2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷11

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Chinas first set of regulations on human organ transplant, which prohibits organizations and individuals from trading human organs in any form,（ ）on May lst, 2007.问题1选项A.fell backB.fell shortC.went into effectD.come to the point【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项fell back表示“后退”；B选项fell short表示“不符合标准，缺乏”；C选项went into effect表示“生效”；D选项come to the point表示“直截了当的说，简明扼要的说”。分析句意可知，中国颁布的首部人体器官移植条例是从2007年5月1日开始生效。因此本题正确答案为C选项。2. 单选题In the age of the Internet, readers and librarians want liberal（ ）to information on-line; authors and publishers want control over how their intellectual property is distributed.问题1选项A.acquisitionB.accessC.entranceD.absorption【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。acquisition获得物，获得；access进入，机会；entrance入口；absorption吸收，全神贯注。句意：在互联网时代，读者和图书管理员希望有机会在网上自由地获取信息;作者和出版商希望能够控制他们的知识产权分配问题。access to 有权使用，有机会进入。只有B项符合句意。3. 单选题“We plan to put the First World War on stage, said the film producer,”（ ）we forget the 16 million men from around the world who left for a real war 100 years ago and never came home.问题1选项A.lestB.whenC.whileD.unless【答案】A【解析】考查连词。lest以防；when当时候；while尽管，当时候；unless除非。句意：“我们计划把第一次世界大战搬上舞台，”这位电影制片人说，“以免我们忘记了来自世界各地的1600万人，他们在100年前参加了一场真正的战争，但再也没能回家。”前半句是结果，后半句是目的，只有A项符合逻辑。4. 翻译题Education begins with teachers. Yet teaching seems to be losing its appeal for many of the best and brightest college students: in high school, many of the best students decide that they want to be teachers, but their relatives and friends soon convince them to change their minds.（1）According to several recent reports on the shortcomings of American public schooling, teachings lack of appeal for the brightest college students is one of the teaching professions most worrisome problems.Many articles on teaching, currently popular in newspapers, magazines, and professional education journals, concentrate on the negative aspects of teaching; the expression teacher burnout is commonly ascribed to thousands of thoughtful and dedicated teachers who are leaving the profession.（2）Teacher burnout is caused by such problems as violence in the classroom，vandalism（肆意破坏行为）inadequate salaries，involuntary transfers, interfering parents, oversized classes, and excessive paperwork. Even the best teachers cannot solve a childs problems, but many of them believe the public expects them to, and they give up teaching in despair.（3）Despite the more limited financial prospects, the deterioration of the American publics attitude toward teachers, and the problems caused by disruptive students，many of the best students conclude that they want to pursue careers in the classroom after all. They usually discover that they want personal fulfillment from their lifes work more than they want material rewards. Each eventually chose to become a teacher. However, a growing body of evidence shows that such students are exceptions, rather than the rule, in Americas more than 1,200 teacher-training programs. Many teacher-training schools are beginning to look at ways to recruit the kind of people who would be inclined toward the positive aspects of teaching. The teaching profession has to become more attractive to good students.（4）Prospective teachers will see increased emphasis by national teacher organizations，state certification agencies，and local districts on improving the status of the profession, as well as on improving teacher salaries. Continued efforts to eliminate jobs teachers do that are not teacherssuch as policing the restrooms, hallways, and cafeteriasare important for upgrading the profession.While teaching is not a wise career choice for all, teaching is a noble and rewarding profession for those who indeed seek personal fulfillment from their lifes work.（4）Though the first year of teaching is frequently the most frustrating year in a teachers life, the experience of solving problems that deal with instruction, students, parents, administrators, and fellow teachers is of immeasurable value for future success.Put the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.【答案】1.根据最近几份关于美国公立学校教育缺点的报告，对最聪明的大学生来说，教学缺乏吸引力是教师行业最令人担忧的问题之一。2.教师的职业倦怠是由以下问题引起的:教室里的暴力行为、故意破坏、工资不高、非自愿的调动、家长的干预、班级规模过大和作业批改工作过多。3. 尽管教师的经济前景更加有限，美国公众对教师态度的恶化，以及破坏性学生造成的问题，然而许多优秀的学生还是决定想在教室里追求事业。4.未来的教师将看到国家教师组织、国家认证机构和当地对提高教师职业地位以及提高教师工资的重视。5.虽然第一年的教学往往是教师生涯中最令人沮丧的一年，但解决与指示、学生、家长、管理员和同事有关的问题的经验对未来的成功具有不可估量的价值。5. 单选题If a school posts a students name and test score without obtaining student（or parental）consent, it can（ ）FERPA, a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records.问题1选项A.verifyB.vilifyC.violateD.vibrate【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项verify表示“核实，查证”；B选项vilify表示“诽谤，中伤，轻视”；C选项violate表示“违反，侵犯”；D选项vibrate表示“振动，颤动，摇摆”。由句意可知，如果学校在没有得到学生（或家长）同意的情况下公布学生的姓名和考试成绩，它就违反了联邦法律。因此，violate的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。6. 单选题（ ）the help of his rich uncle, he could not be living a wealthy life today.问题1选项A.Because ofB.But forC.In spite ofD.As for【答案】B【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A选项Because of表示“因为”；B选项But for表示“要不是”；C选项In spite of表示“尽管”；D选项As for表示“关于，至于”。分析句意可知，要不是他有钱的叔叔帮忙，他今天不可能过着富裕的生活。因此本题正确答案为B选项。7. 单选题The Internet, E-commerce and globalization are making a new economic era possible. In the future, capitalist markets will largely be replaced by a new kind of economic system based on networked relationships, contractual arrangements and access rights.Has the quality of our lives at work, at home and in our communities increased in direct proportion to all the new Internet and business-to-business Internet services being introduced into our lives? I have asked this question of hundreds of CEOS and corporate executives in Europe and the United States. Surprisingly, virtually everyone has said, No, quite contrary. The very people responsible for ushering in what some have called a technological renaissance say they are working longer hours, feel more stressed, are more impatient, and are even less civil in their dealings with colleagues and friendsnot to mention strangers. And whats more revealing, they place much of the blame on the very same technologies they are so aggressively championing.The techno gurus（领袖）promised us that access would make life more convenient and give us more time. Instead, the very technological wonders that were supposed to liberate us have begun to enslave us in a web of connections from which there seems to be no easy escape.If an earlier generation was preoccupied with the quest to enclose a vast geographic frontier, the .com generation, it seems, is more caught up in the colonization of time. Every spare moment of our time is being filled with some form of commercial connection, making time itself the most scarce of all resources. Our e-mail, voice mail and cell phones, our 24-hour Interact news and entertainment all seize for our attention.And while we have created every kind of labor-and time-saving device to service our needs, we are beginning to feel like we have less time available to us than any other humans in history. That is because the great proliferation of labor-and-time-saving services only increases the diversity, pace and flow of commodified activity around us. For example, e-mail is a great convenience. However, we now find ourselves spending much of our day frantically responding to each others electronic messages. The cell phone is a great time-saver, except now we are always potentially in reach of someone else who wants our attention.Social conservatives talk about the decline in civility and blame it on the loss of a moral compass and religious values. Has anyone bothered to ask whether the hyper speed culture is making all of us less patient and less willing to listen and defer, consider and reflect?Maybe we need to ask what kinds of connections really count and what types of access really matter in the e-economy era. If this new technology revolution is only about hyper efficiency, then we risk losing something even precious than timeour sense of what it means to be a caring human being.1. In corporate executives opinion, technology（ ）.2. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?3. The passage states that（ ）is the most valuable resource for the .com generation.4. It is implied in the Paragraph 6 that（ ）.5. Which of the following might be an appropriate title for the passage?问题1选项A.should be aggressively championedB.has a profound impact on their livesC.renaissance should be pushed forwardD.actually results in a decline in their life quality问题2选项A.Technology was supposed to free people.B.New technologies occupy much of our time.C.The .com generation became slaves of technology.D.It is difficult to avoid the influence of technology wonders.问题3选项A.technological wondersB.access to informationC.time saving devicesD.time问题4选项A.social conservatives blamed the loss of morality on technologyB.the .com generation was less civil than the earlier generationsC.the hyper speed culture led to the decline in civilityD.technology might make people less impatient问题5选项A.The New Internet LifeB.The Drawbacks of too Much AccessC.The Failure of Technological RenaissanceD.The Declining Quality of Life【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问：以公司高管们来看，技术.。根据原文第二段第三句“Surprisingly, virtually everyone has said, No, quite contrary.”可知，大家的回答是“没有，正好相反”，也就是我们在工作、家庭和社区中的生活质量与所有新互联网以及企业对企业互联网服务的引入不成正比。换言之，技术实际上导致了生活质量的下降，由此可判断D选项正确。A选项表示“应该积极拥护”，B选项表示“对他们的生活有深远的影响”，C选项表示“应该推进复兴”，均与原文表述不符，可排除。2.细节事实题。题干询问：下列哪一项表述不正确？根据原文第三段可知，技术专家（领袖）承诺我们，访问将使人们生活更方便，给我们更多的时间。相反，正是那些本应解放我们的技术奇迹，却开始把我们束缚在一张似乎无法轻易逃脱的关系网中。由此可见，技术专家的诺言没有实现，相反科技的进步占据了人们更多的时间，人们也难以摆脱这些技术奇迹，所以判断B、D选项正确，可排除。而A选项“技术本应让人们获得自由”与原文表述“liberate us”相符，故可排除。虽然原文提到网络生活开始奴役我们，但并非是指网络一代变成了技术的奴隶，因此，C选项表述错误。故本题正确答案为C选项。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键信息“the most valuable resource for the .com generation”可定位到原文第四段第二句“Every spare moment of our time is being filled with some form of commercial connection, making time itself the most scarce of all resources”，由此可知，我们的闲暇时光都被某种形式的商业联系所填满，反倒使得时间成为所有资源中最稀缺的一种。因此本题正确答案为D选项。4.推理判断题。题干询问：第六段暗示。根据原文第六段第二句“Has anyone bothered to ask whether the hyper speed culture is making all of us less patient and less willing to listen and defer, consider and reflect?”可知，D选项“科技可能会让人们更有耐心”表述正确。由第六段第一句“Social conservatives talk about the decline in civility and blame it on the loss of a moral compass and religious values”可知，社会保守派谈论文明的衰落，并将其归咎于道德指南针和宗教价值观的丧失，由此判断A选项表述错误。B选项“.com一代不如前几代文明”以及C选项“高速文化导致了文明的沦丧”均与第六段内容不符，故本题正确答案为D选项。5.主旨大意题。原文主要讲述了新的技术原本是以为人类节约时间和能量为目的，但实际上却给人们带来了很多负面影响，让人们变得更加忙碌，更没有耐心，由此可以判断最适合作为文章标题的应当是B选项。A选项“新的网络生活”表述过于笼统，可排除。C选项“科技复兴的失败”与原文内容不符，故排除。D选项“生活质量的下降”只是其中某些公司高管的观点，过于片面，不能代表原文主旨，故排除。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。8. 单选题The ambulance services worked（ ）hauling people trapped in the building to safety.问题1选项A.on the declineB.on the contraryC.for a changeD.round the clock【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。on the decline在衰退中； on the contrary正相反；for a change为了改变一下；round the clock昼夜不停地，不知疲倦地。由ambulance以及后面的“hauling people trapped in the building to safety. 把困在楼里的人拉到安全的地方”可知急救车昼夜不停地运输被困人员。故D项符合题意。句意：救护车服务不分昼夜地把困在大楼里的人拉到安全的地方。9. 单选题Up until a few decades ago, our visions of-the future were largely - though by no means uniformly-glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the Red List of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature（IUCN）, and you will read: Listed as Least Concern, as the species is .very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic View of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.1. We used to have a positive vision of the future because of（ ）.2. According to the IUCNs “Red List”, human being（ ）.3. Paragraph 5 suggest that（ ）.4. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to（ ）.5. The best title for the text would be（ ）.问题1选项A.our faith in science and technologyB.our desire for lives of fulfillmentC.our awareness of potential risksD.our belief in equal opportunity问题2选项A.are the worlds dominant powerB.will threaten the environmentC.face no major threatsD.are a misplaced race问题3选项A.Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studiesB.technology offers solutions to social problemC.the interest in science fiction is on the riseD.our immediate future is hard to conceive问题4选项A.explore our planets abundant resourcesB.draw on our experience from the pastC.adopt an optimistic view of the worldD.curb our ambition to reshape history问题5选项A.The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindB.Evolution of the Human SpeciesC.Uncertainty about Our FutureD.Science, Technology and Humanity【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段可知，直到几十年前，我们对未来的看法大多是积极的。科学和技术将治愈人类的所有疾病，为所有人带来满足和充满机会的生活。由此可以判断，我们通常对未来拥有积极的态度是因为我们相信科技的力量。因此，本题正确答案为A选项。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第三段，由第三段最后一句“.there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”可知，人类目前并没有什么主要的威胁可以导致整体人口下降。故本题正确答案为C选项。3.推理判断题。由第五段第一句“Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.”可知考虑时间跨度比较长的未来要比考虑近期的未来更容易。由此可判断D选项正确。其他选项均不能由第五段内容得出，因此本题正确答案为D选项。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第六段第二句。由“the past holds the key to the future”可知，我们的过去掌握着通往未来的钥匙。因此，要确保人类的未来，非常关键的一点就是要从过去总结经验，因此本题正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是因为科技的进步，人类的未来充满光明，我们现在拥有足够的知识来减少许多威胁人类生存的风险，并且能够改善未来人类的命运。因此，A选项“人类永远光明的未来”最适合作为文章的题目。故本题正确答案为A选项。10. 单选题Galaxy clusters are the most massive structures in the universe and exert such a powerful（ ）pull that they warp the space time around them and act as cosmic lenses that can magnify, distort and bend the light behind them.问题1选项A.gravitationalB.exceptionalC.motivationalD.sensational【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项gravitational表示“重力的，引力的”；B选项exceptional表示“超常的，异常的，例外的”；C选项motivational表示“动机的，激发性的”；D选项sensational表示“轰动的，耸人听闻的，使人感动的”。由句意可知，星系团是宇宙中最巨大的结构，它能产生巨大的引力，扭曲周围的时空，就像宇宙透镜一样放大、扭曲和弯曲后面的光线。因此，A选项gravitational的含义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为A选项。11. 单选题When Titanic was hit by an iceberg during her maiden voyage, the captain was forced to（ ）it.问题1选项A.abandonB.tow awayC.renounceD.overturn【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。abandon “放弃”；tow away “拖走”；renounce “宣布放弃”；overturn “颠覆，推翻”。句意：当泰坦尼克号被冰山袭击时，船长被迫放弃她。选项A符合题意。12. 单选题Thailands Prime Minister told the nation on a live television that the government was going to（ ）terrorists（ ）the red-shirt protesters.问题1选项A.hinder fromB.distinguish fromC.prevent. fromD.distinctfrom【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。hinder from妨碍，阻止；distinguish from区分，辨别； prevent. from 预防，防止；distinctfrom与不同。句意：泰国总理阿披实星期一在电视上对全国人民说，将把恐怖分子和红衫军抗议者区分开。只有B项符合句意。13. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow- growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass（the amount of living biological matter）of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50%of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to be business.1. The writer mentions the extinction of large prehistoric animals to suggest that（ ）.2. It can be inferred from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper that（ ）.3. Dr. Worms comment of “these figures are conservative”（Line 1, Paragraph 3）means（ ）.4. Dr. Myers and other researchers maintain that（ ）.5. The author