2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷11

2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 写作题You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic “ The Significance of the Spring Festival Gala”.【答案】The Significance of the Spring Festival Gala2. 单选题Our next task is to consider the policies and principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have written on this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptuous for me to write on I as well, especially since what I have to say, as regards this question in particular, will differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with discussion of an imaginary world. For many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actually behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. For anyone who wants to act the part of a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for those he has to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge.Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities. I maintain that all men, when people talk about them, and especially rulers, because they hold positions of authority, are described in terms of qualities that are inextricably linked to censure or to praise. So one man is described as generous, another as a miser; one is called open-handed, another tight-fisted; one man is cruel, another gentle; one untrustworthy, another self-important; one promiscuous, another monogamous; one straightforward, another duplicitous; one tough, another easy-going; one serious, another cheerful; one religious, another atheistical; and so on.Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. You have to be canny enough to avoid being thought to have those evil qualities that would make it impossible for you to retain power; as for those that are compatible with holding on to power, you should avoid them if you can; but if you cannot, then you should not worry too much if people say you have them. Above all, do not be upset if you are supposed to have those vices a ruler needs if he is going to stay securely in power, for, if you think about it, you will realize there are some ways of behaving that are supposed to be virtuous, but would lead to your downfall, and others that are supposed to be wicked, but will lead to your welfare and peace of mind.31.The word “presumptuous” in the first paragraph probably means （ ）.32.If a ruler follows other authors suggestion, he might （ ）.33.In the book, the authors discussion most likely focuses on （ ）.34.If a ruler wants to secure the power in his own hands, he needs （ ）.35.A suitable title for the passage would be （ ）.问题1选项A.showing dishonestyB.showing rebellionC.showing submissionD.showing disrespect问题2选项A.try his best to be a good egg all the timeB.understand the important of an authoritative statementC.try to gain great fame and high prestigeD.know when to be kind and when to be cruel问题3选项A.presenting a real world to his readersB.describing an ideal society to his readersC.explaining how to construct a perfect systemD.illustrating what a wise ruler should do问题4选项A.wicked crueltyB.immoral qualitiesC.cunning subjectsD.disreputable rivals问题5选项A.On VirtuesB.On WisdomC.On Praise and CensureD.On Power【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】31.语义题。根据题干关键词，将信息点定位至原文第一段，根据“differ greatly from the recommendations of others（与其他人的建议大相径庭）”即可得出本题答案。32.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“a ruler”可将信息点定位至原文第一段最后一句，根据“So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge.（所以对于一个统治者来说，如果他想抓住权力不放，就必须学会如何做不好，知道什么时候该做，什么时候不该做）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。33.细节事实题。将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据“one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion（一个人不可能拥有所有的好品质，也不可能总是以值得称赞的方式行事）” “behaving that are supposed to be virtuous（行为应该是善良的）” “lead to your welfare and peace of mind.（导致你的幸福和内心的平静）”即可得出本题答案。34.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“a ruler wants to secure the power”可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，从而得出本题答案。35.主旨大意题。通读全文，可发现作者探讨的是统治者如何稳固统治权利、巩固自己的统治地位，既要拥有众多良好的品质，也需要适时采取所谓“不道德”之举。从而即可得出本题答案。3. 单选题Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?（1） an event takes place, newspapers are on the street （2） the details.（3） anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic （4） to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to （5） it.Radio, telegraph, television, and （6） inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. （7）, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the（8） and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are（9） and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to （10） out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, todays newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious （11） .Newspapers influence readers, economic choices （12） advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very （13） . Newspapers are sold at a price that （14） even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main （15） of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The （16） in selling advertising depends newspapers value to advertisers. This （17） in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends （18） on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment （19） in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information （20） the community, city, county, state, nation and world and even outer space.问题1选项A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before问题2选项A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given问题3选项A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever问题4选项A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose问题5选项A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write问题6选项A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other问题7选项A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So问题8选项A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed问题9选项A.spreadB.passedC.printedD.completed问题10选项A.provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch问题11选项A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events问题12选项A.onB.throughC.withD.of问题13选项A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose问题14选项A.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds in covering问题15选项A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance问题16选项A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success问题17选项A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured问题18选项A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something问题19选项A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered问题20选项A.byB.withC.atD.about【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:A第8题:D第9题:C第10题:C第11题:D第12题:B第13题:B第14题:C第15题:A第16题:B第17题:C第18题:C第19题:D第20题:C【解析】1.考查时间副词（短语）。Just when正当；While当时；Soon after不久之后；Before在之前；根据上下文判断，事件发生在前，报纸报道在后。soon after“不久以后”，符合句意。2.考查分词辨析。现在分词表示主动，报纸报道事件细节是主动的，所以用giving。3.考查关系代词。Wherever无论哪里，表地点；Whatever无论什么；However不管怎样；Whichever无论哪一个；由后一句on the spot（当场）可推断出应选地点状语wherever。4. 考查固定搭配。reason原因；cause成因；problem问题；purpose目的。由动词不定式to get可判定本句表示目的，purpose “目的”，选项D符合要求。5.考查动词辨析。make使，让；publish出版；know知道，了解；write写。句意：新闻发生的源头或是从那些将新闻制作并散播人处获得，并传播给那些想要了解新闻的人们。选项C符合句意。6.考查代词辨析。another另一个；one another彼此，互相；the other两者中的另一个；other“其他的”，其后跟可数名词复数表示泛指。句意：收音机、电报、电视以及其他发明。7.考查逻辑连接词。However然而，表转折；And而且，表并列；Therefore因此，表因果；So因此，表结果。根据上下文，句子间逻辑判断为转折。选项中的however意为“然而”，符合句意。8.考查名词辨析。value价值；ratio比例；rate比率；speed速度。句意：他们快速地使用更新并且更快的交流方式来提高速度。选项D符合句意。9.考查动词辨析。spread传播；passed传递，通过；printed打印，印刷；completed完成。句意：如今更多的报纸被印刷并且被阅读。选项C符合句意。10.考查固定搭配。step out into“拓展”，既可指人又可指物，branch out into“拓展”，只能用于指人。句意：竞争也使得报纸拓展到很多其他领域。选项C符合句意。11.考查名词辨析。matters“当前状况”；affairs“公共事务及安全事务”；things“事情”一般用于口语中；events“重大，重要事件”。句意：政治事件以及其他重要且严肃的事件。选项D符合句意。12.考查介词辨析。on在之上；through通过；with和；of属于的。句意：报纸通过广告影响人们的经济选择。through做方式状语，表示“通过，凭借”，选项B符合句意。13.考查名词辨析。form“形式”；existence“存在”；content“内容”；purpose“目的”。句意：报纸是依赖广告生存的，选项B符合句意。14.考查动词短语辨析。tries to cover试图支付；manages to cover打算支付；fails to cover无法支付；succeeds in covering成功支付。根据后面even“甚至”这个语气可判断出此处为否定意义，只有fails to cover表否定，意为“无法支付”。选项C符合句意。15.考查固定搭配。the source of income为固定搭配，意为“收入来源”。选项A符合句意。16.考查名词辨析。way方式，道路；means钱财，财富；chance机会；success成功。根据上下文语义，句意：出售版面广告所赚的钱依赖于报纸对广告商的价值。means意为“钱财，财富”，选项B符合句意。17.考查时态与语态。整个文章时态为现在时且此句中应用被动，报纸价值是“被估量”，选项C符合要求。18.考查副词辨析。somewhat有点，稍微；little少量，一丁点；much多，大量；something某事。句意：发行部的工作对于报纸的发行至关重要。选项C符合句意。19.考查时态与语态。句意：刊印在报纸版面上的娱乐和服务。被动语态且表示将来，选项D符合句意。20.考查固定搭配。by通过；凭借；with和；at在；about关于。at the community意为“在社区内”，为固定用法。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题While there have been countless attempts at correlating sunspot cycles with such diverse phenomena as the economy, crop yields, and the weather, there has been little evidence to support these correlations. The past few decades have seen a renewed interest in the sun-climate relationship with a comprehensive analysis of many different historical records of solar observation. Late in the seventeenth century, a period known as the Maunder Minimum, there were virtually no sunspots observed, indicating a “quiet” period in the suns activity coinciding with the height of a time known as the Little Ice Age, a period of lower temperatures in Europe. Once this evidence had been synthesized, it has become much clearer that there are indeed robust correlations between the Earths temperature and sunspots. Perhaps the most important development in the solar-climate link came when satellites were developed to measure, in rough terms, the Total Solar Irradiance （TSI）, a factor shown to be directly related to these “activity” cycles. At the maxima of these cycles, there are more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate local irradiance）, but new instruments show that these dark sunspots are more than compensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irradiance increases in correspondence with higher numbers of sunspots.Unfortunatedly, identifying this evident increase in minimum values as a trend provokes concern, as there have been only two minima ever measured in this way. We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extension of the solar record is necessary to assess whether solar activity and irradiance is indeed increasing at the minima of the cycles and what the potential effect on the climate may be. The solar record has been extended by the use of the historical sunspot records already mentioned and correlations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, suggesting a predominant solar influence in the pre-industrial period. But since 1860 only half the observed warming could be attributable to the irradiance increase, indicating that some other influence is becoming more influential in controlling the temperature change: most likely industrial carbon-dioxide.Recent studies of global warming have necessitated a more comprehensive effort to quantify the natural climate variability so that the residual change may be attributed to the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This attempt at quantification of the many different forces effect on the climate has re-emphasized the complexity of the climate system and the simultaneous interaction of many influences. Solar irradiance may indeed account for some of the temperature increases recorded over the last several decades, but as the atmospheric CO2 rises, due to the exponential increase in emissions from industrial sources, the influence of solar variability on the Earths climate will most likely decrease, and its relative contribution will be far surpassed by “greenhouse” gases.31.The author focuses primarily on （ ） .32.Which of the following statements concerning the comparison between preindustrial and post-industrial climate change, as described in the passage, is accurate?33.According to the passage, extending solar record is important for which of the following reasons?34.According to the passage, sunspot cycles have which of the following characteristics?35.It can be inferred from the passage that the author regards the correlations drawn in recent decades between sunspots and terrestrial phenomena as（ ）.问题1选项A.pointing out the success of a certain line of scientific inquiry into the terrestrial effects of solar activity while qualifying its successes with regard to climate changeB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and explaining their possible implications for future researchC.discussing the successes in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how they may have an impact on preventing further climate changeD.presenting two competing scientific theories for the cause of post-industrial climate change and evaluating the body of evidence behind each one问题2选项A.The pre-industrial period experienced a much greater degree of climate change, owing to solar activityB.The post-industrial period experienced a much greater degree of climate change, owing to greenhouse gases.C.Both periods have experienced a degree of change, but their primary causes are different.D.Both periods have experienced a degree of change, and their primary causes are identical.问题3选项A.It would allow scientists to establish whether the warming trends owe to industrialization or to natural factors existing prior to industrialization.B.It would help establish whether the data supporting the existence of the Maunder Minimum is reliable.C.It would determine the extent to which sunspots plays a role in increasing the suns irradiance.D.It could possible corroborate the information on sunspots provided by satellites.问题4选项A.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and fewer sunspots.B.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is greater overall irradiance but lower local irradiance, and fewer sunspots.C.During the maxima phase of the cycle, there is lower local irradiance but greater overall irradiance, and more sunspots.D.During the maxima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and more sunspots.问题5选项A.more reliable than similar correlations drawn in the past, but still inconclusiveB.solid evidence of the complexity of the climate system and the simultaneous interaction of its many influencesC.poorly supported by the statistics mentioned at the beginning of the passageD.unlikely given the predominant role played by greenhouse gases【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】31.主旨大意题。通读全文可发现作者通篇探讨的是太阳活动与气候变化的联系。根据关键词“solar activity” “climate change” “the sun-climate relationship”即可得出本题答案。32.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“preindustrial and post-industrial climate change”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第三句和第四句，根据“The solar record has been extended by the use of the historical sunspot records already mentioned and correlations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, suggesting a predominant solar influence in the pre-industrial period.（利用前面提到的太阳黑子历史记录扩展了太阳活动记录，并从1610年起绘制了太阳辐照度与温度曲线之间的关系，表明太阳活动在前工业时期具有重要的影响。）” “indicating that some other influence is becoming more influential（表明其他一些影响正在变得更有影响力）”，即可得出本题答案。33.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“extending solar record”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第二句和第三句。“We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extension of the solar record is necessary to assess whether solar activity and irradiance is indeed increasing at the minima of the cycles and what the potential effect on the climate may be.（我们必须认识到，地表温度的上升趋势远远超过过去二十年，必须扩大太阳记录，以评估太阳活动和辐照度是否确实在以周期的最小值增加，以及对气候可能产生的潜在影响。）”从而得出本题答案。34.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“sunspot cycles” “characteristics”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第六句，“At the maxima of these cycles, there are more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate local irradiance）, but new instruments show that these dark sunspots are more than compensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irradiance increases in correspondence with higher numbers of sunspots.（这些周期的最大值，太阳黑子（磁现象减弱本地辐照度）,但新仪器显示，这些黑暗的太阳黑子超过补偿在太阳明亮的区域称为光斑；因此，整体较高的辐照度增加对应数量的太阳黑子。）”即可得出本题答案。35.细节推断题。根据题干关键字“correlations drawn in recent decades”可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，根据“Recent studies of global warming have necessitated a more comprehensive effort（最近对全球变暖的研究需要更全面的努力。）”可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。5. 单选题Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem to spend their lives accumulating “stuff”. Once theyve gathered enough stuff, they have to find places to store all of it. If Carlin were to update that routine today, he could make the same （1） about computer information. It seems that everyone with a computer spends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to （2）it.For some computer owners, finding enough storage space to hold all the data theyve acquired is a real challenge. Some people invest in larger hard drives. Others prefer （3） storage devices like thumb drives or compact discs. Desperate computer owners might delete entire folders worth of old files in order to make space for new information. （4） some are choosing to rely on a growing trend: cloud storage.While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather （5） and storm systems, it really refers to saving data （6） an off-site storage system maintained by a third party. （7） storing information to your computers hard drive or other local storage device, you save it to a remote database. The Internet provides the connection between your computer and the database.On the surface, cloud storage has several advantages （8） traditional data storage. For example, if you store your data on a cloud storage system, youll be able to get to that data from any location that has Internet access. You （9） need to carry around a （10） storage device or use the same computer to save and （11）your information. With the right storage system, you could even allow other people to access the data, turning a personal project into a（12）effort.So cloud storage is convenient and offers more （13）, but how does it work?There are hundreds of different cloud storage syst