methods, researches have been able to chart the typical stages of the journey into sleep.The journey starts while the subject is still awake but beginning to relax; his brain waves, which have been low, rapid, and irregular, begin to show a new pattern; this new pattern, which is known as alpha rhythm, is an even electrical pulsation of about 9 to 12 cycles per second. Most people do not know what the alpha state feels like, but during the last few years researchers have been able to teach subjects how to recognize and learn to sustain their alpha rhythm.When their EEG shows an alpha rhythm, the subjects are notified, either by a sound or by the appearance of a color on a screen. Because the alpha state tends to be relaxed, the ability to sustain it can help tense people ease their passage into sleep. A moment of tension, a loud noise, an attempt to solve a problem, however, and the alpha rhythm may vanish.As the subject passes through the gates of the unconscious, his alpha waves grow smaller, and his eyes roll very slowly. For a moment, he may wake up during this early part of the descent, alerted by sudden spasm that causes his body to jerk. Like the brain waves, this spasm is a sign of neural changes within. Known as the myoclonic jerk, it is cause by a brief burst of activity in the brain. The myoclonic jerk is normal in all human sleep, it is gone in a fraction of a second, after which the descent continues, the subject has not felt this peculiar transformation, but now he is said to be truly asleep.1. The sentence “each individual had an EEG record almost consistent as a signature” means （ ）.2. In the second paragraph, the author describes that （ ）.3. The word “unitary” in the second paragraph means （ ）.4. When can we say that a person is asleep?5. We can infer from the passage that the “alpha rhythm” is（ ）.问题1选项A.each individual had quite different EEG record like their personalized signatureB.each individual had almost the same EEG record as his signatureC.the EEG record of each individual may be contradictory to one anotherD.the EEG record of each individual may be changed from one another问题2选项A.sleep and wakefulness are different because of completely different levels of consciousnessB.sleep is a quiet stateC.sleep makes one drown in an ocean of darknessD.sleep involves different levels of consciousness问题3选项A.complexB.uniqueC.singleD.simple问题4选项A.When there are no dreams.B.Before he wakes.C.After the myoclonic is finished.D.After the alpha rhythm descents.问题5选项A.sustainableB.rapidC.irregularD.myoclonic【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“from night to night, each individual had an EEG record almost as consistent as a signature每个人每晚的脑电图记录几乎和签名一样一致”知B项与原文相符。A项“每个人都有完全不同的脑电图记录，就像他们的个性化签名一样”，与原文不符；B项“每个人的脑电图记录几乎如其签名样一致”；C项“每个人的脑电图记录可能相互矛盾”，与原文不符；D项“每个人的脑电图记录可能相互改变”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由文章第二段内容可知D项与原文相符。A项“睡眠和清醒是不同的，因为意识的层次完全不同”，与原文不符；B项“睡眠是一种安静的状态”，与原文不符；C项“睡眠使人淹没在黑暗的海洋中”，与原文不符；D项“睡眠涉及不同层次的意识”，因此D选项正确。第3题:词汇题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Sleep is made up of separate stages of light and deeper slumber. 睡眠由不同的浅的和更深的睡眠构成”，可推知unitary有“单一的”的意思。A项“复杂的”；B项“独特的”；C项“单一的”；D项“简单的”，因此C选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“The myoclonic jerk is normal in all human sleep, it is gone in a fraction of a second, after which the descent continues, the subject has not felt this peculiar transformation, but now he is said to be truly asleep. 肌阵挛痉挛在所有人的睡眠中都是正常的，在瞬间就消失了，之后继续下降，实验对象并没有感觉到这种奇特的变化，但据说现在他真的睡着了。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“当没有做梦时”，与原文不符；B项“在他觉醒前”，与原文不符；C项“在肌阵挛反应结束后”；D项“在阿尔法节奏下降之后”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第5题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段中“.is an even electrical pulsation of about 9 to 12 cycles per second. 是一种每秒大约循环9至12次的电流脉动”，可知它的速度较快，B项正确。A项“可持续的”；B项“迅速的”；C项“不规则的”；D项“肌阵挛的”，因此B选项正确。5. 不定项选择题The age at which young children begin to make moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Kensey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Kenseys research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressors action was justified by public duty; five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Anns pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody wont fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified: the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.1. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?2. Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten six year olds acquired the ability of（ ）.3. According to the passage, Piaget and Kensey would not have agreed on（ ）.4. The term “public duty”（in line 5 of paragraph 2）in the context of the passage means（ ）.5. Kenseys findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?问题1选项A.An outline for future research.B.An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms.C.An analysis of a dispute between two theorists.D.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry.问题2选项A.differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harmB.identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful actionC.justifying harmful actions that result from provocationD.evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules问题3选项A.the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commitB.the age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harmC.the intentions children have in perpetrating harmD.the circumstances under which children punish harmful acts问题4选项A.the necessity to apprehend perpetratorsB.the responsibility to punish transgressorsC.an obligation to prevent harm to anotherD.the assignment of punishment for harmful action问题5选项A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.B.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.C.They do not understand the concept of public duty.D.They make arbitrary moral judgments.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需从全文整体分析。第一段中Kensey和Piaget两人提出了有关儿童心理发展的不同观点，随后的二三段都是在对Kensey的观点进行讨论和论证。A选项“An outline for future research”意为“未来研究的大纲”，原文并未提及未来研究的大纲；B选项“An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms”意为“对常见误解术语的扩展定义”，原文不是对误解术语的扩展定义，是提出了两个不同观点；C选项“An analysis of a dispute between two theorists”意为“对两个理论家之间争论的分析”，原文二三段主要论证了Kensey的观点，并没有就两者的争论进行分析；D选项“A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry”意为“对正在进行的调查中研究结果的讨论”，符合原文，此处指的就是对Kensey研究结果的讨论。因此D选项符合题意。第2题:事实细节题。由seven months of kindergarten定位到文章最后一段最后一句“Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous”，然而，七个月后，达利发现，同样是这些孩子已经可以做出两种区分，从而表明他们在道德上是自发的。由此可知，进入幼儿园七个月后，孩子们已经能区别可预见和不可预见的伤害。A选项“differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harm”，意为“区分可预见和不可预见的伤害”，与原文相符；B选项“identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful action”意为“辨认有害行为的作恶者”，原文未提及；C选项“justifying harmful actions that result from provocation”意为“为因挑衅而导致的有害行为辩护”，原文是这不是Darley的研究发现，是针对Kensey观点的研究结果；D选项“evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules”意为“评估因违反规则而产生的负面后果的大小”，原文中这是Piaget的观点，不是Darley的发现。因此A选项符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit”意为“孩子们为他们所做的有害行为找的种种借口”，这只是针对Kensey观点的研究结果，但不代表二者就此有分歧；B选项“the age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm”意为“儿童开始区分故意伤害和无意伤害的年龄”，与原文相符，原文第一段第四句，然而， Kensey发现，6岁的儿童能区分意外伤害和故意伤害。由此可推测这就是两者观点的不同之处；C选项“the intentions children have in perpetrating harm”意为“孩子们实施伤害的意图”，原文两者争论的重点不是孩子实施伤害的意图，而是孩子究竟何时开始辨别有意与无意的伤害；D选项“the circumstances under which children punish harmful acts”意为“儿童惩罚有害行为的情形”，这是Nesdalc和Rule的研究发现，不是Piaget与Kensey之间的分歧。因此B选项符合题意。第4题:判断推理题。由public duty定位到文章第二段第三句“For example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressors action was justified by public duty”，例如，Nesdalc和Rule的结论是，儿童有能力考虑侵犯者的行为是否符合公共义务；五岁的孩子对邦妮破坏了安的假房子的反应非常不同，这取决于邦妮这么做是为了防止别人摔倒，还是因为邦妮想让安难过。由此可知，这个事例是对公共义务的解释，所以公共义务就是防止他人受损害的义务，如防止他人摔倒。A选项“the necessity to apprehend perpetrators”意为“逮捕罪犯的必要性”，与原文不符，原文未提及逮捕罪犯；B选项“the responsibility to punish transgressors”意为“惩罚犯规者的责任”，原文Nesdalc和Rule的结论中儿童并没有对犯规者进行惩罚；C选项“an obligation to prevent harm to another”意为“防止损害他人的义务”，与原文相符；D选项“the assignment of punishment for harmful action”意为“对有害行为的惩罚分配”，该结论中并没有谈到惩罚。因此C选项符合题意。第5题:判断推理题。由Kenseys findings定位到文章第一段最后一句“Both of these findings seem to indicate that in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage”，这两项发现（Kensey的发现）似乎都表明，儿童比皮亚杰所说的更早进入道德发展的第二阶段，即道德自主。由此可知，儿童已经能自主做出道德判断。A选项“They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments”意为“他们有能力自主做出道德判断”，符合Kensey的理论；B选项“They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy”意为“他们把道德绝对主义看作是对他们道德自主权的威胁”，原文未提及道德绝对主义；C选项“They do not understand the concept of public duty”意为“他们不理解公共义务的概念”，与原文不符，就Nesdalc和Rule的结论而言，孩子已经理解公共义务的概念；D选项“They make arbitrary moral judgments”意为“他们武断地做出道德判断”，与原文不符，原文是进入道德自主阶段的儿童认为规则武断，而不是儿童武断地做出道德判断。因此A选项符合题意。6. 单选题They are meticulous in work, well aware a careless mistake will cost the company millions of pounds.问题1选项A.rather casualB.pretty slowC.very carefullyD.really considerate【答案】C【解析】考查形容词和词组辨析。meticulous“小心翼翼的；A选项rather casual“非常随便的”；B选项pretty slow“相当慢的”；C选项very carefully“非常小心地”；D选项really considerate“确实体贴的”。句意：在工作中，他们小心翼翼，很清楚一个粗心的错误将花费公司数百万英镑。由题干中的“well aware很清楚”可知meticulous在这里为“小心翼翼的”的意思，因此C选项正确。7. 单选题Driving a car without insurance can have （ ）consequences.问题1选项A.uncertainB.disastrousC.potentialD.unworthy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项uncertain“无常的；靠不住的；迟疑不决的”；B选项disastrous“损失惨重的；悲伤的”；C选项potential“潜在的；可能的”；D选项unworthy“不值得的；无价值的”。句意：在没有保险的情况下驾车可能产生损失惨重的后果。根据句中“Driving a car without insurance在没有保险的情况下驾车”可知“损失惨重的”符合语境，因此B选项正确。8. 不定项选择题Most Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-living, jet-traveling people creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, excitement with joy, business with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing “organization man” with an independent individual.From this critical view our rates of alcoholism, suicide and divorce, as well as juvenile delinquency, gang rule, acts of violence and indifference to life, are characteristic symptoms of our “pathology of normalcy”. It may be argued that all these pathological phenomena exist because we have not yet reached our aim, that of an affluent society. It is true, we are still far from being an affluent society. But the material progress made in the last decades allows us to hope that our system might eventually produce a materially affluent society. Yet will we be happier then? The example of Sweden, one of the most prosperous, democratic and peaceful European countries, is not very encouraging: Sweden, as is often pointed out, in spite of all its material security has among the highest alcoholism and suicide rates in Europe, while a much poorer country like Ireland ranks among the lowest in these respects. Could it be that our dream that material welfare per se leads to happiness is just a pipe dream?Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the full unfolding of a persons potentialities, what mattered to them was the person who is much, not the one who has much or uses much. For them economic production was a means to the unfolding of man, not an end. It seems that today the means have become ends, that not only “God is dead” as Nietzsche said in the nineteenth century, but also man is dead; that what is alive are the organizations, the machines; and that man has become their slave rather than being their master.Each society creates its own type of personality by its way of bringing up children in the family, by its system of education, by its effective values (that is those values that are rewarded rather than only preached). Every society creates the type of “social character” which is needed for its proper functioning. It forms men who want to do what they have to do. What kind of men does our large-scale, bureaucratized industrialism need?It needs men who cooperate smoothly in large groups, who want to consume more and more, and whose tastes are standardized and can be easily influenced and anticipated. It needs men who feel free and independent, yet who are willing to be commanded, to do what is expected, to fit into the social machine without friction; men who can be guided without force, led without leaders, prompted without an aim except the aim to be on the move, to function, to go ahead.1. The author uses the example of Sweden in the second paragraph to show that （ ）.2. Compared with thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries, people today （ ）.3. It can be inferred from the 3rd paragraph that （ ）.4. According to the author, which type of individual might be most welcome in todays society?5. The author writes this article to （ ）.问题1选项A.an affluent society will be free from those pathological phenomenaB.Sweden is a better society than any other in EuropeC.a prosperous country will have higher alcoholism and suicide rates than a poor countryD.happiness has nothing to do with material welfare问题2选项A.are more concerned about how to bring into full play peoples potentialsB.care less about the material things of life than about the spiritual thingsC.regard material things the most important in lifeD.have absolute control of the world问题3选项A.the author strongly opposes economic productionB.the author is in favor of the ideology of the thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries