2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷34

2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Ellen has come into a lot of money recently thanks to her relatives _.问题1选项A.generosityB.sincerityC.certaintyD.flexibility【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 generosity “慷慨，大方；宽宏大量”；B选项 sincerity “真实，诚挚”；C选项 certainty “必然；确实；确实的事情”；D选项 flexibility “灵活性；弹性；适应性”。句意：由于亲戚们的慷慨，埃伦最近得到了很多钱。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censusall of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of datA.These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade levelvariables that are characterized by an underlying continuumor the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large mass of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of otherwise unwieldy mass or data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human minD.This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.1. With what is the passage mainly concerned?2. The word “divergent “in line 1 in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.3. Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in the first paragraph?4. Which of the following is NOT given an example of qualitative variable?5. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?问题1选项A.The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statisticsB.Application of inferential statisticsC.The development and use of statisticsD.How to use the descriptive statistics问题2选项A.differentB.distributedC.recordedD.prominent问题3选项A.To point out that parents can teach their children statisticsB.To introduce inferential statisticsC.To explain that there are different kinds of variablesD.To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way问题4选项A.GenderB.HeightC.College majorD.Type of personalities问题5选项A.To compare different groupsB.To predict characteristics of the entire populationC.To detect differences not observable in the whole populationD.To compile more accurate data【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到原文第一段第一句 “There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.”中文翻译为：统计方法的早期发展受到两种截然不同的影响。A选项“描述统计和推理统计的缺点”不符合题意。B选项“推理统计学的应用”，推理统计学只是统计学的一类，不符合题意。选项D “使用描述性统计学”跟选项B类似，描述性统计学也只是统计学的一类。因此C选项“统计学的发展和使用”正确。2.形容词词义辨析题。由题干关键字“divergent”可以定位到原文第一段， 第一句“There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.”中文翻译为：统计方法的早期发展受到两种截然不同的影响。可知A选项“different”（不同的）正确。B选项“distributed”（分布式的）排除。C选项 “recorded”（记录的）排除。D选项“prominent”（著名的）排除。3.作者意图题。由题干关键字“mother，father”可以定位到原文第一段“Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.”，中文翻译为：统计学有一个“母亲”，她致力于井井有条地记录政府机构的文件（国家和统计学这两个词源于同一个拉丁语词根，status），还有一个有绅士般的赌博“父亲”，他依靠数学来提高技巧，以便在几率的游戏中获胜。由中文大意得知，选项D “To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way. ”以幽默易懂的方式介绍统计学的背景符合题意。4.推理判断题。由题干关键字“qualitative variables”可以定位到原文第二段中 “the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type.” 中文翻译为： 数据可能代表定性变量，如性别、大学专业或性格类型。 可以得知B选项“height”没有提及，所以B选项正确。选项A “Gender”（性别），选项C “College major”（大学专业），选项D “Type of personalities”（性格类型）。5.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句“the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.”，中文翻译为：推理统计学的目的就是通过了解一个群体中一部分样本的特征来预测或估计该群体的特征。则B选项“预测整个人口的特征”正确。3. 写作题In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this? Write a passage on the topic in about 200 words. You must write clearly and logically on your Answer Sheet.【答案】略。4. 单选题Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiters four largest moons and the second moon out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistiC.Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days, Europa was transformedin our perception, at leastinto one of the solar systems most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters indicates that Europas surface ice resembles Earths Antarctic ice cap. The eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thicka true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases a rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forces generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The crack like marks on Europas icy face appears to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.Soon after Voyager 2s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europas subsurface ocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast store of internal heat. Jupiters early heat was produced by the compression of the material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity. During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europas ocean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979 _.3. It can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in common which of the following?4. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiters other large moons on Europa?5. According to the passage, Voyager 2s images led researchers to develop which of the following theories?问题1选项A.The effect of the tides on Europas interiorB.Temperature variations on Jupiters moonsC.Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiters moonsD.Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images问题2选项A.provided many contradictory statistics about EuropaB.considered Europa the most important of Jupiters moonsC.did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was availableD.did not mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered问题3选项A.Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surfaceB.Both appear to have a surface with many cratersC.Both have an ice cap that is melting rapidlyD.Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior问题4选项A.They prevent tides that could damage Europas surfaceB.They prevent Europas subsurface waters from freezingC.They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes EuropaD.They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level问题5选项A.Jupiter may be hotter today than it once wasB.Europa is far older than scientists originally thoughtC.Europas temperature is maintained by Jupiters vast store of internal heatD.The ocean waters of Europa could contain some forms of life【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文主要说明了一些关于木卫二的理论，因此C选项“这些发现导致了关于木星一颗卫星的理论”正确。A选项“潮汐对木卫二内部的影响”，B选项“木星卫星上的温度变化”，D选项“旅行者2号用来获得特写图像的技术”对应的都是文章中的一段，不全面。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiters four largest moons and the second moon out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic.”，中文翻译为：木卫二是木星四个最大的卫星中最小的，也是木星的第二个卫星。直到1979年，这只是天文学教科书上的数据。知C选项“没有强调木卫二是因为没有什么有趣的信息”正确。3.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段“The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters indicates that Europas surface ice resembles Earths Antarctic ice cap. The eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thicka true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases a rocky core.”，中文翻译为：木卫二的表面几乎是纯净的水冰，但几乎完全没有陨石坑，这表明木卫二的表面冰类似于地球的南极冰盖。蛋壳的类比可能相当准确，因为冰层可能只有几公里厚一个真正的外壳，围绕着一个可能是地下液态海洋的地方，而这个海洋反过来又包裹着一个岩石核心。因此，A选项“两者在薄而坚硬的表面下都可能有水”正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段“The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The crack like marks on Europas icy face appears to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.”，中文翻译为：由此产生的内部热量使原本可能是冰的东西几乎融化到表面。在木卫二冰冷的表面上有类似裂缝的痕迹，似乎是水或泥浆从下面渗出的裂缝。故B选项“它们可以防止木卫二的地下水结冰。”最符合题意。5.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位尾段“Soon after Voyager 2s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europas subsurface ocean might harbor life.”，中文翻译为：1979年，“旅行者2号”与木星相遇，获得了木卫二的最佳图像，之后不久，研究人员提出了一个令人吃惊的想法，即木卫二的地下海洋可能孕育着生命。可以得知D选项“木卫二的海水可能含有某种生命形式。”正确。5. 单选题It is Mr. York who bangs the drum in John Kirkpatricks apparently authentic, and certainly suitable band music.问题1选项A.genuineB.reliableC.honestD.automatic【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 genuine “真实的，真正的；诚恳的”；B选项 reliable “可靠的；可信赖的”；C选项 honest “诚实的，实在的；可靠的；坦率的”；D选项 automatic “自动的；无意识的；必然的”。句意：约克先生在约翰柯克帕特里克(John Kirkpatrick)的音乐中敲起了鼓，这显然是真实的，当然也是合适的乐队音乐。结合此处关键词 authentic “真正的，真实的；可信的”，得知A为正确答案。6. 单选题Condemned to death, Socrates could have escaped but chose to die by drinking poisonseeking truth even to the _ end.问题1选项A.strongB.deadC.dyingD.lethal【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 strong“强壮的”；B选项 dead“无生命的；呆板的；废弃了的”；C选项dying“垂死的；临终的；濒临消亡的；快要结束的”；D选项lethal“致命的”。句意：判处死刑，苏格拉底本可以逃脱但选择喝毒药寻求真理。根据poison（毒药），A，B，C项都不能与poison（毒药）进行搭配，结合句意，选项D为正确答案。7. 单选题Doctors are interested in using lasers as surgical tools in operations on people who are prone to heart attack.问题1选项A.are infectious toB.are accessible toC.are disposed ofD.are susceptible to【答案】D【解析】考查词组词义辨析。A选项are infectious to “有传染性”；B选项 are accessible to “都可以访问”；C选项 are disposed of “正在处理”；D选项 are susceptible to “易受”。句意：医生有兴趣使用激光作为手术工具，对那些容易心脏病发作的人进行手术。根据此处关键词heart attack（心脏病）可排除A选项，B选项及C选项不符合句意也可排除，D选项are susceptible to“易受”最符合题意，因此D选项正确。8. 单选题Diet-related diseases also cost society in terms of decreased work productivity, increased absenteeism, poorer school performance, and reduced fitness on the part of military _, among other negative effects.问题1选项A.recruitsB.reengineeringC.weaponD.scene【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 recruits“新兵；新成员”；B选项 reengineering “企业再造；再造工程；重建”；C选项weapon “武器，兵器”；D选项scene “场面；情景；景象；事件”。句意：与饮食有关的疾病也对社会造成负面影响，如工作效率下降、旷工增多、学习成绩差、身体素质下降等。根据military（军队）以及fitness（身体素质）可推测空白处应该填“人”的单词，因此B、C、D选项都可排除。A选项recruits（新兵）符合，结合句意，A选项为正确答案。9. 单选题The term “print” has several meanings, so it is important to understand exactly what is meant by the artistic terminology. A print in the artistic sense is not a reproduction of a work of art done in some other medium, such as painting or drawing. That can in no sense be considered a work of art, since the artist had no involvement with it. A print is an original work of art created by an indirect methoD.Instead of making an image directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting, the artist works on a master surface, which may be a sheet of metal, a block of stone, wood, plastic, or linoleum. From this master surface, numerous impressions may be made by inking the surface, laying a sheet of paper on it, and then subjecting both surface and paper to pressure, generally by means of a printing press.A print may exist in several versions. Sometimes the printmaker alters the image between impressions, so that each print is slightly different from the others. Any series of such prints is referred to as multiples. The number of impressions (known as the edition) that are possible from a single original varies with the material. Prints made from linoleum, which wears readily, will be fewer than those made from a metal plate, which is capable of striking fine-quality prints in the thousands. It is customary to number prints as they come off the press, the earlier impressions being the finest and therefore the most desirable.Prints incorporate the same compositional principles, as paintings. Line, shape, or texture may be the predominant element according to the printing technique useD.Some prints have obvious decorative qualities while others may be filled with emotional impact.Printmaking derives from two historical sources: early woodblocks into which an image was cut and used to illustrate a book or playing cards, and the medieval practice of decorating metal with incised designs, as in armor. Today most techniques fall into one of four categories: relief, intaglio, lithography, and serigraphy. However, there are many variations, combinations with photographic techniques, and considerable overlapping.1. In the artistic sense, a print is a work of art created by _.2. Which of the following is mentioned as an example of a master surface?3. It can be inferred that prints may differ from other works of art in terms of all of the following EXCEPT_.4. A metal plate is compared favorably with linoleum as a meter surface because a metal plate _.5. It can be inferred that prints may differ from other works of art in terms of all of the following EXCEPT _.问题1选项A.making a painting from an original drawingB.drawing or painting similar images many timesC.transferring an original image from one surface to anotherD.copying an original image made on paper onto a hard surface问题2选项A.a drawing or paintingB.a block of stoneC.a sheet of paperD.a printing press问题3选项A.compositional principlesB.use of line, shape, or textureC.decorative qualitiesD.emotional impact问题4选项A.lasts longerB.is less expensiveC.makes prints more quicklyD.produces a greater variety of prints问题5选项A.emotional impactB.use of line, shape, or textureC.decorative qualitiesD.compositional principles【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文第一段“Instead of making an image directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting, the artist works on a master surface, which may be a sheet of metal, a block of stone, wood, plastic, or linoleum. From this master surface, numerous impressions may be made by inking the surface, laying a sheet of paper on it, and then subjecting both surface and paper to pressure, generally by means of a printing press.”，中文翻译为：与在绘画或绘画中直接在一个表面上作画不同，艺术家在一个主表面上作画，主表面可以是一块金属板、一块石头、木头、塑料或油毡。在这个主表面上，通过在表面上涂上油墨，在上面铺上一张纸，然后用印刷机对表面和纸张进行压印，可以产生许多印痕。故判断C选项“将原始图像从一个表面转移到另一个表面”正确。2.推理判断题。由题干关键字“a master surface”可以定位到原文第一段 “Instead of making an image directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting, the artist works on a master surface, which may be a sheet of metal, a block of stone, wood, plastic, or linoleum.”，中文翻译为：与在绘画或绘画中直接在一个表面上作画不同，艺术家在一个主表面上作画，主表面可以是一块金属板、一块石头、木头、塑料或油毡。可知，B选项“一块石头”正确。3.推理判断题。由A选项“创作原则”可以定位到原文第一段“A print is an original work of art created by an indirect method. Instead of making an image directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting, the artist works on a master surface, which may be a sheet of metal, a block of stone, wood, plastic, or linoleum.”，中文翻译为：版画是一种间接创作的原创艺术作品。与在绘画或绘画中直接在一个表面上作画不同，艺术家在一个主表面上作画，主表面可以是一块金属板、一块石头、木头、塑料或油毡。则A选项正确，排除。由B选项“线条、形状或纹理的使用”可以定位到原文倒数第二段“Prints incorporate the same compositional principles, as paintings. Line, shape, or texture may be the predominant element according to the printing technique used.”，中文翻译为：版画和绘画一样，包含同样的构图原则。根据所使用的印刷技术，线条、形状或纹理可能是主要元素。可知B选项错误。由C选项“装饰的品质”D选项“情绪的影响”可以定位到原文倒数第二段“Some prints have obvious decorative qualities while others may be filled with emotional impact.”，中文翻译为：一些版画具有明显的装饰性，而另一些则可能充满情感的冲击。知C、D选项正确，排除。答案为B。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第二段中“Prints made from linoleum, which wears readily, will be fewer than those made from a metal plate, which is capable of striking fine-quality prints in the thousands.”，中文翻译为：油毡制成的印刷品很容易磨损，它比金属板制成的印刷品要少，而金属板能印出成千上万张高质量的印刷品。可以得知C选项“使打印速度更快”正确。5.原试题即与3题重复。10. 单选题Sometimes the bank manager himself is asked to _ cheques if his clerks are not sure about them.问题1选项A.creditB.assureC.certifyD.access【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项credit“相信，信任；把归给，归功于；赞颂”；B选项assure “保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚”；C选项 certify “证明；保证”；D选项access “接近，使用；访问，存取（电脑文档）”。句意：有时，如果银行经理的职员对支票不确定，就要求他本人证明支票。结合此处语境，C选项正确。11. 单选题The historic meeting of the presidents of these two countries will greatly promote _ relationship and cooperation at all levels.问题1选项A.bilateralB.benignC.significantD.fundamental【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 bilateral “双边的；有两边的”；B选项 benign “良性的；和蔼的，亲切的；吉利的”；C选项 significant “重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的”；D选项 fundamental “基本的，根本的”。句意：两国元首的历史性会晤将有力地推动双边的关系和各层次合作。结合句意，A为正确答案。12. 单选题The members of the branch were indignant that government had planted two spies among them.问题1选项A.irateB.indifferentC.insensibleD.inspired【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项irate “生气的；发怒的”；B选项 indifferent “冷淡的；不关心的；中等的”；C选项 insensible “昏迷的；无知觉的；麻木不仁的”；D选项 inspired“品质优秀的；能力卓越的；借助于灵感创作的”。句意：支部的成员对政府在他们中间安插了两名间谍感到愤怒。结合此处关键短语 planted two spies among them“安插了两名间谍”，可推测支部的成员会对此十分气愤，得知A选项正确。13. 单选题Air attacks in Afghanistan are focused on airports and training camps to avoid civilian _.问题1选项A.involvementB.rebellionC.casualtiesD.anguish【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项involvement “参与；牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难” ；B选项rebellion “叛乱；反抗；谋反”；C选项 casualties“伤亡；人员伤亡”；D选项anguish“痛苦；苦恼”。句意：阿富汗的空