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专题二主旨大意挖命题【考情探究】考点内容五年考频统计2014天津卷2015天津卷2016天津卷2017春天津卷2017夏天津卷2018春天津卷2018夏天津卷主旨大意主要考查考生归纳概括文章内容以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。2211231分析解读1.归纳段落大意一定要在把握全段内容和全文中心思想的基础上进行。2.文章主旨是通过段落的大意得出的且主要由主题句来体现,识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。3.标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达形式。解题时要在理解全文的基础上运用概括、归纳、判断等逻辑思维方法,对文章的主题和中心思想进行高度概括或提炼,从而选择出标题。纵观近五年天津高考,该题型所占比重较小,主要以归纳文章标题和概括段落或文章主旨大意的形式来考查。过专题【五年高考】A组自主命题天津卷题组Passage 1(2018天津夏,C)词数:365Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus:food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to“re-create forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly the same,”freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体)from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类)and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock“food”that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said,“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物)before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.1.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A.It helps cooks to create new dishes.B.It saves time and effort in cooking.C.It improves the cooking conditions.D.It contributes to restaurant decorations.2.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3?A.It solves food shortages easily.B.It quickens the transportation of food.C.It needs no space for the storage of food.D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.3.According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food.A.is more available to consumersB.can meet individual nutritional needsC.is more tasty than food in supermarketsD.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials4.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A.The printing process is complicated.B.3D food printers are too expensive.C.Food materials have to be dry.D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.5.What could be the best title of the passage?A.3D Food Printing:Delicious New TechnologyB.A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC.The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD.3D Food Printing:From Farm to Table答案1.B2.D3.B4.C5.APassage 2(2018天津春,C)词数:396If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarksa big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?Could you still find your way home?A loggerhead turtle(海龟)could.According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的)sense based on Earths magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches.Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect(探测到)magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs.As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense?Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea.Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”(罗盘). He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earths. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go.At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed(颠倒)the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”.This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle.Lohmanns work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study.1.Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they .A.bring up their youngB.recognize landmarksC.detect magnetic fieldsD.learn to find directions2.What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense?A.Weak light reflected off the ocean.B.Help from adult loggerheads.C.Bright sunlight from the sky.D.Food in warmer waters.3.In the experiment, after the newborns magnetic sense was set, their moving direction was determined by . A.the lightB.the magnetic fieldC.other unknown factorsD.the light and the magnetic field4.What is the significance of Lohmanns research work?A.It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. B.It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. C.It offers a new solution to environmental pollution.D.It helps protect the loggerheads living environment.5.What could be the best title of the passage?A.Experiments on LoggerheadsB.The Survival of the Sea TurtleC.The Loggerheads Built-in “Compass”D.Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals答案1.D2.A3.B4.D5.CPassage 3(2017天津夏,A)词数:307Suppose youre in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame.What to do?Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.Clicking “send”too soonDont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.Writing the wrong nameThe sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).Clicking “reply all”unintentionallyYou accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday youd like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.Sending an offensive message to its subjectThe most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person youre discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensiblysee it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.1.After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel .A.curiousB.tiredC.awfulD.funny2.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to .A.apologise in a serious mannerB.tell the receiver to ignore the errorC.learn to write the name correctlyD.send a short notice to everyone3.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all”email?A.Try offering other choices.B.Avoid further involvement.C.Meet other staff members.D.Make a light-hearted apology.4.How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email?A.By promising not to offend the receiver again.B.By seeking support from the receivers friends.C.By asking the receiver to control his anger.D.By talking to the receiver face to face.5.What is the passage mainly about?A.Defining email errors.B.Reducing email mistakes.C.Handling email accidents.D.Improving email writing.答案1.C2.A3.B4.D5.CPassage 4(2017天津春,B)词数:330Pre-school children who spend time together take on one anothers personalities, a new study has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping peoples personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche(心理), the research finds that personality traits(特征)are “contagious”(传染的)among children. “Our finding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality cant be changed,” said Dr. Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study.The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes for a full school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize.The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015 psychology study found that rudeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person to person “like a disease”. The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an employee was enough to cause people to be rude to those around them.The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social “climate” in their workplaces, which included offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in the past year. And the study also suggests that merely seeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treat their colleagues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise.Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in the workplace can do as it can damage the working environment. She said better training could help to fight against the problem. 1.What does the underlined part “flies in the face of” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Leads to. B.Results from.C.Goes against.D.Agrees with.2.According to Paragraph 2, who have the greatest impact on childrens personality?A.Their parents.B.Their friends.C.The researchers.D.The psychologists.3.Which of the following is considered rude at the workplace?A.Ignoring the faults of co-workers.B.Not sending emails to workmates.C.Seeking praise from colleagues and bosses.D.Not inviting a colleague to a company party.4.What is the passage mainly about?A.Ones personality is hard to change.B.Ones personality is shaped by genes.C.Ones personality traits can spread to others.D.Ones personality traits can change overnight.5.This passage is most probably taken from .A.a science reportB.a study guideC.a school textbookD.a technical journal答案1.C2.B3.D4.C5.APassage 5(2016天津,D)词数:385Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫)and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the days work with the difficult task of essay-writing.Experience proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I canthen let the unconscious take over.When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica(大英百科全书), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.Human beings, I believe, must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to.A.delay tasksB.work hardC.seek helpD.accept failure2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?A.Writing essays in strict order.B.Building up physical strength.C.Leaving out the toughest ideas.D.Dealing with the hardest task first.3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?A.Before starting a difficult task.B.When all the solutions fail.C.If the job is rather boring.D.After finding a way out.4.According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us.A.ignore mental problemsB.get some nice sleepC.gain complete reliefD.find the right solution5.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Success Is Built upon FailureB.How to Handle Performance FatigueC.Getting over Fatigue:A Way to SuccessD.Fatigue:An Early Sign of Health Problems答案1.A2.D3.B4.D5.CPassage 6(2015天津,B)词数:293Whether in the home or the workplace,social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way,said Cynthia Breazeal,chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.While household robots today do the normal housework,social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.For example,these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad.This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.The Jibo robot,arranged to ship later this year,is designed to be a personalized assistant.You can talk to the robot,ask it questions,and make requests for it to perform different tasks.The robot doesnt just deliver general answers to questions;it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household.It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.Social robots are not just finding their way into the home.They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market.The companys“Oshbot”robot is built to assist customers in a store,which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the products location in the store.It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.The more interaction the robot has with humans,the more it learns.But Oshbot,like other social robots,is not intended to replace workers,but to work alongside other employees.“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us,but with us,”said Breazeal.1.How are social robots different from household robots?A.They can control their emotions.B.They are more like humans.C.They do the normal housework.D.They respond to users more slowly.2.What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?A.Communicate with you and perform operations.B.Answer your questions and make requests.C.Take your family pictures and deliver milk.D.Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.3.What can Oshbot work as?A.A language teacher.B.A tour guide.C.A shop assistant.D.A private nurse.4.We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will.A.train employeesB.be our workmatesC.improve technologiesD.take the place of workers5.What does the passage mainly present?A.A new design idea of household robots.B.Marketing strategies for social robots.C.Information on household robots.D.An introduction to social robots.答案1.B2.D3.C4.B5.DPassage 7(2015天津,C)词数:369One day when I was 12,my mother gave me an order:I was to walk to the public library,and borrow at least one book for the summer.This was one more weapon for her to defeat my strange probleminability to read.In the library,I found my way into the“Childrens Room”.I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.He was my secret sharer,but one morning,he was gone,given away to someone who had the space and the money to care for him.I never forgot my beagle.There on the books cover was a beagle which looked identical(相同的)to my dog.I ran my fingers over the picture of the dog on the cover.My eyes ran across the title,Amos,the Beagle with a Plan.Unknowingly,I had read the title.Without opening the book,I borrowed it from the library for the summer.Under the shade of a bush,I started to read about Amos.I
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