2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷95

2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题He was asked to be the（ ）of the badminton game because he was an impartial person.问题1选项A.judgeB.umpireC.fanD.controller【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。judge意为“法官，审判员”，泛指各种场合中的评判人员；umpire意为“裁判员”多用于仲裁者本身不需随比赛移动位置，如羽毛球、游泳、板球、棒球等；fan意为“迷，狂热爱好者，风扇”；controller意为“(尤指大型机构或部门的)管理者，控制者”。由the badminton game（羽毛球比赛）可知选B。句意：他被要求担任羽毛球比赛的裁判，因为他是一个公正的人。2. 翻译题What is it that we mean by Literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of manso that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature.So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is also easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a station in books not Literature; but inversely, much that really is Literature never reaches a station in books. The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mindto warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarmdoes not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent. The Drama againas, for instance, the finest of Shakespeares plays in England, and many leading Athenian playsoperated as a literature on the public mind, and were (according to the strictest letter of that term) published through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.【答案】【参考译文】我们所说的文学到底是什么呢？一般来说，人们会不假思索地认为一切书中所印之物都是文学。这种说法经不起深究，再粗心的人也很容易意识到文学是联系着人们普遍兴趣的一个重要因素仅仅是一个地方，一个行业或者是一个人的兴趣，即使以书本的形式出现也不算是文学。文学的定义很容易受到限制，同样也很容易被扩大。大多数的书本都不能称之为文学，而相反的是，很多真正的文学却从未踏入过书本的行列。基督教堂里每个礼拜的布道词，数量巨大的文学讲坛，它们通过告诫、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示对人们的心理产生了巨大而广泛的作用，但它们在图书馆里还占不到千分之一的席位。戏剧也是如此，举个例子来说，英国莎士比亚最优秀的戏剧，以及代表所有希腊灿烂文化的剧作早已在它们成为出版物被人传阅之前就已经在大众面前发表过了（根据“发表”一词最准确的意义来讲），并且在那个传抄和打印价格都很昂贵的年代里，它们以戏剧的形式发表而产生的影响远胜于书本所造成的影响。3. 单选题Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States. These economics employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise less influence than are capital firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.The authors attitude toward Most economists in the United States” (Para, 1) can best be described as（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the authors argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious” (Para, 1) because（ ）.4.The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal arises from the authors statement that price-fixing is（ ）.问题1选项A.refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized societiesB.suggest methods by which economists and members of the government of the Unite States can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firmsC.show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and the operation of the free market are not only compatible but also mutually beneficialD.argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any industrialized society问题2选项A.spiteful and enviousB.scornful and denunciatoryC.critical and condescendingD.ambivalent but deferential问题3选项A.people do not have confidence in large firmsB.people do not expect the government to regulate pricesC.most economists believe that consumers as a group should determine pricesD.most economists associate fixed prices with communist and socialist economies问题4选项A.a profitable result of economic developmentB.an inevitable result of the industrial systemC.the result of a number of carefully organized decisionsD.a phenomenon common to industrialized and non-industrialized societies【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段指出美国的大多数经济学家都被自由市场的魅力所迷惑，事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果。随后文章对定价进行了详细的分析，因此D选项“认为以某种形式的价格固定是任何工业化社会经济的必然组成部分，并对其有益”符合题意。2.观点态度题。由文章第二段中的Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States.（此外，那些认为让自由市场在不受干扰的情况下运行是确定价格的最有效方法的经济学家，没有考虑到美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济）可知作者对美国大多数经济学家的观点是不赞成的，但其后并没有明确指出是自由市场好还是定价市场好，因此作者的态度是批评与谦虚的，选C。3.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.（因此，没有不符合自由市场要求的东西是好的或正常的。一个由卖方决定的价格，或者就此而言，由除消费者总数以外的任何人确定的价格，似乎是有害的）可知C选项“大多数经济学家认为消费者群体应该决定价格”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires.（事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果）B选项“工业体系的必然结果”符合题意。4. 单选题The first coins to appear in the Western world were issued by the Lydians and the Ionian Greeks in the eighth century B.C. These coins, which were made of electrum, a natural combination of gold and silver, were irregular in weight and quality and apparently of private issue. The pure gold and silver coins with related values which appeared during the reign of Croesus (560-546 B.C) provide the first undoubted evidence of standard coinage by state authority. The coins were not perfectly shaped, however, for they were struck with a hand-wielded hammer. The trend toward complete mathematical symmetry did not, in fact, begin until the coining press, invented by Leonardo da Vinci in the sixteenth century, was generally adopted in the middle of the seventeenth century.One should not assume, however, that only machine-made coins are prized for their workmanship. The silver dekadrachm from Syracuse, struck about 413 B.C., is considered one of the finest Greek coins and is worth more than a thousand dollars today. An artistic masterpiece of a much later period is the silver taler minted in Ratisbon, southern Germany, in 1754.The value of a coin is not primarily determined by its age, as many people seem to think. Many Greek and Roman coins that were issued in abundance can be purchased for a moderate price. On the other hand, a German coin made of shrapnel during the First World War is very rare and valuable. Among the especially rare United States coins are the 1804 silver dollar, the 1822 five-dollar gold piece, and the 1894 silver dime.1.Which of the following statements may NOT be right about the coins made in Lydia during the reign of Croesus?2.The authority specifically mentions all of the following specific features of the Syracuse dekadrachm EXCEPT its （ ）.3.The author makes it clear that the Syracusan dekadrachm and the German taler mentioned in the passage are（ ）.4.Leonardo de Vinci is mentioned in the passage in connection with（ ）.5.The author makes it clear that coins made by machine are（ ）.问题1选项A.They were issued by the governmentB.They were given standard valuesC.They were all of equal purityD.They were all alike in shape问题2选项A.appearanceB.scarcityC.valueD.age问题3选项A.handmade Western coinsB.worth about a thousand dollars each todayC.made out of different metalsD.noted for their craftsmanship问题4选项A.the first government issue of coinsB.the artistic aspect of coin makingC.coins issued in the sixteenth centuryD.the production of uniform coins问题5选项A.usually of greater value than handmade coinsB.more uniform in size and shape than handmade coinsC.available in large quantities than handmade coinsD.generally superior in workmanship to handmade coins【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的The pure gold and silver coins with related values which appeared during the reign of Croesus provide the first undoubted evidence of standard coinage by state authority.（克里萨斯国王统治时期出现的具有相关价值的纯金和银币，为国家当局提供了第一个毫无疑问的标准铸币证据）可知A、B、C的选项正确，因此选D。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的The coins were not perfectly shaped, however, for they were struck with a hand-wielded hammer.（然而，这些硬币的形状并不完美，因为它们是用手握着的锤子敲打的）和第二段中的The silver dekadrachm from Syracuse, struck about 413 B.C., is considered one of the finest Greek coins and is worth more than a thousand dollars today.（来自希腊库扎的银质硬币铸造于公元前413年，被认为是希腊最好的硬币之一，价值超过1000美元）可知提到了这个银币的不足、价值以及年龄，因此选A。3.细节事实题。文章第二段句首提到One should not assume, however, that only machine-made coins are prized for their workmanship.（然而，人们不应该认为只有机器制造的硬币才是有价值的），紧接着以the Syracusan dekadrachm and the German taler举例，是为了说明手工制作的硬币具有很大的价值，因此选D。4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的The trend toward complete mathematical symmetry did not, in fact, begin until the coining press, invented by Leonardo da Vinci in the sixteenth century（事实上，完全数学对称的趋势直到十六世纪莱昂纳多达芬奇发明的印压机才开始）可知B选项“硬币制作的工艺”符合题意。5.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的The coins were not perfectly shaped, however, for they were struck with a hand-wielded hammer.（然而，这些硬币的形状并不完美，因为它们是用手握着的锤子敲打的）可知以前手工制作的硬币在形状大小存在不足，机械制造出来的银币其形状大小是统一的，因此选B。5. 翻译题5. A fascinating city between sea and sky, like Venus rising from the waves, Venice welcomes tourists from the five continents drawn to her by the charm of her water and pellucid light, free from all dust and cooled by the sea breeze. She also offers the intellectual pleasures to be derived from her masterpieces which mark the meeting of East and West.【答案】【参考译文】5.威尼斯水城海天相连，景色迷人，宛如碧波中涌现的维纳斯，吸引着五大洲的游客。她水色旖旎，波光粼粼，清风拂面而来，扫去你心中的不快与烦恼。而城市中那些集东西方艺术之大成的杰作，更给人以精神上的享受。6. 翻译题We have inherited a world of relative abundance, one where we can still for the most part meet our needs. We can be thankful for the wisdom of our forebears, who evidently took their responsibility for the future seriously. Yet, imagine a world without the amazing diversity of species from which we now benefit, a world without decent soil to farm, air to breathe, or water to drink. Such a world is one that any generation could inherit if its predecessor did not find wisdom in its responsibility to the future.What we are today depends to a great extent upon how we have been formed by the generations that have preceded us. When we look to future generations, our position toward them is analogous to the position of past generations toward us. We are the data out of which the future will be formed. What we are and do today will limit or create their options, and in this way we profoundly help to shape their destiny. What kind of world we leave to the future is essentially a question of moral responsibility.【答案】【参考译文】我们继承了一个相对富饶的世界，在这个世界里，我们仍能在很大程度上满足自己的需求。我们应该感谢我们祖先的智慧，他们显然认真地承担了他们对未来的责任。然而，想象一个没有我们现在受益的惊人物种多样性的世界，一个没有像样的土壤可以耕种、没有空气可以呼吸、没有水可以饮用的世界，那么在这样的世界中，如果前辈们没有从对未来的责任中发现智慧，任何一代人都能对其进行继承。我们今天是什么样子，在很大程度上取决于我们的前辈如何塑造我们。当我们对将来的几代人负责时，我们对他们的态度就类似于过去几代人对我们的态度。我们是构成未来的“数据”。我们今天的状况和所作所为将会限制或塑造他们的选择，而通过这种方式，我们在他们命运形成的过程中具有深远意义。我们留给未来什么样的世界，从本质上说，是一种道德责任的问题。7. 单选题Your excuse that an elephant fell on you and made you late is just（ ）.问题1选项A.inevitableB.incredibleC.indispensableD.incurable【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。inevitable意为“不可避免的”；incredible意为“不能相信的，难以置信的”；indispensable意为“不可或缺的，必不可少的”；incurable意为“无法治愈的”。由“an elephant fell on you（一只大象落在你身上）”导致迟到这样的借口，通常会让人觉得这是难以置信的，因此选B。句意：你找的借口说一只大象落在你身上，使你迟到了，这根本是不可信的。8. 单选题The Civil War provided an impetus to Michigans growth.问题1选项A.an incentive toB.an obstacle toC.a reason forD.a delay in【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。an impetus to意为“推动，促进”；an incentive to意为“刺激，激励”；an obstacle to意为“障碍”；a reason for意为“理由，原因”；a delay in意为“延迟”。句意：南北战争推动了密歇根州的发展。9. 单选题Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Earths surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion. In fact, the events that produced the canyon, far from being sudden and cataclysmic, simply add up to the slow and orderly process of erosion.Many millions of years ago, the Colorado Plateau in the Grand Canyon area contained 1,000 more feet of rock than it does today and was relatively level. The additional material consisted of some 14 layered fonnations of rock. In the Grand Canyon region these layers were largely worn away over the course of millions of years.Approximately 65 million years ago the plateaus flat surface in the Grand Canyon area bulged upward from internal pressure; geologists refer to this bulging action as upwarping; it was followed by a general elevation of the whole Colorado Plateau, a process that is still going on. As the plateau gradually rose, shallow rivers that meandered across it began to run more swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of these rivers, located east of the upwarp, was the ancestor of the Colorado. Another river system called the Hualapai, flowing west of the upwarp, extended itself eastward by cutting back into the upwarp; it eventually connected with the ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new river then began to carve out the 277-miIe-long trench that eventually became the Grand Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial cutting action began no earlier than 10 million years ago.Since then, the canyon forming has been cumulative. To the corrosive force of the river itself have been added other factors. Heat and cold, rain and snow, along with the varying resistance of the rocks, increase the opportunities for erosion. The canyon walls crumble; the river acquires a cutting tool, tons of debris; rainfall running off the high plateau creates feeder streams that carve side canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.In the first sentence the author refers to the Grand Canyon as a “wound” to indicate that（ ）.3.Which of the following conclusions about the Grand Canyon can be drawn from the passage?问题1选项A.Patterns of erosion in different mountain ranges.B.Forces that made the Grand Canyons.C.The increasing pollution of the Colorado River.D.The sudden appearance of the Grand Canyon.问题2选项A.it was caused by some ancient convulsionB.its presence is an embarrassment to the State of ColoradoC.it looks like an injury on the Earths surfaceD.it is caused many visitors to injure themselves问题3选项A.Its contours are constantly changing.B.It contains approximately 14 million tons of rock.C.Its eruptions have increased in recent years.D.It is being eroded by toxic waste and pollutants.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍了大峡谷主要是由于缓慢而有序的侵蚀作用形成；第二三段对大峡谷形成的原因和过程进行了仔细分析；最后一段进一步介绍大峡谷的进一步形成是由于各种力的作用。因此B选项“大峡谷形成的各种力”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Earths surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion.（站在大峡谷的边缘，凝视着地球表面这个巨大的伤痕，游客可能会认为峡谷是由一些古老的震动造成的）可知C选项“看上去像是地球表面的伤痕”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.（缓慢地向后推进高原，旁边的峡谷露出新的岩石，侵蚀模式继续进行）可知大峡谷的轮廓在不断变化，因此选A。10. 单选题Those who are _ of all common sense would be easily taken in by tricks that are frequently exposed by the wise.问题1选项A.deprivedB.devoidC.strippedD.snatched【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项deprived“贫困的，穷苦的，严重匮乏的；（人）丧失的，被剥夺的”；B选项devoid“缺乏的；全无的”；C选项stripped“剥去的”；D选项snatched“一把抓起；夺去；抓紧时间做；反败为胜”。根据固定搭配be devoid of“缺乏；没有的；毫无的；没有”可知句意为：那些缺乏常识的人很容易上当，而这些花招往往是由智者揭露的。所以B选项正确。11. 单选题Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are available in grocery stores.问题1选项A.readyB.approachableC.probableD.obtainable【答案】D【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项ready“准备好的，现成的，迅速的”；B选项approachable“可接近的，可到达的，易理解的”；C选项probable“很可能的，可信的”；D选项obtainable“能得到的，能获得的”。句意：现成的方便食品可以在杂货店买到。Available“可获得的；可购得的；可找到的；有空的”，所以D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。12. 单选题In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, Fra