2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷9

2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 填空题Much of what is best in Rootsthe story of his family traces back over seven generations was writtenout of this mans own sufferings and despair. He is close to tears as he tells the story. A B C D【答案】B traces back改为traced back【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】根据was written，可知动作已完成，trace是非谓语动词，用过去分词traced表示动作已发生。【句意】根讲述了他的家族七代人的故事，其中最精彩的部分是他用自己的痛苦和绝望写成的。当他讲述这个故事时，几乎要流泪了。2. 填空题Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer even the best players miss the goal and have their shots to be blocked much more frequently than they score. A B C D【答案】C to be blocked改为blocked【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】have sth. done表示某事已经被做完，have sth. to be done表示有些事情等着被做，这里射门被挡住的动作已经完成，此题正确用法为have their shots blocked。【句意】发明和创新几乎总是来自于艰苦的试验和错误。创新就像足球，即使是最优秀的球员也会失球，他们的射门被挡出的次数远远超过他们进球的次数。3. 单选题Nowadays it is mandatory to have at least a rudimentary knowledge of the new cell chemistry to be able to understand practical medical advances in fields of virology, cancer, and hereditary diseases.问题1选项A.profoundB.essentialC.multipleD.elementary【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. profound 知识渊博的，理解深刻的 B. essential 必不可少的，极其重要的C. multiple 数量多的，多种多样的 D. elementary 初级的，基础的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】rudimentary的意思为“基础的，基本的”，修饰knowledge，指的是要知道新细胞化学的基本知识，elementary与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】如今，要想了解病毒学、癌症和遗传疾病等领域的实际医学进展，至少必须掌握新细胞化学的基本知识。4. 单选题To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do.”Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situation, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.1. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is _.2. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _.3. Children tend to imitate their models _.4. “An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _.问题1选项A.the need to find an authorityB.the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC.the need for more affection from his parentsD.the desire to meet the standards of his social group问题2选项A.behave properlyB.attain his goal as soon as possibleC.show his affection for his parentsD.talk quietly问题3选项A.who do not criticize themB.who bring them unexpected rewardsC.whom they want to be likeD.whose social status is high问题4选项A.who serves as a model for othersB.who is always successfulC.who can be depended uponD.who has been rewarded for his success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is _. 对孩子来说，模仿式学习的第一个因素是_。A. the need to find an authority A. 需要找到权威B. the need to find a way to achieve the desired result B. 需要找到达到预期结果的方法C. the need for more affection from his parents C. 需要从父母那里得到更多的爱D. the desire to meet the standards of his social group D. 希望达到所在的社会群体的标准【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词first element定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“还有第二个因素在起作用（second element）”，推测第一因素在第二段，结合第二段第三、四句，该处讲到“他在寻求（seeking）一种能达到特定目的的反应（gain certain ends）他观察到（observes）一个似乎能够得到正确结果（right result）的模型。”，可知模仿式学习的第一个因素是需要达到自己想要的结果，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“需要找到权威”：对应第二段最后一句，该处讲到“孩子们会寻找一个权威人士（authority）或专家来告诉他们该做什么（what to do）”，可知寻求权威的建议是是方法，而不是原因，属于偷换概念；C选项“需要从父母那里得到更多的爱”：对应第三段倒数第三句，该处讲到“当父母喜欢他的反应时（when his parents like his response），他会得到更多的爱（affection）和认可。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴；D选项“希望达到所在的社会群体的标准”：对应第三段最后一句，该处讲到“如果一个人想得到他人的持续支持和维持自己的自尊（support of others and his own self-respect），他必须以社会群体认可的方式回应（responses his social group approves）。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴。第2题:【选项释义】Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _. 除了达到他想要的结果，一个孩子还应该学会_。A. behave properly A. 行为恰当B. attain his goal as soon as possible B. 尽快实现目标C. show his affection for his parents C. 对父母表达爱D. talk quietly D. 小声说话【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段第四、五、六句，该处讲到“解决任何客观问题（solve any objective situation）的愿望就变成了正确解决问题（solve it properly）的愿望。孩子早期学到的一件事是，当父母喜欢他的反应时，他会得到更多的爱和认可。然后其他成年人奖励一些行为，批评其他行为。”，可知除了达到希望的结果，还需要行为恰当，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“尽快实现目标”：对应第三段第二句，该处讲到“孩子可能会达到他的即时目标（immediate goal），却发现他的方法受到了其观察者的批评。”，这里表达的是孩子在实现当下想要实现的目标时，如果方式不符合社会标准，会受到批评，并没有鼓励孩子尽快实现目标，属于偷换概念；C选项“对父母表达爱”：文中没有提到对父母表达爱意，属于无中生有；D选项“轻言细语”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“他应该走到隔壁房间，小声说话（say his say quietly）”，这是针对吵闹的孩子说的，而不是所有的孩子，属于以偏概全。第3题:【选项释义】Children tend to imitate their models _. 孩子们倾向于模仿_的榜样。A. who do not criticize them A. 不批评他们B. who bring them unexpected rewards B. 给他们带来了意想不到的回报C. whom they want to be like C. 他们想要与之相像D. whose social status is high D. 社会地位高【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词imitate their models定位到第四段第二、三句，该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人（seems a good person）如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴家（wants to be a good violinist），他会观察和模仿（observe and try to copy）优秀演奏者（capable players）的技巧。”，可知孩子们倾向于模仿有自己想要的品质的人，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“不批评他们”：文中没有提到模仿不批评他们的人，属于无中生有；B选项“给他们带来了意想不到的回报”：文中没有提到给他们带来意外回报的人，属于无中生有；D选项“社会地位高”：对应第四段第二句，该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人，而不是那些他希望避免其社会身份的人（whose social status he wishes to avoid）。”，这里表达的是孩子会模仿自己想成为的、具有某个社会身份的人，而不是模仿社会地位高的人，属于偷换概念。第4题:【选项释义】“An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _. “标志性人物”（第5段）是指_的人。A. who serves as a model for others A. 为他人树立榜样B. who is always successful B. 总是成功C. who can be depended upon C. 可以信赖D. who has been rewarded for his success D. 因他的成功而获益【答案】A【考查点】语义推断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词An identifying figure定位到第五段第一句，该处讲到“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜（admire a person as a whole），而这个人也就成为了_。”，结合该段第二句“很大程度地模仿（imitating much）他们所做的”，可知横线处是指对某个人有崇拜之情，并且模仿他，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“总是成功”：对应第五段第一句“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜”和最后一句“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，不是因为他们总是成功而模仿他们，而是因为模仿他们的优秀品质会带来成功，属于偷换概念；C选项“可以信赖”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；D选项“因他的成功而获益”：对应文章最后一句，该处讲到“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，通过模仿他们，自己可能会成功，而不是因为他们的成功自己获得直接的好处，属于偷换概念。5. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established. However, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycles past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.1. The author focuses primarily on _.2. Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3, is accurate?3. According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?4. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physics问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not.D.In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are considered to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicted were incorrect.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern.问题4选项A.The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.B.The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather patterns.C.Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness.D.Tree-ring thickness reflect changes in terrestrial climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author focuses primarily on _. 作者主要关注_。A. presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support them A. 提出两种相互矛盾的关于太阳活动的科学理论，并评价经常被引用来支持它们的地质证据B. giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological research B. 简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响C. discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics C. 讨论将地球现象与太阳活动联系起来所涉及的困难，并指出解决这个问题将如何影响我们对太阳物理学的理解D. outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physics D. 概述了太阳物理学中一个问题尚未解决的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出“仍不清楚（remains unclear）太阳活动周期（solar-activity cycle）与地球天气和气候的关系（terrestrial weather and climate）”，第二段总结道“研究未能明确地证明陆地气候与太阳活动周期的关系（unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle）”，第三段提出“如果能找到一致可靠的地质或考古证据（geological or archaeological evidence），追溯远古时期的太阳活动周期（the solar-activity cycle），它也可能解决太阳物理学中的一个重要问题（issue in solar physics）。”综上所述，前两段在讲述找到地球现象与太阳活动的联系很困难，在最后一段点出解决这个问题对太阳物理学非常重要，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“提出两种相互矛盾的关于太阳活动的科学理论，并评价被引用来支持它们的地质证据”：这两种矛盾的太阳活动模型只在第三段出现，并且没有提到分别支持这两种理论的地质证据，属于以偏概全和无中生有；B项“简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响”：文中没有提到这些研究对未来气候学研究的影响，属于无中生有；D项“概述了太阳物理学中某个尚未解决的问题的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评”：没有讲到原因，也没有批判现代物理学，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3, is accurate? 如第3段所述，下列关于太阳活动的两种模型的陈述，哪一种是准确的？A. In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years. A. 在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化。B. In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field. B. 在两个模型中，假设太阳活动周期依赖于大规模的太阳磁场。C. In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not. C. 在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是。D. In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are considered to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted. D. 一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 3和信息词two models of solar activity定位到第三段第二句，该处讲到“有两种太阳活动模型（two models of solar activity）”，结合该段第三句“第一种假说假设太阳的内部运动（internal motions）与它的大范围磁场相互作用（interact with its large-scale magnetic field）”以及该段第五、六句“另一种解释（alternative explanation）认为在这个模型中，依赖于太阳磁场的太阳机制（the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field）运行得更快。”，可知两种模型都认为太阳活动依赖于太阳磁场，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化”：对应文章最后一句“现代太阳观测的时间跨度太短，无法揭示（too short a time to reveal whether）目前的周期性太阳活动是太阳长期存在的特征（long-lived feature of the Sun），还是仅仅是一种短暂的现象（transient phenomenon）。”，在阐述两种模拟太阳活动的模型后，总结说因为观察太阳的时间短，无法确定哪种情况正确，第一种情况对应第一个模型，第二种情况对应第二个模型；本选项也对应该段第四句“太阳的大规模磁场被看作是自我维持的，因此由它驱动的太阳活动周期可能在几十亿年的时间里整体变化不大（little overall change for perhaps billions of years）。”，可知本选项是对第一种模型的阐述，不包括第二种，属于以偏概全；C选项“在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是”：两种模型都认为太阳活动由太阳磁场引起，属于反向干扰；D选项“一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期”：第一种模型对应第三段第四句“太阳活动周期可能在几十亿年的时间里（billions of years）整体变化不大（little overall change）”，第二种模型对应该段第七句“可以预测（be expected to change）太阳活动周期的特征会在很长一段时间内发生变化”，可知第一种模型说的是太阳活动周期在几十亿年不会有太大变化，而不是说周期不可能超过几十年，第二种模型说的是可以预测太阳活动周期会变化，而不是可以预测周期是多长，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons? 根据文章，在17世纪晚期和18世纪早期中国的记录非常重要，是因为以下哪个原因？A. They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicted were incorrect. A. 他们认为蒙德极小期预测的数据是错误的。B. They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate. B. 他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关。C. They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum. C. 他们证实在蒙德极小期的时候，全世界有段时间天气异常寒冷。D. They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern. D. 他们证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Chinese records定位到第二段倒数第三句，该处讲到“尤其是因为（especially since）当时中国肉眼观测太阳活动的记录（Chinese naked-eye observers）似乎与此相矛盾（contradict it）”，结合该段倒数第四句“蒙德极小期的真实性（The reality of the Maunder minimum）还有待确定（yet to be established）”，倒数第三句的it指的是Maunder minimum，可知中国的记录和蒙德极小期的观点相悖，并且根据中国的记录，蒙德极小期可能是错误的，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关”：文中没有提到他们质疑蒙德极小期与气候的相关性，而是质疑有段时间太阳黑子活动短暂停止这个假设的真实性，属于无中生有；C选项“他们证实在蒙德极小期的时候，全世界有段时间天气异常寒冷”：对应第二段第三句“蒙德极小期与欧洲（in Europe）从16世纪到19世纪早期的异常寒冷有关”，可知其范围不是在全世界，而是在某一个地区，属于偷换概念；D选项“他们证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化”：对应第二段第一、二句“人们还研究了太阳长期变化的影响。17世纪晚期和18世纪早期欧洲观察家的笔记中没有记录到太阳黑子活动，这使得一些学者假设在那个时候太阳黑子活动短暂停止（这个时期被称为蒙德极小期）”以及第二段倒数第三句“尤其是因为（especially since）当时中国肉眼观测太阳活动的记录（Chinese naked-eye observers）似乎与此相矛盾（contradict it）”，可知在蒙德极小期是学者假设的内容，与当时中国所有的观察记录相反，所以中国的记录没有证实蒙德极小期的存在，更没有证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions? 从这篇文章中可以推断出，试图利用树木年轮厚度来确定太阳周期和陆地气候之间可能的联系的研究是基于下列哪个假设？A. The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew. A. 在树木年轮生长时，太阳活动周期就以现在的形式存在。B. The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather patterns. B. 造成树木生长的生物机制不受短期天气模式的影响。C. Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle rando