2022年考博英语-北京大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷2

2022年考博英语-北京大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题commutation via the telegraph began in the 1840s, just before the Civil War, and via the telephone just afterward (1870s).问题1选项A.InstantaneousB.SpontaneousC.SimultaneousD.Instinctive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。instantaneous“瞬间的”；spontaneous“自发的”；simultaneous“同时的”；instinctive“本能的”。句意：通过电报进行的同时通讯始于内战前的19世纪40年代，后来（19世纪70年代）很快开始通过电话进行同时通讯。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题Weve seen a(n) ( ) trend of consumers saying they will spend more, from holiday shopping to 2012 travel plans, and spending plans for Feb. 14 are no exception.问题1选项A.consistentB.persistentC.insistentD.resistant【答案】A【解析】考查形近形容词辨析。consistent“前后一致的；坚持的“；persistent ”固执的；坚持的“；insistent ”坚持的；迫切的；显著的“；resistant ”反抗的；顽固的“。句意：从假日购物到2012年的旅游计划，我们已经看到消费者将增加消费的倾向，2月14日的消费计划也不例外。 按照句意，A选项符合，指这种消费倾向保持一致。3. 单选题Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britons increasingly turn to the cheap and（ ） foodstuff for their cooking.问题1选项A.versatileB.multipleC.manifoldD.diverse【答案】A【解析】考查近义词辨析。versatile“多才多艺的，多用途的”；multiple“多重的，复合的”；manifold“多方面的，各式各样的”；diverse“不同的，各种各样的”。句意：蘑菇的销量创下历史新高，因为英国人越来越多致力于寻找便宜的、多用途的食材做饭。因此A选项符合题意。 4. 单选题We（ ）admire his courage and self-confidence.问题1选项A.can butB.cannot onlyC.cannot butD.can only but【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。can but“只能”；cannot only“不能只”；cannot but“不得不，禁不住”；can only but 无此用法。句意：我们佩服他的勇气和自信。因此C选项符合题意。5. 单选题Why does storytelling endure across time and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way that people respond to Victorian literature hints that novels act as a social glue, reinforcing the types of behaviour that benefit society.Literature “could continually condition society so that we fight against base impulses and work in a cooperative way, says Jonathan Gottschall of Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. He and co-author Joseph Carroll at the University of Missouri, St. Louis, study how Darwins theories of evolution apply to literature. Along with John Johnson, an evolutionary psychologist at Pennsylvania State University in DuBois, the researchers asked 500 people to fill in a questionnaire about 200 classic Victorian novels. The respondents were asked to define characters as protagonists or antagonists and then to describe their personality and motives, such as whether they were conscientious or power hungry.The team found that the characters fell into groups that mirrored the egalitarian dynamics of a society in which individual dominance is suppressed for the greater good Evolutionary Psychology, vol 4, p 716). Protagonists, such as Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, for example, scored highly on conscientiousness and nurturing, while antagonists like Bram Stokers Count Dracula scored highly on status-seeking and social dominance. In the novels, dominant behaviour is “powerfully stigmatized, says Gottschall “Bad guys and girls are just dominance machines; they are obsessed with getting ahead, they rarely have pro-social behaviours.”While few in todays world live in hunter-gatherer societies, “the political dynamic at work in these novels, the basic opposition between communitarianism and dominance behaviour, is a universal theme”, says Carroll. Christopher Boehm, a cultural anthropologist whose work Carroll acknowledges was an important influence on the study, agrees. “Modem democracies, with their formal checks and balances, are carrying forward an egalitarian ideal”.A few characters were judged to be both good and bad, such as Heathcliff in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights or Austens Mr. Darcy. “They reveal the pressure being exercised on maintaining the total social order,” says Carroll.Boehm and Carroll believe novels have the same effect as the cautionary tales told in older societies. “Novels have a function that continues to contribute to the quality and structure of group life,” says Boehm. “Maybe storytellingfrom TV to folk tales actually serves some specific evolutionary adaptation,” says Gottschall. Theyre not just products of evolutionary adaptation.1.According to the study mentioned in the passage, which one of the following best defines the function of literature in human society?2.What were the respondents in the research asked to do?3.What is said about the bad guys and girls in novels?4.In the political dynamic of literature, to what is dominant behavior set opposed?问题1选项A.It helps with the evolutionary progress.B.It helps advocate peoples base impulse and conscientiousness.C.It reinforces the types of behavior the benefit a cooperative society.D.It suppresses base impulses and sets regulations for society.问题2选项A.To identify protagonists and antagonists in some novels and describe them.B.To group characters in novels who mirror the egalitarian dynamic of a society.C.To give scores to literary character in regard to social dominance.D.To tell the bad guys from the good ones in some novels.问题3选项A.They are protagonists that are powerfully stigmatized.B.They are always afraid of getting ahead of others.C.They rarely have behaviors that protect the society.D.They always seek dominant status in society.问题4选项A.The universal theme of power.B.The egalitarian ideal.C.Modem democracies.D.Formal checks and balances of a traditional society.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.断推理题。题干：根据文中提到的研究，下列哪一项最能定义文学在人类社会中的作用？第一段第二句提到“A studyhints that novels act as a social glue, reinforcing the types of behaviour that benefit society”，说明小说扮演着社会粘合剂，可以加强有益社会的行为。因此C选项符合题意。A选项中的“有助进化”，文中未提及；B选项错在动词“advocate”，文中说的是“fight against”；D选项中错在“set regulations”2.细节题。题干：调查中的受访者被要求做什么？由题干定位到第二段最后一句“he respondents were asked to define characters as protagonists or antagonists and then to describe their personality and motives”，要求受访者将小说人物分为主角和反面角色，然后说明各自的性格和动机。选项A符合题意。3.细节题。题干：小说里关于坏男孩和坏女孩的说了些什么？文章第三段最后一句说到“Bad guys and girls are just dominance machines; they are obsessed with getting ahead, they rarely have pro-social behaviours”，可知坏人想要出人头地，很少做有益社会的活动。因此D选项符合题意。4.细节题。题干：在文学的政治动态中，统治行为与什么相对立？由题干定位到第四段第一句“the political dynamic at work in these novels, the basic opposition between communitarianism and dominance behavior”，可知共有社会主义与统治行为的本质对抗是永恒的主题。因此B选项符合题意。6. 单选题U. S. Secretary of State Rice（ ）a three-day trip to the Middle East with an agreementfrom Israeli and Palestinian leaders to hold meetings every two weeks.问题1选项A.ended upB.wrapped upC.rounded upD.summed up【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。end up “结束；死亡”；wrap up“包裹；圆满完成”；round up “围捕；赶拢”；sum up“总结，概述”。句意：美国国务卿赖斯中东为期三天的访问，与以色列和巴勒斯坦领导人达成协议，每两周举行会议。end up 后如果要接名词，必须有with。因此B选项符合题意。7. 单选题Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated on the academic left. In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professors （1） being deposed by science, which they regarded as right- leaning. Postmodernism （2） ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is （3）and subject to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer. Science is just one of many ways of knowing, they argued, neither more nor less （4） than others, like those of Aborigines, Native Americans or women. （5） ，they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural （6） .This argument （7）with many feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted, leading to the “political correctness” justifiably（8） by Rush Limbaugh and the “mental masturbation” lampooned by Woody Allen.Acceptance of this relativistic worldview （9） democracy and leads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism. John Locke, one of Jeffersons “trinity of three greatest men,” showed （10） almost three centuries ago. Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, each claiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to be true? What is the basis of knowledge? In 1689 he （11）what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Any claim that fails this test is “but faith, or opinion, but not knowledge.” It was this idea that the world is knowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is the most （12）basis for public policy that stood as Jeffersons foundational argument for democracy.By falsely （13） knowledge with opinion, postmodernists and antiscience conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment era, leaving no common basis for public policy. Public discourse is （14）to endless waning opinions, none seen as more valid than another. Policy is determined by the loudest voices, reducing us to a world in which might（15） right the definition of authoritarianism.问题1选项A.satisfied withB.angry withC.displeased atD.proud of问题2选项A.discountedB.doubtedC.adoptedD.shared问题3选项A.objectiveB.subjectiveC.culturalD.relative问题4选项A.variableB.validC.valuableD.various问题5选项A.HoweverB.ThereforeC.OtherwiseD.Furthermore问题6选项A.assimilationB.inhibitionC.representationD.oppression问题7选项A.resonatedB.agreedC.appealedD.responded问题8选项A.likedB.approvedC.verifiedD.hated问题9选项A.offsetsB.producesC.underminesD.strengthens问题10选项A.whenB.whatC.whyD.which问题11选项A.foundB.definedC.dictatedD.claimed问题12选项A.practicalB.equalC.usefulD.equitable问题13选项A.identifyingB.equippingC.equatingD.confusing问题14选项A.deducedB.introducedC.conducedD.reduced问题15选项A.decidesB.causesC.makesD.creates【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D第6题:D第7题:A第8题:D第9题:C第10题:C第11题:B第12题:D第13题:C第14题:D第15题:C【解析】（1）考查形容词辨析。Satisfied with“对感到满意”；angry with“生某人的气”；displeased at“使不快”；proud of“为而感到骄傲”。句意：在20世纪60年代和70年代，一场名为后现代主义的哲学运动在人文学科教授中兴起，这些教授被他们认为是右倾的科学驱之门外，他们感到非常不满。因此选项C符合题意。（2）考查动词辨析。discount“打折扣；低估；忽视”；doubt“怀疑”；adopt“采取；过继”；share“共享，分担”。Postmodernism 后现代主义与ideas想法之间缺少的动词选择“采纳、采取”更合适。句意：后现代主义采纳了来自文化人类学和相对论的思想因此选项C符合题意。（3）考查形容词辨析。objective“客观的”；subjective“主观的”；cultural“文化的”；relative“相对的”。空格处后面的并列连词and用来连接truth的两个属性：其中一个是subject to 受制于，为符合语义应选填relative。因此D选项符合题意。（4）考查形容词辨析。variable“易变的，多变的”；valid“有效的，合法的”；valuable“有价值的”；various“各种各样的”。句意：他们认为，科学只是众多认知方式中的一种，并不比其他方式多或少。按照上下文，只有valid“有效的”符合，因此B选项符合题意。（5）考查逻辑关系。however“然而”表转折关系；therefore“因此”表因果关系；otherwise“否则”表转折关系；furthermore“此外”表递进关系。前文说科学只是众多认知方式的一种，后文提到对科学的定义，由此可知前后文为递进关系，因此D选项符合题意。（6）考查名词辨析。assimilation“同化”；inhibition“抑制”；representation“代表”；oppression“镇压”。前文中提到他们将科学定义为“白种人的认知方式”，可知这是一种“文化压迫“ 的工具。因此D选项符合题意。（7）考查固定搭配。由后文中“广泛采用”可知，这一观点受到许多女权主义者与民权活动家的认同。agree应与by搭配才表示“受到某人认同”；而resonated与with搭配可以表示“得到回应，引申为“被认同”。因此A选项符合题意。（8）考查动词辨析。like“喜欢，爱好”；approve“批准；赞成”；verify“核实，查证”；hate“憎恨，反感”。后文中的并列成分表示“这个运动受到Woody Allen 的讽刺”，可知空格处动词也表示否定的含义，选项中只有D选项符合题意。（9）考查动词辨析。offset“抵消；补偿”；produce“生产；引起”；undermine“破坏”；strengthen“加强，巩固”。由后文中的authoritarianism独裁主义，可知会破坏民主，因此C选项符合题意（10）考查语法知识。句意：接受这种相对主义的世界观会破坏民主，导致独裁主义。大约三世纪前，John Lock展示了出现这种情况的原因。选项中只有C选项符合题意。（11）考查动词辨析。Find“查找，找到”；define“定义；规定”；dictate“命令；口述”；claim“要求；声称”。空格后what knowledge is and how it is 表明是在下定义，因此选项B符合题意。（12）考查形容词辨析。practical“实际的，实用性的”；equal“平等的”；useful“有用的”；equitable“公平的”。句意：正是这种思想世界是可知的，客观的，以经验为依据的只是是公共政策最基础。前文强调民主，由此可推出：这一观点认为经验为依据的只是是制定公共政策最公正的基础。因此选项D符合题意。（13）考查动词辨析。identify“确定；识别；equip“装备，配备”；equate“视为平等”；confuse“使混乱”。句意：错误地将知识观点。因此选项C符合题意。（14）考查形近动词辨析。deduce“推论；introduce“介绍；引进”；conduce“导致；有益”；reduce“减少；把分解”。句意：公众话语权无止境的敌对观点，没有哪一观点比其他观点更为有效。这句话表达出的是否定的意思。因此选项D符合题意。（15）考查动词辨析。decide“决定”；cause“引起”；make“使得；成为的原因”；create“创造”。破折号后表示“权势即代表正确的定义”。make right“使正确”因此C选项符合题意。8. 单选题Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crabs claw. Premodem cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors ( oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A. D. , Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the bodys four “humors” brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B. C. concluded: “There is no treatment. The experience of cancer has always been terrible，but，until modem times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever) ； “apoplexies” (what we now call strokes and heart attacks) ； and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption” (tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modem disease par excellence,” and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modem life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer notably of the breast and the ovaries to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchans wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine” judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy”. In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”, and in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,” Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.1.According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians（） .2.Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?3.Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”？4.“Neurasthenia” and diabetes are mentioned because（）5.As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?问题1选项A.called cancer the crabB.were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC.found out the cause of cancerD.knew about a lot of malignant tumors问题2选项A.Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer.B.In the past, people did not fear cancer.C.Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement.D.Some physicians believed that ones own behavioral mode could lead to cancer.问题3选项A.Modem cancer care is very effective.B.There is a lot more cancer now.C.People understand cancer in radically new ways now.D.There is a sharp increase in mortality in modem cancer world.问题4选项A.they are as fatal as cancerB.they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C.people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life问题5选项A.The care and management of cancer have developed over time.B.The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different times.C.Cancers identity has never changed.D.Cancer is the price paid for modem life.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节题。题干：根据这篇文章，古埃及人_。由关键词定位到文章第一段第五句“The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome”，可知古埃及人已经知道很多有不好的结果的肿瘤，对应第四个选项，malignant tumors是指恶性肿瘤。因此D选项符合题意。2.细节推理题。题干：关于过去的癌症，下列哪一项陈述最能得到文章的支持？文章并没提到古人是否活到容易患癌症的年龄，排除A选项；第二段中提到“The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind”，说明过去人们不是不恐惧癌症，而是这种恐惧并没称为焦点，排除B选项；最后一段中提到“suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement”被认为优雅的是死于肺结核，排除C选项；最后一段中“some physicians attributed cancer to psychological and behavioral causes”说明他们将癌症归因于心理和行为原因，因此D选项符合题意。3.细节推理题。题干：下面哪个选项是被称为“现代病”的癌症的原因？根据题干关键词“the modern disease”定位到第二段最后一句，上一句提到癌症死亡令人恐惧，下一句就说Roy Porter将其说成是“最卓越的现代病，Mukherjee称之为“现代最典型的产物”，说明人们对癌症的理解改变了。因此C 选项符合题意。4.细节推理题。题干：提到“神经衰弱”和糖尿病是因为_。文中最后一句提到了关键词“Neurasthenia”和“diabetes”，文中提到“it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modem life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence”，在此提到癌症和神经衰弱以及糖尿病的病因相似，因此也就是在说神经衰弱和糖尿病都与心理压力有关。因此D 选项符合题意。5.判断推理题。题干：如文章所述，作者最可能同意下列哪一种说法？由第一段第二句中“Its care and management have differed over time”与全文，可知对于癌症的护理管理是一直发展的，因此A 选项符合题意。B和D选项是作者饮用的他人观点，不不能代表作者自身。癌症由之前的不是焦点到现在人人恐惧，身份自然有改变，C 选项由此可排除。9. 单选题He was _ to tell the truth even to his closest friend.问题1选项A.too much of a cowardB.too much the cowardC.a coward enoughD.enough of a coward【答案】A【解析】考查固定用法。综合选项可知，本题考查“tooto太以致不能”，too much the coward“懦夫太多”不符合句意，因此A选项符合题意。10. 单选题It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt（ ）invention as a threat to his way of life.问题1选项A.any concern withB.any concern aboutC.any concern inD.any concern at【答案】B【解析】考查固定用法。concern about sth. or sb.是固定用法，因此只有选项B符合题意。11. 单选题The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, as families saw a(n) _ in female breadwinners.问题1选项A.raiseB.riseC.ariseD.increase【答案】D【解析】考查近义词辨析。由前后得知空白处需要填一个可数名词。作名词时，raise“提高，升”，表示某事物升了级别；rise“上升，增加”通常指数量增加或水平提高，为不可数名词；arise没有名词用法；increase“增加，增加额”，指大小和强度增加。句意：新的数据显示，因为家庭中挣钱女性人数的增加，去年全职爸爸的数量达到了历史新高。因此只有D选项符合题意。12. 单选题_ active in commerce or the professions, most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes.问题1选项A.Except forB.DespiteC.AsD.Though【答案】D【解析】考查词语辨析。except for“除之外”；despite“尽管”，介词属性；as“如同”；though“尽管”。句意：大多数富人活跃在商业或职业领域，并非白手起家，而是继承了家族财富。B选项意义相通，despite不能用于形容词前，选项D符合题意。13. 单选题At first, the company refused to purchase the equipment, but this decision was _revised.问题1选项A.subsequentlyB.successivelyC.predominantlyD.preliminarily【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。subsequently“随后”；successively“相继地”；predominantly“主要地；显著地”；preliminarily“初步地”。句意：起初，该公司拒绝购买设备，但这一决定被修改了。根据句意选用“后来”更合适，因此A选项符合题意。14. 单选题In previous time, when fresh meat was in short ( ), pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.问题1选项A.storageB.reserveC.supplyD.provision【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。storage“贮藏库，存储”；reserve“储备，储存”；supply“供给；