2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第156期

2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 填空题Weve （1）in determining the nature of the soil pollution in this area. We （2 ）lab tests on soil samples and detected the presence of three heavy metals in harmful quantities. Now we need to find out what the（3） of the heavy metals is: Where are they coming from?【答案】controversies; performed; origin【解析】句意: 在决定该地区土地污染的属性方面我们存在争议。我们做了一些实验室测试，从大量有害物质中检测出三种重金属的存在。现在我们需要找出这些 重金属的来源：它们是从哪里来的？1.语义题。句意: 在决定该地区土地污染的属性方面我们存在争议。2.固定搭配。Perform tests on做实验。3.语义题。根据冒号后面的内容Where are they coming from? “它们是从哪里来的”可知此处是问“起源， 来源”，故填origin。2. 填空题Small children need to be（ ） to look both ways before they cross the road.【答案】told【解析】语义题。句意: 小孩子需要被吿知横穿马路前要看两边/需要告知小孩过马路要看两边。因此tell符合句意, 空格处应用动词的过去分词形式和前面的be动词一起表被动。3. 填空题You and I dont need anyone elses assistance. We can solve these problems by（ ） .句意: 我和你都不需要其它任何人的帮助。我们靠我们自己可以解决问题。【答案】ourselves【解析】固定搭配。by ourselves 依靠自己独立完成。4. 填空题Dont try to use that printer. Its been out of （ ）for ages. I dont know why they still havent repaired it.【答案】order【解析】固定搭配。out of order 发生故障。5. 填空题People are often （1）when they see that I have five umbrellas in the room.The truth is that they arent all mine. Several visitors have （2）umbrellas in the office. I dont know why this（3） happening. Maybe I should put up a （4）by the door reminding them to take their umbrellas when they go.大意: 当他们看见房间里有5把伞的时候，通常会感到困惑。真相是，不是所有的雨伞都是我的。很多来访者遗留到办公室的。我不知道为什么一直会这样。也许，我应该 在门口贴张便利贴，以提醒他们走的时候带上雨伞。【答案】1.puzzled2.left3.keeps4.note【解析】1.词汇题。根据句中 “当他们看见房间里有5把伞的时候”推测, 主句部分为: 人们通常感到困惑。2.词汇题。句意: 很多来访者遗留到办公室的。而且此处应填动词的过去分词,即left。3.词汇题。句意:为什么这件事总在发生。空后为happening，因此填keep语义跟语法上都符合。4.词汇题。根据后面的reminding them to take their umbrellas when they go以及前面的put up推测此处应填note (便利贴)。6. 填空题Thank you for （1）my questions. I hope I havent taken up too much of your（2）【答案】1.answering2.time【解析】1.语义题。句意: 谢谢你回答我的问题。2.语义题。句意:希望没有占用你太多时间。7. 填空题Mike left （ ）saying goodbye. Do you think he was upset?【答案】Without【解析】语义题。句意: 迈克 道别就走了。你认为他是不是生气了？迈克可能是因为生气，于是没有道别 就离开了，填without。8. 单选题Several of Asian professors who spoke at the conference expressed their support for the idea of holding a special meeting in Perth to facilitate multinational research on the economic A problems facing the countries around the Indian Ocean.问题1选项A.Several of Asian professorsB.at the conferenceC.problems facing theD.countries around theE.没有错误【答案】A【解析】介词多余。Several后面去掉Of。9. 填空题Im（1） a birthday party on Friday and I hope you（2） join us.【答案】1.having;2. will【解析】固定搭配。第一空需要填一个现在分词，用进行时态表示将来，故having合适。have a birthday party 举办生日派对。10. 单选题When I approached the British embassy to apply a visa to work on a design project in Aberdeen, I hardly expected that it would take six months to obtain one.问题1选项A.to apply a visa to workB.on a design projectC.hardlyD.that it would take six months toE.没有错误【答案】A【解析】动词误用。动词apply为不及物动词, 后面接宾语时应加介词for。Apply for 申请。11. 填空题I ran into Wang Tao and Li San （1）the trade fair in Munbai in February. I（2） seen them since 2007（3） of them like their new jobs, but（4） wants to stay in Shenzhen much longer.【答案】1.at2.Havent3.Both4.neither【解析】1.语法题。此处应该用介词at。At the trade fair 在交易会上。2.语法题。此处有提示词since,所以此处表示“自从2007年来,就没见过他们了”,因此用现在完成时的否定haventdone。3.语义题。此处填both(两者都)符合句意。4.语义题。Neither表示 “都不”。12. 单选题Her advisor persuaded her to remain at Nanjing University to do her doctorate, but she decided to apply to the postgraduate division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences instead.问题1选项A.persuadedB.to do her doctorateC.apply toD.of the Chinese Academy of Sciences instead.E.没有问题【答案】C【解析】固定短语误用。apply to改为apply for。 apply to适用于，应用于。apply for 申请,请求。题干意思事 申请中国科学院的研究生”，故需要改为apply for。13. 填空题The stores are so crowded today and the film at the theatre is terrible. （1）just stay home and （2）television instead. Of course, if youd really （3）go out, we can do that. Ill leave it up to you.句意: 今天商店特别拥挤，剧院里面的电影也难看，我们还是待在家里看电视吧。 当然，如果你真的想出去，我们可以出去。出去与否由你做决定。【答案】1.Lets2.watch3.rather【解析】1.语义题。let us缩写为lets后跟动词原形, 表示提议。2.固定搭配。看电视用watch television。3.语义题。句意:如果你真想出去，我们可以出去。14. 填空题Earthquakes are natural shakings within the earths crust. They show that crustal movements are still taking （1）on our planet today, （2）on the Moon, which appears to have no such activity. Seismometers enable geologists to（3） the intensity of quakes. Much of China is seismically active, with the most （4）recent earthquake having occurred in 2008, in Sichuan（5） .【答案】place; unlike, measure; serious: province【解析】句意: 地震是地球地壳内的正常震动。他们发现地壳运动在我们今天的星球上仍在发生，不像月球上，貌似没有这样的运动。测振仪能够使地质学家测量震动的强度。中国大部分地区地质活跃，最近最严重（破坏力最大）的一次地震发生在2008年的四川。1.固定搭配。take place 发生。2.语义题。句意: 不像月球上，貌似没有这样的运动。故填unlike。3.语义题。根据前面的seismometers (测振仪)推测此处填measure(测量)。4.语义题。句意: 中国大部分地区地质活跃，最近最严重的一次地 震发生在2008年的四川。故填serious。5.语义题。根据Sichuan推测此处填province。15. 单选题The woman, 69 years old and still active as a professor at Harvard University, told a research team that she had begun to find it hard to recall the names of ever faculty members. Not long ago she had forgotten her classroom number when asking for a slide projector to be sent up. She had one anxious question for the research team, assembled to study the normal course of mental aging: “Am I losing my ability to remember, and perhaps even to think clearly?”That question is the principal focus of a new wave of scientific inquiry on the decline in mental ability with age. The findings are challenging some basic assumptions, like the belief that such decline is a natural part of the aging process, irrespective of general health.From 20 to 30 percent of people in their 80s who volunteer for cognitive testing perform as well as volunteers in their 30s and 40s, who are presumably in their mental prime. The intellectual and creative productivity in later life of certain artists and intellectuals may represent not so much an exception as an ideal, some experts now say.Dr KW Schaie, a psychologist at Pennsylvania State University, is the director of a major study of normal mental decline in the elderly. For over 35 years, his study has been following more than 5000 men and women who have been tested regularly. Dr Schaies investigations seek to fill a gap in gerontological research, which, according to Dr Jack Rowe, president of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and a leading expert in the field, has focused on disease and disability, and neglected the prospects of maintaining high functioning in old age. Dr Rowe heads a research network on successful aging sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation. In an interview he pointed out that gerontologists have focused on the 6 to 15 percent of the elderly who are frail and then lumped everyone else together as normal. But there is a huge variation from person to person among older people: the older a group gets, the less like each other people in it become.”Dr Schaies most recent findings were reported this month in The American Psychologist. Although the studys results show abilities begin to decline gradually in the middle to late 60s and accelerate in the late 70s. The rate of decline differs for various mental faculties and differs in men and women. The sharpest declines are seen in basic mathematics. By their late 80s, both men and women were only about half as adept in basic math as they had been in their 50s. For men, the least decline shown is in spatial orientation, for example, in reading a map correctly. By the late 80s, it had dropped by only about one-eighth on average.For women, the most enduring mental skill is inductive reasoning, assessing the information in a timetable, for instance. As women reached their late 80s, it had dropped just over one-eighth from its height in middle age. One of the drastic declines for women proved to be in verbal comprehension, while that ability dropped relatively little into the 70s, it plummeted by about one-quarter during the 80s. For men, the decline was slight in those years.Another study, this one by Dr Richard Mons, a psychologist at Mount Sinai Medical School who is the acting director of a research consortium on normal memory loss and aging sponsored by the Charles A. Dana Foundation, has found that different kinds of memory differ in their vulnerability to aging. “Crystallized” memory, ie, vocabulary or other knowledge accumulated over the years holds up very well into old age. “Fluid” memory, on the other hand, the ability to add new information to memory or to recall something that happened recently is more prone to decline, beginning in the 60s. He found little decline in very short-term memory, like remembering a telephone number just looked up.A pair of Harvard psychologists, Douglas Powell and Kean Whitla, have designed a computerized test of mental skills like long-term and short-term memory, attention, reasoning and calculation; they reported the test in the February issue of Current Directions in Psychological Science. They are the researchers whom the 69-year-old professor spoke with. Their test compares a persons score with norms for others of the same age, for people who are still in middle age and for others in their own professional group.Dr Schaies study has found certain predictors for good mental function in old age. These include a high level of ability in reading comprehension and verbal fluency, a successful career or some other involvement through life and continuing keen mental interests after retirement. Having a flexible attitude in middle age was also a promising indicator. “There is less mental decline in people who adapt easily to change, who like learning new things and enjoy going to new places,” Dr Schaie observed. The study also found that simply living with someone with these characteristics is beneficial. “It helps to have a high-functioning spouse, since this is your major immediate social environment and support.” Dr Schaie stated.1.The 69-year-old woman mentioned at the beginning of the passage is finding it increasingly（ ） .2.Some artists and intellectuals remain productive to the very end of long lives. The writer of the passage states that some experts .3.Dr Schaies findings reveal that（ ） .4.Dr Schaie tells us that the average 85-year-old woman is likely to have lost a good deal of her ability to（ ） .5.Dr Jack Rowe, in addition to serving as director of a well-known medical school,6.Dr Rowe says, there is a huge variation from person to person among older people: the older a group gets, the less like each other the people in it become.” This can best be paraphrased (re-stated) as .7.Which of these items would Dr Mohs not classify as part of your crystallized memory?8.What Powell and Whitla have created（ ） .9.If you were a young man thinking of getting married and you asked Dr Schaie for advice he would probably tell you to（ ） .10.This article （ ）.11.Given that the average person is unlikely to know that geronto- is the Greek root meaning “old person” (see line 22), we may reasonably conclude that this article is intended for（ ） .12.The word challenging in line 7 means（ ） .13.The word cognitive in line 9 is（ ） .14.The opposite of flexible in line 52 is（ ） .15.The word promising in line 52 means（ ） .问题1选项A.difficult to remember who her colleagues are.B.difficult to recall some of her colleagues facesC.difficult to remember what some of her colleagues are calledD.easy to forget the name of her facultyE.easy to forget what some of her younger colleagues do in the faculty问题2选项A.believe that such examples are more common than gerontologists formerly supposedB.are certain that such late productivity is impossible for ordinary people in other walks of lifeC.are almost certain that in the future such late productivity will become quite ordinaryD.suspect that it is wrong to regard such late productivity as abnormal rather than simply uncommonE.reject the idea that such people can be taken as models for normal human beings问题3选项A.the pattern of mental decline among men and women is virtually identicalB.loss of the ability to calculate is severe in women, but much less so in menC.among older women, inductive reasoning is just as impaired by aging as is basic mathD.damage to inductive reasoning among the elderly is about equal for men and womenE.loss of the ability to calculate is severe in both men and women问题4选项A.use numbers and understand languageB.use numbers and read timetablesC.read timetables and use mapsD.understand language and read timetablesE.learn new facts and use numbers问题5选项A.is the head of a foundation that gives money for research on the problems of the elderlyB.is one of Americas top gerontologists studying old people with abnormally severe memory lossC.is the leader of a tightly coordinated research association studying how to remain healthy in old ageD.is responsible for deciding which experts on successful aging will get research grants from the MacArthur FoundationE.is the leader of a loosely coordinated group of research teams studying how to remain healthy in old age问题6选项A.The older the people in a group get, the more characteristics they share Differences between individuals in a group diminish as age increasesB.As people age, certain similarities increase, while others become less markedC.Human individuals are very dissimilar at any age; this is no less true as people grow olderD.Overall resemblances between members of a human group decrease as the years go by问题7选项A.A headline in last weeks newspaperB.The date of your eldest childs birthC.Your mothers nameD.The meaning of the English word “geology”E.The formula for finding the area of a triangle问题8选项A.constitutes a great advance in computer softwareB.compares someone like the 69-year-old woman with other women and with other people of various ages, but not with other university instructorsC.will probably confirm many of Dr Schaies findings and invalidate those of Dr MohsD.should make it easier to determine the relative mental skills of large numbers of peopleE.will be of little use to Dr Schaie but very valuable for Dr Mohs问题9选项A.marry someone quiet and dependableB.seek unity and stability in your marriageC.marry someone lively and curiousD.avoid women who are always trying to change their situationsE.choose someone who would rather read than travel问题10选项A.is limited to a discussion of Dr Schaies recent researchB.surveys recent developments in the study of aging and the elderlyC.gives an overview of recent advances in the understanding of the relation between old age and mental activitiesD.is primarily a criticism of the excessive concentration among earlier gerontologists on severe memory loss by the elderlyE.explains recent advances in scientific understanding of the physical mechanisms of mental decline among the aged问题11选项A.gerontologists interested in recent developments in their fieldB.school children being taught how to deal with difficult old peopleC.doctors who need a technical summary of recent advances in mental researchD.university-educated readers curious about recent work in gerontologyE.adults with secondary-school educations or less who want to know what will happen to their memories as they grow older问题12选项A.supportingB.supplying evidence forC.disprovingD.bringing into doubtE.suspicious问题13选项A.an adjective pertaining to the act of knowing and judgingB.a verb meaning to invent by suing the power of ones brainC.a noun related to the word recognizeD.an adjective referring to the process of agingE.a noun meaning a mental action, especially one involving recognition问题14选项A.easyB.bendingC.difficultD.strongE.rigid问题15选项A.indicating a definite resultB.productiveC.strongly suggesting possible resultsD.guaranteeing certain resultsE.guaranteed by the evidence【答案】第1题:A第2题:E第3题:E第4题:A第5题:C第6题:D第7题:A第8题:C第9题:C第10题:C第11题:D第12题:D第13题:A第14题:E第15题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第一段: find it hard to recall the names of ever faculty members（发现自己很难记起曾经的同事的名字）。干扰项为C: 很难记起一些自己的同事的名字。此处 “一些”与原文不符。因此A项 “很难记起自己的同事是谁”正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干关键词Some artists and intellectuals remain productive定位至第三段: The intellectual and creative productivity in later life of certain artists and intellectuals may represent not so much an exception as an ideal, some experts now say(一些专家说,某些艺术家和知识分子晚年的智力和创造性生产力，与其说是一种理想，不如说是一种例外)。由此可知E项“不认为这类人可以被当成普通人的模范”正确。3.细节事实题。题干问的是Dr Schaie的研究发现,据此定位至第五段第四、五句: The sharpest declines are seen in basic mathematics. By their late 80s, both men and women were only about half as adept in basic math as they had been in their 50s(最大的下降体现在基本的数学运算能力上。到80岁末的时候，男女的基本数学运算能力仅大约是其50岁时的一半)。故E项“男女计算能力的丧失都很严重”正确。B 项“在计算能力丧失方面，女人比男人更严重”与第四、五句的句意不符。第五段第三句: Therate of decline differs for various mental faculties and differs in men and women(不同智力水平的下降程度不同，男女的下降程度也不同), 可知知A项“男女智力下降的模式几乎是一致的”及D项“在归纳推理能力丧失方面，男女老年人大约是一致的”不正确。C项“在老年妇女中，归纳推理与基本数学能力因年龄增长而丧失的程度是一样”, 文中没有提及。4.细节事实题。第六段第三句: One of the drastic declines for women proved to be in verbal comprehension, while that ability dropped relatively little into the 70s, it plummeted by about one-quarter during the 80s(女人遭受的最严重智力下降之一被证明 是在语言理解能力上，它在女人迈入70岁时下降的相对较少，但等他们到80岁的时，它就会很快下降差不多25%)及第三题的分析“85岁女人的数学运算能力也会大大降低”得知正确答案为A “使用数字及理解语言”。5.细节事实题。第四段第三句说Dr Jack Rowe是 “a leading expert in the field”(老年学研究领域的前沿专家)。第四句说: Dr Rowe heads a research network on successful aging sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation (Dr Rowe 领导一个受 MacArthur 基金赞助的有关成功老龄化的研究网络)。由此可知C项 “是一个协调紧密的研究协会的领导，该协会研究如何保持老年健康”正确。6.语义题。题干意思为: 在老年人中，人与人之间的差异都很大：一组人的年龄越大，组员之间的差异就更大。因此E项“人类群体中成员间的整体相似性随年龄的増加而减少”正确。7.推理判断题。第七段: “Crystallized” memory, ie, vocabulary or other knowledge accumulated over the years holds up very well into old age (固态记忆指经年累积的词汇或其它知识，其能很好地保持到年老时)。因此A项“上周报纸的一个标题”不属于固态记忆。8.推理判断题。Dr Schaie的研究发现: The rate of decline differs for various mental faculties and differs in men and women(不同智力水平的下降率不同，男女的下降率也不同)。Dr Richard Mons的研究发现: different kinds of memory differ in their vulnerability to aging (不同类型的记忆在其易老化性上有所不同)。Douglas Powell and Kean Whitla的研究方式: designed a computerized test of mental skills like long-term and short-term memory, attention, reasoning and calculation (设计了一个关于长期和短期记忆、注意力、推理和计算等心理技能的计算机测试); compares a persons score with norms for others of the same age, for people who are still in middle age and for others in their own professional group (将一个人的分数与其他同龄人、中年人和其他专业人士的标准进行比较)。因此可知这些人的研究方向是有重叠的，故C项“将有可能证实DrSchaie的一些发现，却会让Dr Mons的发现失效”正确。9.推理判断题。第九段:a successful career or some other involvement through life and continuing keen mental interests after retirement（一份成功的事业或生活中的其它活动，退休后保持强烈的精神情趣）及who adapt easily to change, who like learning new things and enjoy going to new places （容易适应变化，喜欢学习新东西与去新的地方）,这些都被Dr Schaie认为是在年老时精神功能良好的预示，研究也发现仅仅与具有这些特点的人生活都是受益的（The study also found that simply living with someone with these characteristics is beneficial）,并且Dr Schaie 说 “It helps to have a high-functioning spouse（有一个高功能的配偶是有帮助的）。因此如果向Dr Schaie征求关于寻找伴侣的意见,他更会建议 “与一个充满活力与好奇心的人结婚”。10.主旨大意题。文章主要讲老年人的智力变化与其年龄增长的关系知C项 “概述了在了解年龄增长与智力活动之间的关系方面取得的最新进展”正确。11.主旨大意题。题干意思是: 假如一般人不太可能知道geron是希腊语的词根，意思是“老人”（见第22行），我们可以合理地推断这篇文章针对的人群是 。该文章主要讲老年人的智力变化与其年龄增长的关系,而且专业性不是很强。因此D项“接受过大学教育并对老年学研究进展感兴趣的的