2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷76

2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are ferried is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course extremely interested in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no dear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another and theres a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called behaviors claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.The social and political implications or these two theories are profound In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists in contrast say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.46. The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem（ ）.47. The word “proponents” can best be replaced by（ ）.48. Which of the following statements may be supported by the “nature” school?49. What can we learn about the behaviorists?50. The “nature” theorists believe that the blacks low scores（ ）.问题1选项A.why ones behaviors differ from othersB.what makes different stages of intelligenceC.how social scientists form different theoriesD.what causes the “nature/nurture” controversy问题2选项A.approachesB.advocatesC.principlesD.characters问题3选项A.We are born with certain personalities and behaviors.B.Environment has nothing to do with our personalities.C.Abilities and characteristics are revealed by behaviors.D.Only extreme behaviors are determined by instinct.问题4选项A.They believe human beings are mechanical.B.They compare our behaviors to the machines.C.They suggest that we react to the environment as the machines do.D.They uphold that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well.问题5选项A.are the result of the educational disadvantagesB.are a manifestation of the blacks poor intelligenceC.have nothing to do with their true intelligenceD.have nothing to do will factors other than heredity【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】46. 主旨大意题。第一段先提出“人们一直很想知道个性和行为是怎样形成的”，然后每段都提出一个理论，最后一段得出总结这两种理论都不能完全解释人类行为，关于个性是先天的还是后天的这场争论肯定会持续很长一段时间。因此D选项“是什么导致了先天/后天的争论”正确，符合题意。A选项“为什么一个人的行为与别人不同”，B选项“是什么造就了智力的不同阶段”，C选项“社会科学家如何形成不同的理论”均不符题意，可排除。故选D。47. 词义推测题。定位在原文As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another and theres a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory.（正如人们预想的那样，这两种方法是非常不同的，各理论的之间存在大量争论）因为两种理论是截然相反的，所以所持不同理论的人会存在大量的争论。因此proponents指人，指这两种理论的支持者。因此B选项“拥护者；倡导者”正确，符合题意。A选项“方法；办法”；C选项“原则”；D选项“特性”均与题意不符，可排除。故选B。48. 推理判断题。根据第三段首句Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor.（那些支持自然派的人们认为，我们的个性和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物和遗传因素决定的。）由此可判断自然派认为我们具有一定的个性和行为模式是先天具备的，因此A选项“我们生来就有特定的个性和行为”，正确，符合题意。B选项“环境与我们的个性无关”，说法过于绝对，定位在原文That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.（我们的环境与我们的能力、特征和行为几乎没有关系，这是这一理论的核心。）错误，可排除。C选项“能力和特征是由行为表现出来的”与题意无关，可排除。D选项“只有极端的行为是由本能决定的”，错误，定位在原文Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.（极端地说，这一理论认为，我们的行为在很大程度上是先天决定的，以至于我们几乎完全受本能的支配。）可排除。故选A。49.客观细节题。由第四段第一句找到关键词定位Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called behaviors（后天理论的支持者，或者通常被称为行为主义者）再由第四段最后一句Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.（他们对人类的看法相当机械的；他们认为，人类像机器一样对环境刺激做出回应，这些刺激是他们的行为的基础。）因此C选项“他们认为我们像机器一样对环境做出反应”正确，符合题意。A选项“他们相信人类是机械的”太过绝对，原文说的是quite“相当”，只能够说明极度相似，并不完全等同，可排除。B选项“他们把我们的行为比作机器”，依照原文，他们是将human being“人类”比作机器，可排除。D选项“他们坚持认为机械论也适用于我们”原文未提及，可排除。故选C。50. 客观细节题。定位到第五段This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists in contrast say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.（这导致一些“自然”派支持者认为黑人基因不如白人。与之相反的行为学家说，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了许多教育和其他白人所享有的环境优势，因此他们不与白人做出相同的反应。）由此可知，在“自然”派支持者看来黑人的低分数是因为基因的不同。因此D选项“除了遗传与意志因素无关”正确。A选项“是教育劣势的结果”为行为主义者的观点，可排除。B选项“是黑人智力低下的表现”，C选项“与他们的真正智慧无关”与题意无关，可排除。故选D。2. 单选题The gym has equipped with various pieces of weight-lifting（ ）.问题1选项A.apparatusB.applianceC.gaugeD.implement【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项apparatus“装置；设备”；B选项appliance“器具；器械”；C选项gauge“计量器；容量规格”；D选项implement“工具；器具”。句意：这个健身房有各种举重。apparatus一般可用为所有设备的总称。appliance侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。implement原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。地点是健身房，关键信息various pieces of“各种类型的”，在句中缺少对举重设备的一个总的概括。因此A选项符合题意。3. 单选题Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent misconceptions.（46）the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is（47）by your ability to solve complex problems, to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of（48）asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self fulfillment. It（49）a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have（50）to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline, is “intelligent”.（51）mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day an each present moment of every day.If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything its worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem（52）is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or（53）a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness,（54）you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon（55）the big N.B.D.Nervous Break Down.“Intelligent” people do not have N. B. D.s because they are in（56）of themselves. They know how to choose happiness（57）depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of（58）lives.You can begin to think of yourself（59）truly intelligent on the basis of（60）you choose to feel（61）the face of difficult circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has（62）difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of（63）it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which（64）problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make（65）to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while other collapse or have an N. B. D. Those who recognized problems as a human condition and dont measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also the most rare.问题1选项A.AtB.OnC.UnderD.Over问题2选项A.measuredB.meantC.machinedD.molded问题3选项A.notionB.disabilityC.intelligenceD.misconception问题4选项A.experiencesB.encouragesC.encountersD.exploits问题5选项A.comeB.graduallyC.beenD.being问题6选项A.HenceB.ThereforeC.ThusD.Yet问题7选项A.findingB.trackingC.solvingD.killing问题8选项A.forB.withC.toD.at问题9选项A.thenB.butC.sinceD.as问题10选项A.oppositeB.againstC.towardD.across问题11选项A.powerB.placeC.chargeD.danger问题12选项A.againstB.fromC.underD.over问题13选项A.theirB.ourC.itsD.his问题14选项A.forB.atC.whenD.as问题15选项A.howB.whyC.whenD.where问题16选项A.upB.inC.toD.against问题17选项A.sameB.obviousC.varyingD.similar问题18选项A.whatB.howC.whenD.which问题19选项A.proposeB.presentC.prosecuteD.proceed问题20选项A.themB.thatC.theirD.it【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A第6题:D第7题:C第8题:D第9题:A第10题:B第11题:C第12题:D第13题:A第14题:D第15题:A第16题:B第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:D【解析】46. 考查固定搭配。A选项At“在”；B选项On“在上”；C选项Under“在之下；Over“越过；在之上”。句意：排在首列的是这样一种观念。固定搭配At the top of the list“在列表的顶部”。On the top of一般是用来说明在某物的上部。句中的主语不是一个具体的事物，可排除。Under与top词义相反，不可搭配使用。Over the top of一般是指悬空在上方，可排除。因此A选项符合题意。47. 考查动词辨析。A选项measured“测量”；B选项meant“意味着”；C选项machined“机器加工”；D选项molded“用模子塑造”。句意：排在首位的是这样一种观念：智力是由你解决复杂问题的能力来的。而且根据后面的介词by，可知空格内填入measured最为恰当。短语be measured by“由来衡量”。因此A选项符合题意。48.考查名词辨析。A选项notion“概念；见解”；B选项disability“无能；无资格”；C选项intelligence“智力；才智”；D选项misconception“误解”。句意：这种观认为正规教育和优秀的书卷气是衡量自我实现的真正标准。根据指示代词this指代上一句的the notion，由the notion后面的that引导的同位语从句内容可知谈论的是关于intelligence的看法。因此C选项符合题意。49. 考查动词辨析。A选项experiences“经历”；B选项encourages“鼓励；激励”；C选项encounters“遭遇”；D选项exploits“开发；剥削”。句意：它了一种智力偏见，并带来了一些令人沮丧的结果。由后面说到的带来了一些令人沮丧的结果可知，一定是智力偏见加剧后从而得到的结果。encourage也有“助长”的意义，因此B选项符合题意。50. 考查固定搭配。A选项come“来”；B选项gradually“逐渐地”；C选项been“是；有”，be的过去分词；D选项being“是；有”，be的现在分词。句意：我们相信。固定搭配have come to do“已经开始”，因此A选项符合题意。51. 考查语义逻辑。A选项Hence“因此”；B选项Therefore“因此”；C选项Thus“因此”；D选项Yet“然而；但是”。前一句说的是我们开始相信，那些获得更多教育奖章、擅长某种形式的学校纪律的人是“聪明的”。空格后的内容是精神病院的病人都拥有所有正确的证书。两个句子存在一种转折，得了很多证书拿了奖项的人是聪明的，然而精神病院的病人也大多收获了很多证书。因此D选项符合题意。52. 考查动词辨析。A选项finding“发现”；B选项tracking“追踪；跟踪”；C选项solving“解决”；D选项killing“杀死”。句意：问题对你的幸福是有帮助的。可以与problem“问题”搭配的是发现问题，或者是解决问题。根据后一句的关键词resolve“解决”可知，这里是在说解决问题对幸福是有帮助的。因此C选项符合题意。53. 考查固定搭配。A选项for“为了；对”；B选项with“和；具有”；C选项to“朝；位于”；D选项at“在；以”。句意：或者拒绝选择不快乐。固定搭配at a minimum“至少”。因此D选项符合题意。54. 考查语义逻辑。A选项then“那么”；B选项but“但是”；C选项since“因为”；D选项as“因为；正如”。前面的句子是if引导的条件状语从句。句意：但如果你知道自己无法解决某个特定的问题，你仍然可以为自己选择快乐，或者至少拒绝选择不快乐，你是聪明的。此句的逻辑关系是，如果那么。因此A选项符合题意。55. 考查介词辨析。A选项opposite“在对面”；B选项against“反对；针对”；C选项toward“向；对于”；D选项across“穿过”。句意：你很聪明，因为你有神经崩溃的终极武器。由此可知，句中是因为有武器可以对抗神经崩溃。因此B选项符合题意。56. 考查固定搭配。A选项power“力量；权力”；B选项place“地方；住所”；C选项charge“费用；掌管”；D选项danger“危险；威胁”。句意：聪明的人不会有神经崩溃的时候，因为他们能自己。固定搭配be in charge of“负责；掌控”。与文中第一段的Taking charge of yourself相呼应。因此C选项符合题意。57. 考查介词辨析。A选项against“反对；针对”；B选项from“从；从到”；C选项under“在下面”；D选项over“在上面，穿越”。句意：他们知道如何沮丧选择快乐，因为他们知道如何处理他们生活中的问题。意思是聪明的人知道如何选择快乐而不是沮丧，在沮丧面前直达快乐的方法是越过沮丧，不去沾染。因此D选项符合题意。58. 考查物主代词辨析。A选项their“他们的”；B选项our“我们的”；C选项its“它的”；D选项his“他的”，本句的主语是they他们。句意：因为他们知道如何处理生活中的问题。物主代词应该与主语保持一致。因此A选项符合题意。59. 考查固定搭配。A选项for“为了；对于”；B选项at“在；向”；C选项when“何时”；D选项as“作为；像”。句意：你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的。固定搭配think ofas“认为是”，因此D选项符合题意。60. 考查连接词辨析。A选项how“怎样；如何”；B选项why“为什么”；C选项when“什么时候”；D选项where“在哪里”。句意：你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的，根据你是在艰难环境中是选择的。连接词中不需要使用疑问语气，后面接的是肯定句。因此可排除B，C，D选项。how可以用作从句中feel的表语，因此A选项符合题意。61. 考查固定搭配。A选项up“在之上”；B选项in“在内”；C选项to“朝；对于”；D选项against“反对；针对”。句意：你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的，取决于你在面对困境时所选择的感受。固定搭配in the face of“面对”，因此B选项符合题意。62. 考查形容词辨析。A选项same“相同的；同一的”；B选项obvious“明显的；显著的”；C选项varying“不同的；易变的”；D选项similar“相似的”。句意：每个人在任何社会背景下与其他交往的人都有的困难。后面就开始解释我们都可能会遇到的困难，而每个人的处境不同所遇到的困难是无法达到一模一样的。根据后面的Similarly“相似地；类似地”，可以更加肯定空格内应填入相似的困难，刚好也能与后文相呼应。因此D选项符合题意。63. 考查语法结构。A选项what“什么”；B选项how“怎样”；C选项when“什么时候”；D选项which“哪一个”。空格前是介词of后需要一个连接词，构成宾语从句。疑问副词不能够充当宾语成分，可首先排除B，C选项。可以看到宾语从句的形式主语是it，to be human才是真正的主语。句中谓语动词means“意味着”缺少宾语。句意：各种分歧、矛盾、妥协是人类存在的真正意义的一部分。因此A选项符合题意。64. 考查动词辨析。A选项propose“建议；求婚”；B选项present“提出；出现”；C选项prosecute“检举；起诉”；D选项proceed“开始；进行”。句意：同样，金钱、衰老、疾病、死亡、自然灾害和事故是所有的几乎给所有人困难的事件。这些不可抗力的事情都是会给人带来困难的。presentto“给予；出现在”；此处是给予不美好的事物，可译为“带来”。因此B选项符合题意。65. 考查固定搭配。A选项them“他们”；B选项that“那；那个”；C选项their“他们的”；D选项it“它”。句意：但是有些人能够做到。固定搭配make it“成功；成功做到”，因此D选项符合题意。4. 单选题The police charged the man with the（ ）of the watch.问题1选项A.stealB.theftC.thiefD.thesis【答案】B【解析】考查同形词辨析。A选项steal“偷窃”，动词；B选项theft“偷，盗窃”，名词；C选项thief“小偷，窃贼”；D选项thesis“论文；论点”。句意：警察控告这名男子了手表。本句的主语是The police“警察”，谓语charged“控告”，宾语the man“这个男人”，with接宾语补足语。句中已经有了谓语动词，空格内应填入偷窃的名词。charge sb. with sth.“控告某人某事”，因此B选项符合题意。5. 单选题Biology is being reborn as an information science, a progeny of the Information Age. As information scientists, biologists concern themselves with the messages that sustain life, such as the intricate series of signals that led a fertilized egg to develop into a full-grown organism, or the orchestrated response the immune system makes to an invading pathogen. Molecules convey information, and it is their messages that are of paramount importance. Each molecule interacts with a set of other molecules and each set communicates with another set, such that all are interconnected. Networks of people bring about cultures and societies, and networks of species encompass ecosystem. Life is a web and the web is life.Ironically, it was the euphoria for molecules that touched off this scientific Revolution. In the 1980s only a tiny percentage of the millions of different molecular components of living beings were known. In order to gain access to these molecules, a new science and even a new industry had to be created. Genomics is the development and application of research tools that uncover and analyze thousands of different molecules at a time. This new approach to biology has been so successful that universities have created entire departments devoted to it, and all major pharmaceutical companies now have large genomics divisions. Genomics has granted biologists unprecedented access to the molecules of life, but this is more than just a technological revolution. Through genomics massive amounts of biological information can be converted into an electronic format. This directly links the life sciences to the dramatically new framework for understanding life.Information is a message, a bit of news. It may be encoded or decoded. It may be covered by smoke signals, pictures, sound waves, electromagnetic waves, or innumerous other media, but the information itself is not made of anything. It has no mass.Furthermore, information always has a sender and an intended receiver. This implies an underlying intent, meaning, or purpose. Information theory thus may seem unfit for the cold objectivism of science. The focus of the information science, however, is not so much on information content, but rather on how messages are conveyed, processed, and stored.Advances in this area have been great and have helped to propel the remarkable development of the computer and telecommunication industries. Could these forces be harnessed to better understand the human body and to improve human health?51. The primary purpose of this passage is to（ ）.52. The passage mentions each of the following as an example of elements interrelating to form a larger whole Except（ ）.53. According to the passage, the “dramatically new framework” is one in which（ ）.54. According to the passage, information theory “may seem unfit for the cold objectivism ofscience” because（ ）.55. Which of the following best describes the function of the final paragraph in relation to the rest of the passage?问题1选项A.refute a theoryB.describe the origins of a misconceptionC.analyze different perspectives on a phenomenonD.describe a new trend in a field of study问题2选项A.molecules forming a cellB.organisms forming an ecosystemC.pathogens forming the immune systemD.cells forming an organism问题3选项A.biological date is translated into a new formB.the immune system attacks a pathogenC.genetic research receives more federal fundingD.forces are harnessed to better understand the human body问题4选项A.it can be conveyed by sound wavesB.it is better suited to commercial industry than to academic studyC.it suggests that messages may have meaning or purposeD.it analyzes biological information问题5选项A.It modifies a theory presented earlier.B.It indicates actual and potential consequences of genomics.C.It raises doubts about the value of genomics.D.It provides a solution to a problem mentioned earlier.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】51. 主旨大意题。本文主要叙述了生物学研究的新趋势，生物学现在是信息科学，用信息手段探索生命。因此D选项“描述一个研究领域的新趋势”，正确，符合题意。A选项“反驳一个理论”，B选项“描述一种误解的起源”；C选项“从不同的角度分析一个现象”均与题意不符，可排除。故选D。52. 推理判断题。定位在第一段As information scientists, biologists concern themselves with the messages that sustain life, such as the intricate series of signals that led a fertilized egg to develop into a full-grown organism, or the orchestrated response the immune system makes to an invading pathogen.（作为信息科学家，生物学家关心维持生命的信息，比如使受精卵发育成为成熟生物体的复杂的一系列信号，或者免疫系统对入侵病原体做出的协调反应。）Networks of people bring about cultures and societies, and networks of species encompass ecosystem.（人的网络形成文化和社会，物种的网络构成了生态系统。）根据题干信息哪项不是元素相互关联构成更大的整体的例子。A选项“形成细胞的分子”，B选项“由有机体形成生态系统的”，C选项“病原体形成免疫系统”，D选项“细胞形成有机体”。A，B，D选项均是由小变大的例子。C选项根据原文，应该是一个大的、整体性的免疫系统，会对小的、部分性的病原体做出协调反应。因此C选项不符合题意。故选C。53. 词义推测题。定位到原文Through genomics massive amounts of biological information can be converted into an electronic format. This directly links the life sciences to the dramatically new framework for understanding life.（通过基因组学，大量的生物信息可以被转换成电子格式。这直接使生命科学以全新框架来理解生命。）由此可判断dramatically new framework“全新的框架”根据指示代词this可知是指代前面的内容即生物数据可以被转换成电子格式，因此A选项“生物数据被转换成一种新的形式”，正确，符合题意。B选项“免疫系统攻击病原体”，C选项“基因研究得到了更多的联邦资助”，D选项“人们利用各种力量来更好地了解人体”，均不符题意，可排除。故选A。54. 推理判断题。定位在第四段Furthermore, information always has a sender and an intended receiver. This implies an underlying intent, meaning, or purpose. Information theory thus may seem unfit for the cold objectivism of science. The focus of the information science, however, is not so much on information content, but rather on how messages are conveyed processed, and stored.（此外，信息往往有发送者和有意向的接收者。这隐含着一个潜在的意图、意义或目的。信息理论因此似乎不适合科学的冰冷的客观主义。信息科学的焦点，然而，与其说是在信息内容上，不如说是在如何传达、处理和存储信息上。）根据关键点thus“因此”可知，信息理论似乎不适合科学的冰冷的客观主义的原因在前一句中可以找到。即信息隐含着一个潜在的意图、意义或目的。因此C选项“它表明，信息可能有意义或目的”正确，符合题意。A选项“它可以通过声波传播”，B选项“它更适合商业工业而不是学术研究”，D选项“它分析生物信息”，均与题意不符。故选C。55. 推理判断题。定位在最后一段Advances in this area have been great and have helped to propel the