2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷86

2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all the time even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body temperature, the release of some hormones and even dreams. These natural daily events are circadian rhythms.Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year French astronomer, Jean-Jac-quesd “Ortous Mairan”, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that mans biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man-made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot Weitzman, established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by aging and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Monteflore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas with three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas. It contains computers, one-way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area. The instruments measure heartbeat, body temperature, hormones in the blood, other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep. A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment. They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr. Weitzman and his assistant have observed 16 men between the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for The New York Times newspaper, Dava Sobol, became the first woman to take part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on 13th and stayed for 25 days. Miss Sobol wrote reports about the experiment during that time, which were published in the newspaper.26. The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in _.27. In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening-and-closing cycles _.28. The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms” (Paragraph 2) probably means _.29. In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day _.30. What is Mr. Weitzmans ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory?问题1选项A.the regulation of body temperatureB.the secretion of hormonesC.animal reproductionD.many aspects of plant and animal physiology问题2选项A.even when it was kept in a murky place all dayB.even if it was placed in the moonlightC.even when he was observing it from a dark placeD.even during the night time问题3选项A.They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man-made clockB.They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to themC.They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythmsD.They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life问题4选项A.in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different timesB.so as not to be recognized by the peopleC.so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts workD.so as to leave the peoples circadian rhythms in disorder问题5选项A.He wanted to have his experiment report published in the newspapers.B.People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.C.He wanted to find a way to treat peoples diseases.D.He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】26. 【选项释义】The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in _. 生物钟被认为在_中起着重要作用。A. the regulation of body temperature A. 体温的调节B. the secretion of hormones B. 激素的分泌C. animal reproduction C. 动物繁殖D. many aspects of plant and animal physiology D. 植物和动物生理活动的许多方面【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词biological clock和play an essential role定位到原文第1段。该段第一句为段落核心句，该句提到“每个生物都有一个控制行为（controls behavior）的内在生物钟。”后文具体写到它是怎么控制动植物行为的，“生物钟告诉植物什么时候形成花骨朵（when to form flowers），什么时候开花（when the flowers should open）”，“它告诉昆虫什么时候离开保护茧飞走”，“它告诉动物什么时候吃，什么时候睡，什么时候醒”，“它控制体温（controls body temperature），一些激素的释放（the release of some hormones），甚至做梦”。由此推断，生物钟影响动植物生理活动的方方面面，D选项“植物和动物生理活动的许多方面”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“体温的调节”，只是其中一个方面，该选项属于以偏概全；B选项“激素的分泌”，只是其中一个方面，该选项属于以偏概全；C选项“动物繁殖”，只是其中一个方面，该选项属于以偏概全。27. 【选项释义】In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening-and-closing cycles _. 在他的观察中，这位法国科学家注意到某一种植物的叶子保持着开闭循环_。A. even when it was kept in a murky place all day A. 即使它被放在阴暗的地方一整天B. even if it was placed in the moonlight B. 即使它被放在月光下C. even when he was observing it from a dark place C. 即使他在黑暗的地方观察它D. even during the night time D. 即使是在晚上【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词French scientist、the leaves of a certain plant和its opening-and-closing cycles定位到原文第2段。该段第2-3句提到“法国天文学家注意到，他的一种植物每天早上的同一时间开放叶子，每天晚上的同一时间关闭叶子。即使他一直把它放在黑暗的地方（even when he kept it in a dark place），它也会这样做。”由此可知，C选项“即使他在黑暗的地方观察它”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“即使它被放在阴暗的地方一整天”，原文只是说“在黑暗的地方”，并没有说“在阴暗的地方一整天”，该选项属于过度推理；B选项“即使它被放在月光下”，原文只是说“在黑暗的地方”，并没有说“月光下”，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“即使是在晚上”，原文只是说“在黑暗的地方”，黑暗的地方不一定是“晚上”，该选项属于过度推理。28. 【选项释义】The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms” (Paragraph 2) probably means _. “他们可以自由地听从自己的昼夜节奏，并按照自己的昼夜节奏生活”，第2段这句话想表达的意思可能是_。A. They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man-made clock A. 他们可以根据自己的生物钟来生活，而不用参考人造时钟B. They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to them B. 他们可以听着美妙的生物钟节奏，并基本按生物钟生活C. They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythms C. 他们可以通过调节自己的昼夜节奏来生活D. They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life D. 他们摆脱了日常生活烦人的节奏【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 2定位到原文第2段。题干引用的句子为该段第8句，该句描述的是美国医生Eliot Weitzman的实验对象。本段第6句提到该实验的目的是“研究我们的生物钟是如何工作的（to study how our biological clock works）。”实验应该是为实验目的服务的，因此，题干引用句“他们可以自由地听从自己的昼夜节奏，并按照自己的昼夜节奏生活”的意思应该是“他们可以按照自己的生物钟生活”，A选项“他们可以根据自己的生物钟来生活，而不用参考人造时钟”表述正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们可以听着美妙的生物钟节奏，并基本按生物钟生活”，前半句表述错误，原文listen to的意思不是“听着美妙的生物钟节奏”，而应该是“听从”，该选项属于曲解原文；C选项“他们可以通过调节自己的昼夜节奏来生活”，原文没有提到“调节自己的节奏”，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“他们摆脱了日常生活烦人的节奏”，原文没有提到“日常生活的节奏烦人”，只是让他们按照生物钟生活，该选项属于无中生有。29. 【选项释义】In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day _. 在Weitzman的实验中，值班医生每天的工作时间并不相同_。A. in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different times A. 以便观察人们在不同时期的反常行为B. so as not to be recognized by the people B. 以免被人们认出来C. so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts work C. 以免他知道自己是什么时候开始工作的D. so as to leave the peoples circadian rhythms in disorder D. 从而使人们的昼夜节律紊乱【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Mr. Weitzman和does not work the same time each day定位到原文第2段第18句，该句提到“他们每天工作的时间不一样，也不允许戴手表，所以实验室里的人不知道现在是什么时间（so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is）。”由此可知，不同的工作时间是为了让实验对象不知道时间，C选项“以免他知道自己是什么时候开始工作的”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“以便观察人们在不同时期的反常行为”、B选项“以免被人们认出来”、D选项“从而使人们的昼夜节律紊乱”，原文均未提及，属于无中生有。30. 【选项释义】What is Mr. Weitzmans ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory? Weitzman先生建立实验室的最终目的是什么？A. He wanted to have his experiment report published in the newspapers. A. 他想让他的实验报告发表在报纸上。B. People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. B. 人们可以自由地听从并按照自己的昼夜节律生活。C. He wanted to find a way to treat peoples diseases. C. 他想找到一种治疗人们疾病的方法。D. He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian. D. 他可能会因为第一个对昼夜节律进行科学观察而获得一些声誉。【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词ultimate purpose可定位到原文第2段。本段第6句提到“美国医生Eliot Weitzman建立了一个实验室来研究我们的生物钟是如何工作的（to study how our biological clock works）。”另外，本段第9句提到“Weitzman博士希望（hopes）他的研究能够（his research will lead to）为常见的睡眠问题和由衰老和精神疾病引起的睡眠障碍找到有效的治疗方法（effective treatments）。”综上所述，作为一个医生，他的最终目的应该是第9句说的寻找治疗方法，C选项“他想找到一种治疗人们疾病的方法”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他想让他的实验报告发表在报纸上”，可定位到原文第2段最后一句，该句提到“Sobol小姐（他的助手）撰写了有关实验的报告，并发表在报纸上”，他虽然这么做了，但这不是他的目的，将实验结果进行发布属于正常操作，该选项属于过度推理；B选项“人们可以自由地听从并按照自己的昼夜节律生活”，由第28题解析可知，该选项只是实验的内容，不是实验目的，属于本末倒置；D选项“他可能会因为第一个对昼夜节律进行科学观察而获得一些声誉”，是读者的主观臆断，并不是该医生的目的，属于无中生有。2. 单选题A new technological process maybe employed to tap this abundant supply directly.问题1选项A.exploitB.searchC.produceD.reserve【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. exploit 开采 B. search 搜索C. produce 生产 D. reserve 预订；储备【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】tap的主语是一种新工艺，宾语是这一丰富的资源，原词tap“利用，开发，发掘”，A选项exploit“开采”与原词最接近。【干扰项排除】B选项search“搜索”，与原词词义不相近；C选项produce“生产”，不符合原文语义逻辑，生产的宾语一般是产品，而原文的宾语属于原料；D选项reserve“预订；储备”，与原词词义不相近。【句意】也许可以采用一种新工艺直接开发这一丰富的资源。3. 单选题Western movies have been such favorites that they have _ the publics conception of what the western world is.问题1选项A.changedB.dominatedC.constructedD.complicated【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. changed 改变 B. dominated 控制；支配；主导C. constructed 组成；创建；构建 D. complicated 使复杂化【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】句意：西方电影是如此受欢迎，以至于它们_公众对西方世界的概念。由此可知，空格处所填词的宾语是“概念”，并且填它是“西方电影是如此受欢迎”的结果。公众们喜欢看西方的电影，通过电影形成了对西方世界的认识，C选项constructed“组成；创建；构建”符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原文语义逻辑。【句意】西方电影是如此受欢迎，以至于它们构建了公众对西方世界的概念。4. 单选题There is compelling evidence that pollution is responsible for many deadly diseases, such as cancer.问题1选项A.convincingB.controversialC.consistentD.contradictory【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. convincing 有说服力的 B. controversial 有争议的C. consistent 始终如一的，一致的 D. contradictory 矛盾的，对立的【考查点】形容词辨析【解题思路】原词compelling修饰证据，意为“令人信服的，有说服力的”，A选项convincing“有说服力的”与该词意义最接近。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合题意。【句意】有令人信服的证据表明，污染是许多致命疾病的罪魁祸首，如癌症。5. 单选题In most peoples mind, growth is associated with prosperity. We judge how well the economy is doing by the size of the Gross National Product (GNP), a measure, supposedly, of growth. Equally axiomatic, however, is the notion that increased pressure on dwindling natural resources must inevitably lead to a decline in prosperity, especially when accompanied by a growth in population. So, which is correct: growth means prosperity and no growth means adversity, or growth means adversity and no growth means.what?What growth advocates mean, primarily, when they say growth is necessary for prosperity is that growth is necessary for the smooth functioning of the economic system. In one arena the argument in favor of growth is particularly compelling and that is with regard to the Third World. To argue against growth, other than population growth, in light of Third World poverty and degradation seems callous, if not cruel, the pompous postulating of the comfortable and the secure. But is it? Could it be that growth, especially the growth of the wealthier countries, has contributed to the impoverishment, not the advancement, of Third World countries? If not, how do we account for the desperate straits these countries find themselves in today after a century of dedication to growth?To see how this might be the case we must look at the impact of growth on Third World countries-the reality, not the abstract stages-of-economic-growth nostrum propounded through rose-colored glasses by academicians of the developed world. What good is growth to the people of the Third World if it means the conversion of peasant farms into mechanized agri-businesses producing commodities not for local consumption but for export, if it means the stripping of their land of its mineral and arboreal treasures to the benefit of foreign investors and a handful of their local collaborators, if it means the assumption of a crushing foreign indebtedness, the proceeds of which goes not into the development of the country but into the purchase of luxury cars, the padding of Swiss bank accounts, and the buying of condominiums in Miami?Admittedly, this is an oversimplification, which applies to no country in its entirety and to some countries not at all. But the point, I believe, remains valid; that growth in under developed countries cannot simply be judged in the abstract; it must be judged based on the true nature of growth in these societies, on who benefits and who is harmed, on where growth is leading these people and where it has left them. When considered in this way, it just might be that in the present context growth is more detrimental to the well-being of the wretched of the earth than beneficial.So, do we need growth for prosperity? Only the adoption of zero growth can provide the answer. But that is a test not easily undertaken. Modern economies are incredibly complex phenomena, a tribute to mans ability to organize and a challenge to his ability to understanding. Anything that affects their functioning, such as a policy of zero growth, should not be proposed without a wary prudence and a self-doubting humility. But if the prospect of leaping into the economic unknown is fear-inspiring, equally so is the prospect of letting that fear prevent us from acting when the failure to act could mean untold misery for future generations and perhaps environmental catastrophes which threaten our very existence.11. Which of the following statements does the author support?12. It is implied in Paragraphs 2 and 3 that _.13. With regard to the economic development in Third World countries the author is actually saying that _.14. The author seems to believe that prosperity _.15. The answer of the author to the question “Do we need growth for prosperity” is _.问题1选项A.Gross National Product is a safe measure for economic growth.B.Growth in population will be a chief threat to economic prosperity.C.A decline in prosperity will inevitably lead to a growth in population.D.Diminishing natural resources will prove harmful to the well-being of humanity.问题2选项A.the smooth functioning of the economic system is dependent on sustained prosperityB.economic growth has not contributed to the poverty of the Third World countriesC.growth in richer countries is achieved at the expense of the Third World countriesD.the stages of economic growth cannot be superseded or modified by social mechanisms问题3选项A.the people in these countries have not actually benefited from itB.inadequate investment has seriously affected the developmentC.deep debt virtually makes further growth in these countries impossibleD.agriculture in these countries should have been left intact问题4选项A.can only be achieved with economic growthB.can be achieved without economic growthC.is a tribute to mans ability and creativityD.is fragile in face of environmental catastrophes问题5选项A.positiveB.negativeC.vagueD.inconclusive【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】11. 【选项释义】Which of the following statements does the author support? 作者支持下列哪一种说法？A. Gross National Product is a safe measure for economic growth. A. 国民生产总值是衡量经济增长的可靠指标。B. Growth in population will be a chief threat to economic prosperity. B. 人口增长将是经济繁荣的主要威胁。C. A decline in prosperity will inevitably lead to a growth in population. C. 繁荣的衰落将不可避免地导致人口的增长。D. Diminishing natural resources will prove harmful to the well-being of humanity. D. 自然资源的减少不利于人类的福祉。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】本题要求选择作者会赞同的一项，那么就要选择符合原文的表述。原文第1段第3句，该句提到“对日益减少的自然资源（dwindling natural resources）施加越来越大的压力，必然会不可避免地导致繁荣的衰落（lead to a decline in prosperity）”，由此可知，作者认为自然资源减少不利于繁荣。第4段最后一句提到“从这种角度来看，在这个背景下，增长对地球上不幸的人的福祉（the well-being of the wretched of the earth）的危害（more detrimental）大于好处”，“这个角度或背景”指的是第3段的内容，其中有一点提到“如果这意味着为了外国投资者和少数当地合作者的利益而剥夺他们土地上的矿产和树木资源（stripping of their land of its mineral and arboreal treasures）”由此可知，作者认为，为外国投资者和少数人利益而大量开采自然资源的发展是不利于增进人民福祉的。综上所述，作者应该会赞同D选项“自然资源的减少不利于人类的福祉”的观点。【干扰项排除】A选项“国民生产总值是衡量经济增长的可靠指标”，可定位到原文第1段第2句，该句提到“国民生产总值据说（supposedly）是衡量经济增长的一个指标”，根据其中“supposedly”提示，作者并不肯定这个指标可靠，该选项表述错误，属于过度推理；B选项“人口增长将是经济繁荣的主要威胁”，可定位到原文第1段第3句，该句提到“对日益减少的自然资源（dwindling natural resources）施加越来越大的压力，必然会不可避免地导致繁荣的衰落（lead to a decline in prosperity），特别是再加上人口增长的话（accompanied by a growth in population）。”由此可知，该句提到经济繁荣的两个威胁：日益减少的自然资源和人口增长，其中前者的影响更大，人口增长并不是主要威胁。该选项表述错误，属于本末倒置；C选项“繁荣的衰落将不可避免地导致人口的增长”，同样可定位到原文第1段第3句，由该句可知，“人口增长”是因，“繁荣衰落”是果，该选项表述错误，颠倒了因果。12. 【选项释义】It is implied in Paragraphs 2 and 3 that _. 第2、3段暗示_。A. the smooth functioning of the economic system is dependent on sustained prosperityA. 经济体系的平稳运行依赖于持续的繁荣B. economic growth has not contributed to the poverty of the Third World countries B. 经济增长并没有加剧第三世界国家的贫困C. growth in richer countries is achieved at the expense of the Third World countries C. 富裕国家的增长是以牺牲第三世界国家为代价的D. the stages of economic growth cannot be superseded or modified by social mechanisms D. 经济增长的各个阶段不能被社会机制所取代或改变【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】本题需要掌握原文第2、3段的主旨大意。原文在第2段首句提出一个观点“增长（growth）对经济体系的平稳运行是必要的（is necessary）”，然后举第三世界国家的例子，在第2、3段提出了很多质疑。在第2段提出“会不会是经济增长，尤其是富裕国家的增长（the growth of the wealthier countries），导致了（has contributed）第三世界国家的贫困，而不是进步（the impoverishment, not the advancement, of Third World countries）？”第3段首句说“要弄清楚这是怎么回事（To see how this might be the case），我们必须着眼于这种增长对第三世界国家的影响”，紧接着详细介绍了这些影响：机械化生产的产品供出口，而不是供当地消费（not for local consumption but for export）；为了外国资本的利益（the benefit of foreign investors）剥削矿产和森林资源；沉重的外债（a crushing foreign indebtedness）等。综上所述，这两段表达的观点是，在第三世界国家，有些经济增长完全是为了外国资本即富裕国家的利益，促进了富裕国家的经济发展，不仅没有增加本国人民的福祉，反而导致了劳动力资源的占用、自然资源的流失以及大量的外债。C选项“富裕国家的增长是以牺牲第三世界国家为代价的”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“经济体系的平稳运行依赖于持续的繁荣”，是第2段首句提出的背景信息，是作者要反驳的观点，该选项属于本末倒置；B选项“经济增长并没有加剧第三世界国家的贫困”，与原文表述相反，该选项属于反向干扰；D选项“经济增长的各个阶段不能被社会机制所取代或改变”，这两段并没有提及社会机制的问题，该选项属于无中生有。13. 【选项释义】With regard to the economic development in Third World countries the author is actually saying that _. 关于第三世界国家的经济发展，作者实际上说的是_。A. the people in these countries have not actually benefited from it A. 这些国家的人民并没有真正从中受益B. inadequate investment has seriously affected the development B. 投资不足严重影响了发展C. deep debt virtually makes further growth in these countries impossible C. 沉重的债务实际上使这些国家不可能进一步增长D. agriculture in these countries should have been left intact D. 这些国家的农业本应完好无损【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】由第12题的解析可知，第三世界国家的发展实际上服务于外国投资商，而本国人民并未从中受益；并且第4段最后一句说到“这种增长对地球上不幸的人的福祉（the well-being of the wretched of the earth）的危害（more detrimental）大于好处”，由此可知，这种增加，对于第三世界的人民来说，不仅没有受益反而有危害，A选项“这些国家的人民并没有真正从中受益”是作者想表达的观点。【干扰项排除】B选项“投资不足严重影响了发展”，原文并没有提到投资不足，而是这些投资都是为了外国投资者和少数人的利益，并不是为了大众的福祉，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“沉重的债务实际上使这些国家不可能进一步增长”，原文虽然提到了沉重的债务，且这些借来的钱没有用于国家的发展，但是作者是为了说明这种发展对第三世界国家没有好处，并不是想说阻碍了发展。何况，经济并没有发展，更不存在进一步发展了。该选项属于过度推理；D选项“这些国家的农业本应完好无损”，原文提到农业，是为了说农产品都用于出口了，并没有说农业不该机械化，该选项属于无中生有。14. 【选项释义】The author seems to believe that prosperity _. 作者似乎认为繁荣_。A. can only be achieved with economic growth A. 只有经济增长才能实现B. can be achieved without economic growth B. 能在没有经济增长的情况下实现C. is a tribute to mans ability and creativity C. 是对人类能力和创造力的颂扬D. is fragile in face of environmental catastrophes D. 在环境灾难面前是脆弱的【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】本文在第1段就质疑了繁荣与增