2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第30期

2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Everyone in the auditorium was weeping by the time he finished his（ ）tale.问题1选项A.sympatheticB.patheticC.syntheticD.interesting【答案】B【解析】sympathetic同情的；pathetic悲惨的；synthetic综合的，人造的；interesting有趣的。根据句意可知，观众们都哭了，说明这是一个悲惨的故事。选项B更符合语境。2. 单选题The chairman reminded the lecturer not to be carried away and （ ）from the theme.问题1选项A.deviateB.escapeC.descendD.derail【答案】D【解析】deviate from为固定搭配, 意为“脱离, 偏离”。句意：主席提醒演讲者不要忘乎所以, 偏离主题。选项D符合句意。3. 单选题A cycle ride walk or swim at least three times a week will _ your circulation and help maintain a healthy bloom.问题1选项A.boostB.heightenC.compelD.renew【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项boost“促进”；B选项heighten“提高”；C选项compel“强迫”；D选项renew“更换；重新开始”。句意：每周至少骑三次自行车，散步或游泳，可以_你的血液循环，帮助保持健康的血液循环。横线处和your circulation“你的血液循环”形成动宾关系，只有A选项boost“促进”符合题意。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题（ ） the red cells of the blood, hemoglobin（血红蛋白）transport oxygen form the lung to the tissues.问题1选项A.Compared toB.Attacked byC.Confined toD.Attributed to【答案】D【解析】compared to与.相比；attached by附属于；confined to局限于, 限制于；attributed to由于, 归功于。句意：由于血液中的红细胞, 血红蛋白将氧气从肺输送到组织。选项D符合句意。5. 单选题In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of these, only about a half a dozen generate the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that give them hurricane status, and several usually make their way to the coast. There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of people.The great storms that hit the coast start as innocent circling disturbances hundredseven thousandsof miles out to sea. As they travel aimlessly over water warmed by the summer sun, they are carried westward by the trade winds. When conditions are just right, warm, moist air flows in at the bottom of such a disturbance, moves upward through it and comes out at the top. In the process, the moisture in this warm air produces rain, and with it the heat that is converted to energy in the form of strong winds. As the heat increases, the young hurricane begins to swirl in a counter-clockwise motion.The average life of a hurricane is only about nine days, but it contains almost more power than we can imagine. The energy in the heat released by a hurricanes rainfall in a single day would satisfy the entire electrical needs of the United States for more than six months. Water, not wind, is the main source of death and destruction in a hurricane. A typical hurricane brings 6 to 12-inch downpours resulting in sudden floods. Worst of all is the powerful movement of the seathe mountains of water moving toward the low-pressure hurricane center. The water level rises as much as 15 feet above normal as it moves toward shore.1. When is a storm considered to be a hurricane?2. The underlined “innocent circling disturbances” in Paragraph 2 means _.3. The underlined “it” in “moves upward through it” in Paragraph 2 refers to _.4. Strong winds are produced because of _.5. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?问题1选项A.When it is accompanied by wind.B.When it is accompanied by both wind and rain.C.When its circling winds move at 75 miles per hour or even more.D.When the circling winds bring damages.问题2选项A.innocent people causing small disturbancesB.innocent people causing big disturbancesC.damaging circling windsD.harmless circling winds问题3选项A.a disturbanceB.moist airC.trade windD.water问题4选项A.the young hurricaneB.the heat generated along with rainC.a disturbanceD.moist air问题5选项A.The Hurricaneits harms and benefits.B.The origin and effects of hurricane.C.The hurricane and its great energy.D.The disasters caused by hurricanes.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。精确定位根据题干定位到第一段第二句Of these, only about a half a dozen generate the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that give them hurricane status（其中只有大约一半形成至少每小时75英里的强烈旋风，这创造了它们成了飓风的重要条件。），可知C选项“当旋风以至少每小时75英里的速度移动时”正确。排除干扰项A选项“当有风时”：当风速达到一定程度才能算飓风，属于偷换概念。B选项“当风雨交加时”：是否有雨不是判断是否为飓风的条件，属于无中生有。D选项“当旋风带来损害时”：这是飓风的影响而非定义，属于偷换概念。2.词汇推断题。1. 句中前后信息衔接根据题干定位到第二段第一句The great storms that hit the coast start as innocent circling disturbances hundredseven thousandsof miles out to sea.（侵袭海岸的大风暴最先在海岸几百甚至几千英里外做无害的盘旋干扰。）2. 上下文语义衔接下文提到旋风开始在海面游移，当暖空气中的水分变成雨，随着热量增加，风开始逆时针旋转形成飓风。综上，这里指的是旋风在真正转化成飓风之前不会带来损害，D选项“无害的旋风”正确。排除干扰项A选项“无恶意之人造成轻微的干扰”和B选项“无恶意之人造成严重的干扰”：这里说的是大自然中的飓风，跟人没有关系，属于无中生有。C选项“破坏性的旋风”：风远离海岸时强度没有那么大，不会造成损害，属于反向干扰。3.词汇推断题。句中前后信息衔接根据题干定位到第二段第三句When conditions are just right, warm, moist air flows in at the bottom of such a disturbance, moves upward through it and comes out at the top.（如果条件成熟，温暖潮湿的空气流入这股风暴的底部，在风暴内向上运动，又从顶部流出。）这里讲的是湿热空气的运动轨迹，主语是air，谓语动词是flows、moves和comes，宾语是disturbance，it指的是前面的disturbance，A选项disturbance“干扰”正确。排除干扰项B选项“潮湿的空气”：湿热的空气是主语，是动作的发出者，而不是承受者，属于曲解原文。C选项“信风”：对应第二段第二句they are carried westward by the trade winds（信风把它们吹向西边），这里指的是风暴在海面游移的时候，信风改变风向，而不是纵向运动，属于张冠李戴。D选项“水”：对应第二段第四句In the process, the moisture in this warm air produces rain（在这过程中，暖空气中的水分生成雨），这里阐述水分如何变成雨水，没有讲水的运动轨迹，属于张冠李戴。4.推理判断题。找句内线索根据题干定位到第二段倒数第二句In the process, the moisture in this warm air produces rain, and with it the heat that is converted to energy in the form of strong winds.（在这过程中，热空气中的水分生成雨，随着温度上升，会以狂风的形式转化为能量。）可知热量促成雨水的生成，也产生狂风，B选项“带来雨的热量”正确。排除干扰项A选项“刚产生的飓风”：对应到第二段最后一句As the heat increases, the young hurricane begins to swirl in a counter-clockwise motion.（随着热量的增加，刚产生的飓风开始以逆时针旋转。），这里所指的飓风就是狂风的升级版，属于偷换概念。C选项“干扰”：这里的干扰指的是狂风的雏形阶段，是狂风本身，属于偷换概念。D选项“湿气”：湿气变成雨水，湿气本身不能形成狂风，属于张冠李戴。5.主旨大意题。1. 首尾段核心句首段第一句提出现象吸引读者：In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean seas.（每年下半年，在热带的大西洋和加勒比海经常有大风暴。）；第二句讲述飓风的产生情况：Of these, only about a half a dozen generate the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that give them hurricane status, and several usually make their way to the coast.（其中只有大约一半形成至少每小时75英里的强烈旋风，这创造了它们成了飓风的重要条件，其中有几个通常会到达海岸。）；第三句讲述飓风的影响：There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of people.（它们造成海岸上数百万美元的损失和大量死亡。）。尾段第一句but it contains almost more power than we can imagine（但它的力量超出我们的想象）讲的是飓风的影响。由此推断全文的主旨应是“飓风的起源和影响”，因此B选项正确。2. 分析文章的行文结构本文的结构是总分，第一段概括全文，第二、三段分别讲述飓风的形成和影响，因此B选项正确。3. 梳理各段核心句第一段：引出飓风的话题，简单介绍飓风的产生和影响。第二段：第一句The great storms that hit the coast start as innocent circling disturbances hundredseven thousandsof miles out to sea.（侵袭海岸的大风暴最先在海岸几百甚至几千英里外做无害的盘旋干扰。）引出这段的主要内容，讲述飓风的形成过程。第三段：第一句but it contains almost more power than we can imagine（但它的力量超出我们的想象）是段总述句，这一段讲述飓风有什么力量。综上，全文主旨是“飓风的起源和影响”，因此B选项正确。排除干扰项A选项“飓风其危害和好处”：关键词harms and benefits分别对应第三段第二句satisfy the entire electrical needs of the United States for more than six months和第三段第三句main source of death and destruction in a hurricane，这都是第三段的内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。C选项“飓风及其巨大能量”：关键词great energy对应第三段第一句it contains almost more power than we can imagine，这里的power指的是好处和危害，只出现在第三段，属于以偏概全。D选项“飓风的危害”：disasters对应第三段第三句main source of death and destruction in a hurricane，也属于以偏概全。6. 单选题_ is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.问题1选项A.WhatB.AsC.ItD.That【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：人们普遍认为，经济增长取决于生产的顺利发展。as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明，通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。B选项As符合题意，其余选项语法错误。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sates went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections.Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.1.According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will（ ） .2.Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?3.Why do marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in?4.The author mentions the example of “backpacks” (Line 4, Para 2) to show the importance of（ ） .5.In order to recover their share of the world market, the following measures are taken by U.S auto makers EXCEPT（ ） .问题1选项A.decrease graduallyB.become unstableC.improve enormouslyD.remain at the same level问题2选项A.At the maturity stage, many brands are usually introduced.B.New products are often more expensive than old ones.C.Old products are often superior to new ones.D.A new product is not easily accepted by the public.问题3选项A.They need to work out marketing policiesB.They want to increase its popularityC.They plan to improve its production processD.They desire to speed up its life cycle.问题4选项A.increasing usage among studentsB.exploring new market sectionsC.pleasing the young as well as the oldD.serving both military and civil needs问题5选项A.improving product qualityB.changing product stylesC.re-positioning their productsD.modifying product features【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段倒数第二句“After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity).”一段时间后，人们对一个品牌产生了依恋，销售趋于平稳(成熟期)。选项D符合原文。2.推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，选项A应该是stage of rapid growth，表述错误；选项B和C在文中没有信息提及，无法推导；根据第二段第二句“When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance.”当它初次被引进时，大多数人并不像喜欢“普通”咖啡那样喜欢它，并且花了几年时间才获得普遍接受。选项D符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第二段第一句“The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies.”产品生命周期对营销商的重要性在于: 产品生命周期的不同阶段需要不同的策略。选项A符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据关键词“backpacks”定位到第二段，分析原文可知，作者以双肩包举例是想说明“One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections.”其中一种策略叫做市场调整。这意味着营销经理要寻找新的用户和市场部门。选项B符合原文。5.细节事实题。根据最后一段第二句“ It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users.”它包括改变产品质量、特性或风格，以吸引新用户或现有用户的更多使用。只有选项C没有提及。8. 单选题He developed a（ ） attitude after years of frustration in his career.问题1选项A.encouragedB.disgustedC.drasticD.cynical【答案】D【解析】encouraged鼓舞人心的；disgusted厌烦的；drastic激烈的；cynical愤世嫉俗的。句意：在经历了多年的事业挫折之后，他变得愤世嫉俗。选项D符合语境。9. 单选题A magicians talk creates a（ ）of attention so that people do not see how he does his tricks.问题1选项A.vacuumB.concentrationC.divisionD.diversion【答案】D【解析】vacuum真空；concentration集中；division区分；diversion转移，分散注意力。句意：魔术师的谈话转移了人们的注意力，使人们看不见他是如何表演魔术的。选项D符合句意。10. 单选题Companies spend millions of dollars on ads and commercials, trying to（ ）the American public into purchasing their products.问题1选项A.misplaceB.mockC.maneuverD.manifest【答案】C【解析】misplace放错地方；mock嘲笑；maneuver 调动, 调遣；manifest证明, 显示。句意：公司花费数百万美元在广告和商业上, 试图调动美国民众购买他们的产品。选项C符合句意。11. 写作题Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time, while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time. What do you think is a better way of learning? Explain why.【答案】Intensive Learning Is an Efficient Way for Learning12. 单选题He is planning to go to Tehran to _ peace moves through the Islamic Conference Organization.问题1选项A.publishB.surveyC.initiateD.hoist【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项publish“出版，发布”；B选项survey“审察；测量”；C选项initiate“使开始，发起；使初步了解”；D选项hoist“吊起，拉高”。句意：他计划前往德黑兰通过伊斯兰会议组织_和平运动。这里横线处搭配peace moves“和平运动”，只有C选项initiate“使开始，发起”符合题意。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题Maya Lin was an undergraduate student at Yale when she was _ to create the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1981 because she won the public design competition for the memorial.问题1选项A.commissionedB.conditionedC.streamlinedD.aggregated【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。A选项commissioned“正式委托（谱写或制作、创作、完成）”；B选项conditioned“训练，使习惯于，使适应”；C选项streamlined“使增产节约”；D选项aggregated“总计，合计”。句意：1981年，玛雅林在耶鲁大学读本科时被_设计越南退伍军人纪念馆，因为她赢得了纪念馆的公共设计竞赛。玛雅林赢了设计比赛，可知这里指的是和设计相关事宜，A选项commissioned“正式委托（谱写或制作、创作、完成）”符合题意。因此A选项正确。14. 写作题“Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.”Discuss the extent to which you agree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from own experience, observations, or reading.【答案】Financial Gain Should Not Be the Most Important Factor in Choosing a Career15. 单选题She（ ）a large sum to the college endowment fund.问题1选项A.submittedB.donatedC.appliedD.granted【答案】B【解析】submit提交；donate捐赠；apply应用，申请；grant授权。根据“endowment fund”可知这里是捐赠了一大笔钱，所以选项B正确。16. 单选题Nylon is a (n)（ ）material; it can be used to make a great many things.问题1选项A.compoundB.imitationC.versatileD.crystal【答案】C【解析】compound复合的；imitation人造的，仿制的；versatile多用的，万能的；crystal水晶的，透明的。根据下句：尼龙可以用来做很多东西，说明尼龙用途广泛，选项C符合句意。17. 单选题It was（ ） that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.问题1选项A.addictedB.allegedC.attackedD.ascribed【答案】B【解析】addict使沉迷，使.上瘾；allege声称，断言；attack攻击；ascribe归因于。It is alleged that为常用句型，意为“据说.”，选项B正确。18. 翻译题 The educated man is presumed to know what is wrong in the world, and what should be done to rectify it. If his education has amounted to anything, it should have increased his ability to think clearly and scientifically, and thus to know how to get at the cause and effect of political, social, economic industrial evils. No man has right to consider education as merely a personal benefit enabling him to be more prosperous and happy in the world. He must look upon it as imposing upon him a responsibility to increase the welfare of others. Too many regard it as their own possession, and do not realize that it is something to be shared with others, and to be used for good of society at large.【答案】受过教育的人被认定能辨别是非, 并能正确改正。如果他受的教育已经达到了一定程度, 便能提高其进行清晰和科学思维的能力, 从而了解政治、社会、经济工业犯罪所产生的原因和所造成的影响。没有任何人有资格只把教师当作自己的个人利益, 利用教育使自 己在这世界上变得更加富有和幸福。他必须把它看作为强加于他身上的以増加他人福利的职责。太多人把教育作为自己独有的财富, 从未认识到应该与他人一起分享, 将其最大限 度地用在社会公益事业上。19. 单选题The annual review of American company board practices by Korn/Ferry, a firm of headhunters, is a useful indicator of the health of corporate governance. This years review, published on November 12th, shows that the Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in 2002 to try to prevent a repeat of corporate collapses such as Enrons and WorldComs, has had an impact on the boardroom-albeit at an average implementation cost that Korn/Ferry estimates at $5.1 m per firm.Two years ago, only 41% of American firms said they regularly held meetings of directors without their chief executive present; this year the figure was 93%. But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals. For example, despite a growing feeling that former chief executives should not sit on their companys board, the percentage of American firms where they do has actually edged up, from 23% in 2003 to 25% in 2004.Also, disappointingly few firms have split the jobs of chairman and chide executive. Another survey of American boards published this week, by A.T. Kearney, a firm of consultants, found that in 2002, 14% of the boards of S&P 500 firms had separated the roles, and a further 16% said they planned to do so. But by 2004 only 23% overall had taken the plunge. A survey earlier in the year by consultants at McKinsey found that 70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe.Another disappointment is the slow progress in abolishing “staggered” boardsones where only one-third of the directors are up for re-election each year, to three-year terms. Invented as a defense against takeover, such boards, according to a new Harvard Law School study by Lucian Bebchuk and Alma Cohen, are unambiguously “associated with an economically significant reduction in firm value”.Despite this, the percentage of S&P 500 firms with staggered boards has fallen only slightly-from 63% in 2001 to 60% in 2003, according to the Investor Responsibility Research Centre. And many of those firms that have been forced by shareholders to abolish the system are doing so only slowly. Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their dull term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected (or otherwise) annually. Other companies staggered boards are entrenched in their corporate charters, which cannot be amended by a shareholders vote. Anyone who expected the scandals of 2001 to bring about rapid change in the balance of power between managers and owners was, at best, naive.1.The Sarbanes-Oxley act is most probably about（ ）.2.The word “backlash” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means（ ）.3.According to the text, separating the roles between chairman and chief executive is（ ）.4.We learn from the text that a “staggered” board（ ）.5.Toward the board practice of American companies, the writers attitude can be said to be（ ） .问题1选项A.corporate scandalB.corporate managementC.corporate costD.corporate governance问题2选项A.a violent forceB.a strong impetusC.a firm measureD.a strong negative reaction问题3选项A.a common practice in American companiesB.what many European companies doC.a must to keep the health of a companyD.not a popular idea among American entrepreneurs问题4选项A.is adverse to the increment of firm valueB.gives its board members too much powerC.has been abolished by most American companiesD.can be voted down by shareholders问题5选项A.biasedB.pessimisticC.objectiveD.critical【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。根据第一段，猎头公司“光辉国际”(Korn/Ferry)对美国公司董事会做法的年度评估是了解公司治理状况的一个有用指标。萨班斯-奥克斯利法案是为了防止出现像安然和世通等公司垮掉那样的情况。由此可推断，该法案是关于治理公司的，选项D正确。2.词语辨析题。根据句意：一些事情并未受到企业丑闻强烈负面反应的影响。“backlash”指强烈的负面反应，选项D正确。3.细节事实题。根据第三段的最后一句“70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe.”70%的美国董事和投资者支持分职的想法，这在欧洲是一种惯例。选项B符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据第四段最后一句“.such boards, ., are unambiguously “associated with