2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷71

2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Irans possible acquisition of nuclear weapons is a serious matter, but it does not _ military action.问题1选项A.compromiseB.easeC.accommodateD.justify【答案】C【解析】句间逻辑中的转折关系。A选项compromise“妥协，折中”；B选项ease“减轻，缓解”；C选项accommodate“给提供方便”；D选项justify“证明是正当的；替辩护”。句意：虽然伊朗可能拥有核武器是一个严重的问题，但这不_军事行动。根据but推断，前后两句意思发生了转折，前半句表达的是问题的严重性，那么后半句表达的是这件严重的事情还算好的一面，C选项accommodate“给提供方便”符合语境，句意为“虽然伊朗可能拥有核武器是一个严重的问题，但它不用于军事行动”。因此，本题最佳选项为C。2. 单选题When snow collects on top of a building during the winter, the weight sometimes weakens the construction and occasionally causes the roof to collapse.问题1选项A.meltsB.accumulatesC.selectsD.scatters【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. melts 融化 B. accumulates 积累C. selects 选择 D. scatters 分散【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】后文提到“积雪的重量有时会削弱建筑结构（weakens the construction），有时会导致屋顶倒塌（causes the roof to collapse）”，雪花本来是很轻的，只有积累到一定程度才会很重，有使房屋倒塌的能力，原词collect“收集；聚集”，因此B选项accumulates“积累”与原词最接近。【干扰项排除】A选项melts“融化”，雪花融化了就更不可能有使房屋倒塌的影响力了，不符合句意；C选项selects“选择”，没有依据；D选项scatters“分散”，分散了的话，重量会更轻，不会使房屋倒塌，不符合句意。【句意】当积雪在冬天堆积在建筑物顶部时，积雪的重量有时会削弱建筑结构，有时会导致屋顶倒塌。3. 单选题We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why. Some peoples breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, the simple, dry mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they dont necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcoholas most doit can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.6. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “_”.7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?8. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because _.9. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because _.10. We can infer from this passage that _.问题1选项A.thrive onB.account forC.originate fromD.descend from问题2选项A.Tooth trouble.B.Sulfur rich food.C.Too much exercise.D.Mental strain.问题3选项A.it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingB.its smell adds to bad breathC.it kills some helpful bacteriaD.it affects the normal flow of saliva问题4选项A.they cant mask the bad odor long enoughB.they cant get to all the offending bacteriaC.their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worseD.they cant cover the thick layers of mucus问题5选项A.offensive breath cant easily be curedB.elderly people are less offended by bad breathC.heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD.offensive breath is less affected by alcohol【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】6. 语义推测题。根据关键词emanate from定位到原文第1段第2句In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes.（大多数情况下，难闻的口气_口腔中的细菌，尽管还有其他原因。）从后半句“其他原因”推断，前半句也是讲的难闻的口气产生的原因即口腔中的细菌。A选项“以某事为乐，因某事而有所成就（尤指别人不喜欢的事物）”，与语境不符，排除；B选项“导致”因果颠倒，排除；C选项“源自；来源于”，与原文相符；D选项“由传下来，起源于”，侧重于介绍发展传承，不符合语境，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。7. 事实细节题。题干“下列哪项被认为是引起口臭的原因之一”可定位到原文中介绍口气成因的第5段第1、2句Alcohol hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why.（嗜酒、说话过多、运动时用嘴呼吸等任何会使口腔干燥的事都会产生口臭。压力也是如此，尽管原因不明。）由此可知，D选项“精神紧张”（即压力）是原因之一。A选项“口腔疾病”、B选项“含硫丰富的食物”、C选项“太多的锻炼”（不是锻炼太多，而是锻炼是用嘴呼吸）都不是原文提及的原因。干扰选项B可定位到原文第4段最后一句When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.（例如，当我们睡觉时，唾液流变慢，产生硫的细菌占了上风，产生了经典的“早晨口气”。）原文是说细菌产生硫，造成口气，而不是食物中含硫丰富。因此，本题最佳选项为D。8. 推理判断题。题干“根据文章，酒精与口臭有关，主要是因为_”可定位到原文最后一句If the mouthwash contains alcoholas most doit can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.（如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数情况下都是如此它会使口腔干燥，从而加剧问题。）由此可知，因为酒精会使口腔干燥，从而加剧口臭。原文第3段第1句Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows.（当唾液正常流动减慢时，口臭就会发生。）由此可知，口臭产生的原因是“唾液的正常流动减慢”。综合来看，酒精使口腔干燥，使唾液的正常流动减慢，加剧了口臭，所以D选项“它会影响唾液的正常流动”符合原文表述。A选项“它阻止了有害细菌的繁殖”，与酒精加剧了口臭的事实相左，如果酒精阻止了有害细菌的繁殖的话，应该会缓解口臭，排除；B选项“它的气味增加了口臭”，原文并未提及，排除；C选项“它杀死一些有益的细菌”，原文并未提及，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。9. 题干“漱口水并不是治疗口臭的有效方法，主要是因为_”可定位到原文最后一段第3、4、5句Some mouthwashes under thick layers of mucus.（一些漱口水声称可以杀死导致口臭的细菌。问题是，它们不一定能接触到所有有害的细菌。在厚厚的黏液层下，大多数细菌都能很好地抵御漱口水。）由此可知，黏液层保护了细菌，导致漱口水不能接触并杀死所有的有害细菌，从而不能有效的治疗口臭，B选项“它们无法接触到所有有害的细菌”，表述符合原文。干扰选项A“他们无法掩盖这难闻的气味足够长的时间”可定位到最后一段第2句The liquid can mask bad breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour.（这种液体可以用自身的气味掩盖口臭，但效果不会超过一个小时。）由此可知，漱口水用自身的气味掩盖口臭，但这并不能治疗口臭，所以这一点并非漱口水不是治疗口臭的有效方法的原因，与B选项相比，更不是主要原因，排除；C选项“它们强烈的气味和口臭混合在一起，使情况更糟”表述与原文相反，漱口水的气味可以掩盖口臭，排除；D选项“酒精对难闻的口气的影响较小”，可定位到原文最后一句If the mouthwash contains alcohol-as most do-it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.（如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数情况下都是如此它会使口腔干燥，从而加剧问题。）由此可知，酒精会加重口臭，选项表述与原文不符，且并不是所有的漱口水都含有酒精，排除；因此，本题最佳选项为B。10. 推理判断题。题干“我们可以从文章中推断_”。A选项“口臭不容易治好”，可定位到原文第2段Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.（直到几年前，大多数医生能做的就是劝告有口臭的病人注意口腔清洁。现在他们正在寻找新方法治疗这种通常来说可以治愈的疾病。）由此可知，能治疗口臭的方法很少，还有待研究。A选项符合原文，注意不能被后文第7段For most of us, the simple, dry mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured.（对于我们大多数人来说，简单的、口干的口臭很容易治愈。）误导，这只是说大多数人来说，简单的口臭很容易治愈；B选项“老年人不太会有口臭”，可定位到原文第6段第1句Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do.（随着年龄的增长，唾液的流动逐渐减慢，这就解释了为什么老年人比年轻人有更多的口臭问题。）由此可知，老年人更容易有口臭，B选项与原文不符，排除；C选项“酗酒者受到口臭的影响较小”，可定位到原文第5段第1句Alcohol hunger anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath.（嗜酒等使口腔干燥的事都会产生口臭。）由此可知，酗酒者受口臭影响大，C选项与原文不符，排除；D选项“酒精对口气的影响较小”，可定位到原文最后一句If the mouthwash contains alcohol-as most do-it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.（如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数情况下都是如此它会使口腔干燥，从而加剧问题。）由此可知，酒精会加重口臭，D选项与原文不符，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。4. 单选题Fresh water is finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment.问题1选项A.likely to failB.likely to accumulateC.likely to improveD.likely to enhance【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. likely to fail 可能会缺乏 B. likely to accumulate 可能会积累C. likely to improve 可能会改善 D. likely to enhance 可能会提高【考查点】词义推测【解题思路】该词形容的是“淡水资源”，说明淡水的特性，与其并列的形容词是finite“有限的”，A选项likely to fail“可能会缺乏”（fail有“不足，缺乏”的意思）最符合语境，原词vulnerable“易受伤害的；脆弱的”。【干扰项排除】B选项likely to accumulate“可能会积累”与“有限的”矛盾；C选项likely to improve“可能会改善”，与原文不符；D选项likely to enhance“可能会提高”，与原文不符。【句意】淡水是有限和脆弱的资源，对维持生命、发展和环境至关重要。5. 单选题They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra _, or a painter of defective paint.问题1选项A.in paceB.out of focusC.in stepD.out of tune【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. in pace 保持同步 B. out of focus 失焦C. in step 步调一致 D. out of tune 走调【考查点】句间逻辑【解题思路】空格处所填词是音乐家（a musician）的后置定语，而根据原句句意“他们把选举投票说成是管弦乐队中_的乐师或油漆涂不好（defective paint）的油漆匠”，由此可知，空格处的内容应该与“有缺陷的（defective）”语义一致，因此，D选项out of tune“走调”符合原文语义衔接。【干扰项排除】A选项in pace“保持同步”，与“有缺陷的（defective）”语义不一致；B选项out of focus“失焦”，一般用于摄影师，不用于乐师；C选项in step“步调一致”与“有缺陷的（defective）”语义不一致。【句意】他们把选举投票说成是“管弦乐队中跑调的乐师”或“油漆有缺陷的油漆匠”。6. 单选题Tims utterly _ by that woman.问题1选项A.offendedB.hostileC.hurtD.bewitched【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. offended冒犯v.（过去分词） B. hostile 敌对的C. hurt 伤害v.（过去分词） D. bewitched 使着迷v.（过去分词）【考查点】修饰语与被修饰语的搭配以及介词搭配【解题思路】首先，空格前有副词utterly“完全的；彻底的”修饰；其次，空格后搭配的介词为by，由此可推断，D选项bewitched“使着迷v.（过去分词）”最符合原句前后搭配。【干扰项排除】A选项offended“冒犯v.（过去分词）”，一般不与utterly搭配；B选项hostile“敌对的”，与介词by搭配不当，该词常与介词to搭配；C选项hurt“伤害v.（过去分词）”，一般不与utterly搭配。【句意】Tim被那个女人彻底迷住了。7. 单选题Seven Ways to Save the WorldForget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial-riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same-or better-results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Romer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of the hotels wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less power. He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending about 100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his 90,000 fuel and power bill by 60,000. As a bonus, the hotels lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions by more than 200 metric tons. “For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable,” he says. “And most importantly, were not giving up a single comfort for our guests.”Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But the best argument for efficiency is its costor, more precisely, its profitability. Thats because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week.The good news is that the world is full of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the seven that could have the biggest impact:InsulateSpace heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the worlds energy. Theres virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype “zero-energy homes” in Switzerland and Germany have shown. Theres been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that dont constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.Change BulbsLighting eats up 20 percent of the worlds electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbsa 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, not only use 75 to 80 percent less electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer. Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year.Comfort ZoneWater boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jump-start the market, including Japan, where almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.Remake FactoriesFrom steel mills to paper factories, industry eats up about a third of the worlds energy. The opportunities to save are vast. In Ludwigshafen, German chemicals giant BASF runs an interconnected complex of more than 200 chemical factories, where heat produced by one chemical process is used to power the next. At the Ludwigshafen site alone, such recycling of heat and energy saves the company200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions. Now BASF is doing the same for new plants in China. “Optimizing energy efficiency is a decisive competitive advantage,” says BASF CEO Jurgen Hambrecht.Green DrivingA quarter of the worlds energyincluding two thirds of the annual production of oilis used for transportation. Some savings come free of charge: you can boost fuel efficiency by 6 percent simply by keeping your cars tires properly inflated. Gasoline-electric hybrid models like the Toyota Prius improve mileage by a further 20 percent over conventional models.A Better FridgeMore than half of all residential power goes into running household appliances, producing a fifth of the worlds carbon emissions. And thats true even though manufacturers have already hiked the efficiency of refrigerators and other white goods by as much as 70 percent since the 1980s. According to an International Energy Agency study, if consumers chose those models that would save them the most money over the life of the appliance, theyd cut global residential power consumption (and their utility bills) by 43 percent.Flexible PaymentWho says you have to pay for all your conservation investments? “Energy service contractors” will pay for retrofitting in return for a share of the clients annual utility-bill savings, In Beijing, Shenwu Thermal Energy Technology Co. specializes in retrofitting Chinas steel furnaces. Shenwu puts up the initial investment to install a heat exchanger that preheats the air going into the furnace, slashing the clients fuel costs. Shenwu pockets a cut of those savings, so both Shenwu and the client profit.If saving energy is so easy and profitable, why isnt everyone doing it? It has to do with psychology and a lack of information. Most of us tend to look at todays price tag more than tomorrows potential savings. That holds double for the landlord or developer, who wont actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating system might generate. In many peoples minds, conservation is still associated with self-denial. Many environmentalists still push that view.Smart governments can help push the market in the right direction. The EUs 1994 law on labeling was such a success that it extended the same idea to entire buildings last year. To boost the market value of efficiency, all new buildings are required to have an “energy pass” detailing power and heating consumption. Countries like Japan and Germany have successively tightened building codes, requiring an increase in insulation levels but leaving it up to builders to decide how to meet them.The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself. Over the past year, sky-high fuel prices have focused minds on efficiency like never before. Ever-increasing pressure to cut costs has finally forced more companies to do some math on their energy use.Will it be enough? With global demand and emissions rising so fast, we may not have any choice but to try. Efficient technology is here now, proven and cheap. Compared with all other options, its the biggest, easiest and most profitable bang for the buck.1. What is said to be the best way to conserve energy nowadays?2. What does the European Union plan to do?3. If you add enough insulation to your house, you may be able to _.4. How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light?5. Some countries have tried to jump-start the market of heat pumps by _.6. German chemicals giant BASF saves 200 million a year by _.7. Global residential power consumption can be cut by 43 percent if_.问题1选项A.Raising efficiency.B.Cutting unnecessary costs.C.Finding alternative resources.D.Sacrificing some personal comforts.问题2选项A.Diversify energy supply.B.Reduce carbon emissions.C.Cut energy consumption.D.Raise production efficiency.问题3选项A.improve you work environmentB.get rid of air-conditionersC.cut your utility bills by halfD.enjoy much better health问题4选项A.A small portion.B.Some 40 percent.C.Almost half.D.75 to 80 percent.问题5选项A.upgrading the equipmentB.encouraging investmentsC.providing subsidiesD.implementing high-tech问题6选项A.reducing the CO2 emissionsB.setting up factories in ChinaC.using the newest technologyD.recycling heat and energy of its plants问题7选项A.we increase the insulation of walls and water pipesB.we choose simpler models of electrical appliancesC.we cut down on the use of refrigerators and other white goodsD.we choose the most efficient models of refrigerators and other white goods【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C第6题:D第7题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。题干“现在节约能源最好的方法是什么”，可定位到原文第1段第2句These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same-or better-results from just a fraction of the energy.（如今，节约能源就是提高使用效率：使用少量的能源得到同样的效果，或者更好的效果。）由此可知，现在节约能源的方法是提高能源使用效率，A选项“提高效率”，符合原文。原文第1段第1句Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial-riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers.（忘记旧的观念：节约能源是一种自我否定的形式骑自行车，调暗灯光，少洗澡。）由此可知，B选项“减少不必要的消耗”、C选项“寻找替代资源”、D选项“牺牲一些个人舒适”对应的都是以前节约能源的观念，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。2.事实细节题。题干“欧盟计划做什么”，可定位到原文第3段第2句the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020.（欧盟公布了一项计划，到2020年将整个欧洲大陆的能源使用量减少20%。）由此可知，欧盟计划减少整个欧洲大陆的能源使用，C选项“降低能源消耗”，符合原文。A选项“能源供应多元化”、B选项“减少碳排放”、D选项“提高生产效率”，均未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为C。3.事实细节题。题干“如果你给你的房子添加足够的隔热材料，你也许可以_”，可定位到原文Insulate小节，第4句The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills.（最先进的隔热材料遵循收益递增的规律：如果你增加了足够多的隔热材料，你就可以按比例减少甚至取消供暖和空调设备，甚至在你开始节省水电费之前就降低了成本。）B选项“摆脱空调”，表述与原文一致；C选项“减少一半的水电费”，原文并未明确指出可以减少一半的水电费，排除；A、D选项可定位到本小节最后一句Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that dont constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.（研究表明，绿色工作场所（