2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷14

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题在某种物理障碍物的后面，人们会感到安全。如果一种社会场景在某种方式上具有威胁性，那么就有必要设立这样的一种障碍。当一个小孩面对陌生人时，它会躲在母亲的身后，然后偷偷地观察闯入者下一少做什么。如果母亲不在身边，椅子或者其他的家具之类的东西也可以，那么小孩面对陌生人的问题就会得到解决。如果陌生人坚持地向它靠近，那张窥探的面孔也会一起藏起來。如果这位不敏感的闯入者继续靠 近的话，虽然孩子已经明显表现出恐惧，那么小孩可能别无选择地哭泣或逃跑。这种模式随着孩子的成熟，会逐渐地减少。但是在少女中，仍然可以发现他们咯咯笑的时候会用手或纸捂着面孔。在我们成年之后，童年时期的躲藏以及青少年时期的害羞在我们勇敢地见我们的客人、同伴、亲戚、同事以及客户的时候，就会全部地消失。【答案】【参考译文】Behind some kind of physical barrier, people feel safe. If a social scenario is threatening in some way, it is necessary to erect such a barrier. When a child faces a stranger, it hides behind its mother and secretly watches what the intruder does next. If the mother isnt around, a chair or other piece of furniture will do, and the childs problem with strangers will be solved. If the stranger persisted in approaching it, the peeping face would hide with him. If the insensitive intruder continues to approach, the child may have no choice but to cry or run away, even though fear is already evident.This pattern diminishes as the child grows up. But among teenage girls, they can still be found giggling with their hands or paper over their faces. After we reach adulthood, the hiding of childhood and the shyness of adolescence all disappear when we bravely meet our guests, companions, relatives, colleagues and clients.2. 单选题After a whole days heavy work，the old worker returned home,（ ）.问题1选项A.hungry and felt exhaustingB.hunger and exhaustedC.hungry and having been exhaustedD.hungry and exhausted【答案】D【解析】考查形容词作状语。题干的主语是the old worker,空格处填两个形容词来修饰主语。根据前一句“在一天的劳累工作之后”可知这个老工人是饥饿并且疲惫的。exhausting 使筋疲力尽的；exhausted疲惫的。故D项正确。句意：在经历一天的劳累工作后，这个老工人带着饥饿和疲惫回家了。3. 单选题Examine the data over time, and youll find irrefutable evidence of progress: the decline of war, the increase in life span;（ ）of literacy, democracy, and equal rights,（ ）of privilege based on race, gender, heredity and beliefs.问题1选项A.the spread . the waningB.the spreading . the waneC.the spreads. the wanesD.the spreading the waning【答案】A【解析】考查词性。the + 名词，表示特指。spread 可以做动词，也可以做名词。Wane是动词，变名词为在其后加-ing。句意：回顾一段时间以来的数据，你就会发现有不可辨驳的证据证明社会在进步：战争减少，寿命延长，识字率的提高以及民主和权利平等意识的增强，基于种族、性别、出身、信仰而获得的特权的减少。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题In the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new community ecology was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants（plants with little or no woody tissue）, shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession.Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.For Clements, the climax was a superorganism, an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements1 characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term association to the term community in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the biome, a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a spruce-moose biome, for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce community is not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.1. Ecology had been rooted in（ ）before it grew into an independent science.2. According to Frederic Clements,（ ）after a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire.3. Succession is influenced by the following factors except（ ）.4. Which of the following is NOT true about “climax”, according to the passage?5. The concept of biome would emphasize that（ ）.问题1选项A.community ecologyB.the science of speciesC.the study of community structureD.natural history and plant geography问题2选项A.only light-loving species can growB.plant communities can developC.forests can hardly surviveD.few plants can grow问题3选项A.regular rainfallsB.chance colonizationsC.exposure to sunD.nature of the soil问题4选项A.Its nature is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession.B.It changes relatively little through time at maturity.C.It is a highly interacting communicative network.D.It is the final stage of a succession.问题5选项A.animals and plants do not substantially affect each otherB.plant communities always rely on coexisting animals to surviveC.there is internal cohesion in the association of animals with plantsD.the distribution of a given species is controlled by the habitat requirements【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段“In the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography”可知，19世纪后期，生态学从其自然历史和植物地理学的根源开始成长为一门独立的科学。由此可判断本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“社区生态学”，B选项表示“物种学科”，C选项表示“社区结构的研究”。2.细节事实题。题干询问：根据Frederic Clements的理论，在火山爆发、洪水或森林大火之后。根据题干关键信息定位到原文第一段第三句“a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire”可知，一系列的植物群落会在火山爆发、洪水或者森林火灾后形成。因此本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“只有喜光的物种才能生长”，C选项表示“森林很难生存”，D选项表示“很少植物能生长”。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段最后一句“Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations and many other random processes”可知，生态演替受到多种因素的影响：土壤土质、暴露到阳光和风中、降水的规律性、定居生长的机会以及许多其它随机过程。因此本题正确答案为A选项。4.推理判断题。题干询问：根据文章可知，下面关于“climax”的表述哪个选项是不正确的?由原文第三段第一句“The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition.”可知，“climax”指的是生态演替的最后一个阶段顶级群落。可判断D选项正确。由原文第三段第二句“There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community.”可知，即使在一个成熟的群落中，物种组成通常也有很大的变化，可判断B选项错误。由第三段第三句“The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession”可知，影响生态演替的因素同样也影响顶级群落的性质，可判断A选项表述正确。由第四段第三句“An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances”可知，一个蚁群可能被合法地称为顶级群落，因为它的交流系统是高度组织化的，由此可判断C选项正确。综上所述，本题正确答案为B选项。5.推理判断题。题干询问：“生态群系”的概念强调的是。根据题干关键信息“biome”可定位到原文最后一段，根据“a combination of coexisting flora and fauna”可知，“biome”是指共生的动植物群的组合。由最后一段最后一句“Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species”可知，一种特定物种的分布是由该物种的栖息地需求控制的，由此可判断，本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“动物和植物之间没有实质性的相互影响”，B选项表示“植物群落总是依靠共存的动物生存”，C选项表示“在动物与植物的联系中有一种内在的凝聚力”。5. 单选题The Ministry of Education on Sunday issued a statement on college enrollment in 2015, which consists of 26 bans on inappropriate（ ）including prescribing the male to female ratio at a university admission without approval.问题1选项A.stressB.arrangementC.conductD.recruitment【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项stress表示“压力，强调，重要性”，B选项arrangement表示“布置，整理，准备，安排”，C选项conduct表示“行为举止；管理（方式），实施（办法）；引导”，D选项recruitment表示“招收，招聘；（自然种群）增长；募集（反应、现象）”。后文中关键信息“including prescribing the male to female ratio at a university admission without approval”是对空缺处名词的解释，表示“包括未经批准在大学入学时规定男女比例”。由此可知，这些禁令是有关不当招生的，因此本题正确答案为D选项。6. 单选题Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries（ ）as a unified science.问题1选项A.did ecology emergeB.when ecology emergedC.ecology emergedD.when did ecology emerge【答案】A【解析】考查倒装结构。当not until放句首时，句子要部分倒装。故A项正确。句意：直到19世纪末20世纪初，生态学才作为统一的科学出现。7. 单选题Most geologists believe（ ）from the remains of tiny marine plants and animals that died millions of years ago.问题1选项A.that petroleum was formedB.what was formed petroleumC.when petroleum formedD.petroleum that formed【答案】A【解析】考查宾语从句。BCD三项的内容与句意不符。A项用that引导宾语从句。句意：大多数地质学家认为石油是从微小的海洋植物和几百万年前死掉的动物的遗骸中形成的8. 单选题Chinas first set of regulations on human organ transplant, which prohibits organizations and individuals from trading human organs in any form,（ ）on May 1st, 2007.问题1选项A.fell backB.fell shortC.went into effectD.came to the point【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项fell back表示“后退”；B选项fell short表示“不符合标准，缺乏”；C选项went into effect表示“生效”；D选项come to the point表示“直截了当的说，简明扼要的说”。分析句意可知，中国颁布的首部人体器官移植条例是从2007年5月1日开始（ ）。由此可知，C选项的词义更符合句意。因此本题正确答案为C选项。9. 单选题Thank you for applying for a position with our firm. We do not have any openings at this time, but we shall keep your application on（ ）for two months.问题1选项A.pileB.segmentC.fileD.sequence【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。keep on file存档。句意：谢谢你申请我们公司的职位。目前我们公司职位空缺,但我们会将您的申请保存两个月。故C项正确。10. 单选题Colorado state lawmakers will debate a bill, which will treat cyber-bullying as（ ）.问题1选项A.humiliationB.hypocrisyC.hierarchyD.harassment【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项humiliation表示“耻辱，侮辱”；B选项hypocrisy表示“虚伪，伪善”；C选项hierarchy表示“层级，等级制度”；D选项harassment表示“骚扰，烦恼”。由treatas可知，空缺处部分应为cyber-bullying（网络欺凌）的近义词，所以harassment的词义最符合，故本题正确答案为D选项。11. 单选题If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of Americas public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britains Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the states budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvards Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.1. Paragraph 1 suggests that（ ）.2. According to Paragraph 2,（ ）.3. Paragraph 4 points out that the income in the state sector is（ ）.4. It can be learned from the example of the unions in Wisconsin that unions（ ）5. What is John Donahues attitude towards the public-sector system?问题1选项A.Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servantB.Teamsters has kept growing in its body of membersC.the number of unionists in public-sector has increasedD.the government has improved its relationship with unionists问题2选项A.a university degree is required for public-sector union membershipB.Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unionsC.public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actionsD.public-sector unions are hesitant in taking actions问题3选项A.fairly adjustedB.illegally securedC.indirectly increasedD.excessively increased问题4选项A.often run against the current political systemB.may be a barrier to public-sector reformsC.can change peoples political attitudesD.are dominant in the government问题5选项A.Tolerance.B.Disapproval.C.Indifference.D.Appreciation.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段第二句“When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美国政府工作人员属于工会而现在是36%。而由最后两句“In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. ”可知，2009年，美国公共部门工会成员的数量超过了私营部门工会成员的数量。在英国，超过一半的公共部门员工加入了工会，但只有15%的私营部门员工加入了工会。由此可以判断，这么多年来，公共部门的工会成员人数有所增加，所以C选项表述正确。原文只是说明Jimmy Hoffa如果活着可能会代表公务员，并不是说他真的是公务员，因此A选项与原文内容不符。B选项“卡车司机成员不断增加”与原文内容不符，原文只是说1960年卡车司机处于巅峰时期，故表述错误。D选项“政府改善了它与工会的关系”，在原文中并未提到，属于无中生有。故本题正确答案为C选项。2.推理判断题。题干询问：根据第二段可以得出。原文第二段主要介绍了工会兴盛的三个原因，原因一：他们可以在不承担后果的情况下解决事情；原因二：他们大多聪明且受过良好的教育；原因三：他们现在主导着中间偏左的政治。由此可知，C选项表述正确，without suffering much说明他们很少惹上麻烦，即seldom get in trouble。原文第二段第四句指出“A quarter of Americas public-sector workers have a university degree”，所以并不是所有的公共部门工会成员都被要求拥有大学学位。可判断A选项表述错误。由原因三可知，工党一直和工会联系在一起，工党领袖的当选部分原因归功于公共部分工会的投票，可判断B选项错误。D选项的表述在原文中并未提及，故本题正确答案为C选项。3.细节事实题。题干询问：从第四段可以得知，国营部门的收入是。根据题干信息可定位到原文第4段第三句，通过Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.可知，政客们一再“加码”公共部门的薪酬协议，要保持适度的工资增长，但要增加假期，尤其是已经很丰厚的养老金。由此可知，国营部门的收入需要间接进行提高。可判断C选项正确。A选项表示“公平调整”，B选项表示“非法获得”，D选项表示“过度增加”，均与原文内容不符，故本题正确答案为C选项。4.推理判断题。题干询问：我们可以从威斯康辛州工会的例子中了解到，工会应该。根据题干信息可定位到原文第六段第二句“In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor”，根据句意可知，在威斯康辛州，各工会集结了数千支持者，反对共和党强硬派州长Scott Walker。由此可知B选项“工会是公共部门改革的障碍”表述正确。A选项“经常与当前的政治体制相抵触”属于推断过度，而C选项“能改变人们的政治态度”和D选项“在政府中占主导地位”在原文中均为提及。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。5.观点态度题。题干询问：John Donahue对公共工会部门的态度是。根据题干信息定位到原文最后一段，由“Bankers fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. ”可知，银行家丰厚的薪水引来了许多批评，但公共部门系统不奖励高成就者，这对美国来说可能是一个更大的问题。由此可见，John Donahue对于美国的公共部门持有不支持的态度，因此B选项Disapproval最符合原文内容，故本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“容忍”，C选项表示“漠不关心”，D选项表示“赞赏”。12. 单选题Online services that provide（ ）lovers saw a rise in popularity before the Valentines Day, which is celebrated every year on Feb 14.问题1选项A.humbleB.nobleC.radicalD.virtual【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项humble表示“谦逊的，简陋的”，B选项noble表示“高贵的，宏伟的”，C选项radical表示“激进的，根本的，彻底的”，D选项virtual表示“事实上的，（计算机仿真）虚拟的”。由句意可知，情人节前，网上提供（ ）情侣的服务日渐增多。由此可知，只有D选项最符合原文句意，virtual lover表示“虚拟情侣”。故本题正确答案为D选项。13. 单选题Together with other activities（1）ritualistic in origin but have come to be designated as artistic（such as music or dance）, painting was one of the earliest ways in which man（2）to express his own personality and his（3）understanding of an existence beyond the material world.（4）music and dance, however, examples of early forms of painting have survived to the present day. The modern eye can derive aesthetic as well as antiquarian satisfaction（5）the 15，000-year-old cave murals of Lascaux some examples（6）to the considerable powers of draftsmanship of these early artists. And painting, like other arts， exhibits universal qualities that（7）for viewers of all nations and civilizations to understand and appreciate.The major（8）examples of early painting anywhere in the world are found in Western Europe and the Soviet Union. But some 5，000 years ago， the areas in which important paintings were executed（9）to the eastern Mediterranean Sea and neighboring regions.（10），Western shared a European cultural tradition the Middle East and Mediterranean Basin and， later， the countries of the New World.Western painting is in general distinguished by its concentration（11）the representation of the human（12）， whether in the heroic context of antiquity or the religious context of the early Christian and medieval world. The Renaissance（13）this tradition through a（14）examination of the natural world and an investigation of balance， harmony， and perspective in the visible world， linking painting（15）the developing sciences of anatomy and optics. The first real（16）from figurative painting came with the growth of landscape painting in the 17th and 18th centuries. The landscape and figurative traditions developed together in the 19th century in an atmosphere that was increasingly（17）“painterly” qualities of the（18）of light and color and the expressive qualities of paint handling. In the 20th century these interests（19）to the development of a third major tradition in Western painting， abstract painting， which sought to（20）and express the true nature of paint and painting through action and form.问题1选项A.may have beenB.that may haveC.may haveD.th