2022年考博英语-外交学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第60期

2022年考博英语-外交学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题中国传统社会具有宗法社会的性质，重视人伦关系成为其文化特色。孟子将“人伦”归结为“父子有亲，君臣有义，夫妇有别，长幼有序，朋友有信”。这五种基本的社会关系有四种关系与血缘和家庭有关，而国家关系正是这种血缘和家庭关系的拟制。人伦文化注重血缘亲情，强调等级名分，强化社会成员的角色，着眼于家庭和社会利益的全局，注重内部的秩序与凝聚力。正是在人伦文化的基础上，形成了大一统的观念和注重整体利益的价值取向。传统社会宗法关系强有力的纽带作用和强调集权统一的观念文化与制度文化，培养出中华民族注重整体利益的价值观念。在这种价值观念中，社会的利益、国家的利益和家庭的利益始终是第一位的，而地方的利益、局部的利益和个人利益往往被忽视。个性被湮灭在共性之中，整齐划一是理想典范，标新立异则是异端另类。【答案】Chinas ancient society was patriarchal in nature, in which human relations were given priority. Mencius summed up human relations as “Between father and son, there should be affection; between sovereign and minister, righteousness; between husband and wife, attention to their separate functions; between old and young, a proper order; and between friends, fidelity.” Out of these five basic human relations, four were related with blood ties and family. State relationship was a copy of this kind of family blood relationship. The culture based on human relations held as essential the blood relationships, and highlighted peoples social status. With a view to the overall situation of the family and social interests, it paid special attention to the internal order and cohesiveness. It was on the basis of this culture that the concept of great national unity and collectivism came into being.The Chinese value of collectivism was cultivated by the forceful tie of the patriarchal relations and the culture of ideology and institution that gave prominence to centralization and unity. The interest of the society, the country and the family was always counted number one while that of the locality, the part, or the individual sometimes ignored. Individuality gave way to universality. Uniformity was considered apotheosis whereas unconventionality, heterodoxy.2. 单选题Lying（ ） far back in the mountains, the coal had to be hauled from a deep valley.问题1选项A.as it isB.as it didC.was isD.did it【答案】B【解析】考查强调句用法。“过去分词+as it is(was)”“现在分词+as it does (did)”是一种强调语气的表示原因的结构。由于lying为lie的现在分词，故用“现在分词+as it does (did)”这个句型，此句相当于：As it lay far back in the mountains.句意：由于煤矿位于深山深处，所以必须从深谷里运来。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题He was always declining their invitations on the（ ）of ill health.问题1选项A.groundsB.reasonC.excuseD.cause【答案】A【解析】考查固定短语搭配。根据题干可知考查on the ground of“以为理由，根据”。句意：他总是以身体不好为由拒绝他们的邀请。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题This crisis will test the Prime Ministers mettle.问题1选项A.planB.judgmentC.staminaD.knowledge【答案】C【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项plan“计划，平面图”；B选项judgment“判断，裁判，判决书，辨别力”；C选项stamina“耐力，持久力，毅力”；D选项knowledge“知识，学问，知道，认识，学科”。句意：这场危机将考验首相的勇气。Mettle“勇气，气质，耐力”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。5. 翻译题Bookended by 9/11 at the start and a financial wipeout at the end, the first 10 years of this century will very likely go down as the most dispiriting and disillusioning decade Americans have lived through in the post-World War II era. Why did so much bad stuff happen in this decade? Was it just rotten luck or something more? In large part, we have ourselves to blame.It was almost as if we said in previous decades, “Why do today what we can put off until the first decade of the 21st century?” But we didnt rise to those challenges. What we just lived through, then, was the chickens coining home to roost.If we are now watching the sun set on a Decade from Hell, does it naturally follow that the next decade will be all good and glory? Of course not. And yet there are some hopeful signs. We have seen the destructiveness of deferral and neglect on infrastructure, national and global politics, financial markets and corporate governance, the awareness of that danger is much higher now.We may continue to see our global dominance erode. But very significantly, we still hold many of the worlds trump cards. If we avoid the easy outs of deferral and neglect, then the next decade should be a helluva lot better than the last one.【答案】始于9/11恐怖袭击，止于金融大危机，本世纪的头10年很可能成为美国人在二战后经历的最令人沮丧、最令人幻灭的10年。为什么这十年发生了这么多坏事？是运气不好还是别的原因？在很大程度上，我们要怪自己。这几乎就像我们在前几十年说过的：“为什么今天要做我们可以推迟到21世纪第一个十年的事情？”，但我们没有直面这些挑战。这不，回顾我们刚刚所经历的一切，就是自食其果。现在，如果我们忽视这十年前从地狱里升起的太阳，那是否意味着未来十年的繁荣和荣耀会自然而然地紧随其后呢？答案是否定的，但是我们还是可以看到希望的曙光。我们已经尝尽持续不断的破坏带来的危害，以及忽略基础设施建设，忽视全国和全球政治、金融市场和政府间合作造成的恶果。而现今，这些不当举措带来的危害远高于过去。我们可能会继续看到我们的全球主导地位被侵蚀。但非常重要的是，我们仍然握有许多世界王牌。如果我们能够避免不必要的错误，对重要的事件给予必要的关注，那么和过去的十年相比，未来十年间我们会有创世纪的发展。6. 单选题The troops slept in cramped conditions.问题1选项A.untidyB.makeshiftC.dirtyD.crowded【答案】D【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项untidy“不整洁的，凌乱的，懒散的，不干净利落的”；B选项makeshift“临时的，权宜之计的”；C选项dirty“下流的，卑鄙的，肮脏的，恶劣的，暗淡的”；D选项crowded“拥挤的，塞满的”。句意：军队在拥挤的条件下睡觉。Cramped“狭窄的，难懂的，难辨的”，D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。7. 单选题The（ ） in Davids character has hindered him from advancing in his career.问题1选项A.weaknessB.shortcomingC.demeritD.defect【答案】D【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项weakness“指人性格、品行方面的弱点，或体制、组织、设计等方面的缺陷（强调弱点）”；B选项shortcoming“指某人或某事物所存在的不足或缺陷，通常用复数”；C选项demerit“是很正式的词语，表示事物的缺点”；D选项defect“指事物的缺点或人性格上的缺点，一般指较大的缺点、缺陷。”某某人的shortcoming是可以改的；但是某某人的weakness是需要那个人自己去克服；shortcoming只能用来指人的缺点；weakness可以用在人以外的东西上。句意：大卫性格上的缺陷阻碍了他在事业上的发展。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题This should be a（ ）for you, we all know you will finish it in time.问题1选项A.cakeholeB.cakewalkC.catchallD.catcall【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项cakehole“嘴巴”；B选项cakewalk“步态竞赛，一种步态舞，易如反掌之事”；C选项catchall“装杂物的容器，总受器，分沫器”；D选项catcall“嘘声，不满之声，喝倒彩”。句意：这对你来说应该是轻而易举的事，我们都知道你会按时完成的。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题Julia Gillard, Australias prime minister, was forced to drop a controversial proposal to funnel the processing of people seeking asylum in her country through Malaysia.问题1选项A.channelB.siphonC.clagD.scintillate【答案】A【解析】考查近义动词辨析。A选项channel“引导，开导；提供资金；输送；开辟水道，形成凹槽”；B选项siphon“用虹吸管吸出；抽取”；C选项clag“阻碍；妨碍；凝结”；D选项scintillate“发出火花；闪烁”。句意：澳大利亚总理朱莉娅吉拉德（Julia Gillard）被迫放弃一项有争议的提案，该提案要求通过马来西亚来处理在澳大利亚寻求庇护的人。funnel“流经狭窄空间；通过漏斗将导入；汇集，传送”，A选项与该词词意最相近，因此A选项正确。10. 单选题You are now（ ）the benefit of your former thrift.问题1选项A.reapingB.drawingC.enjoyingD.gaining【答案】D【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项reaping“收获，获得；收割”；B选项drawing “画；拉；吸引”；C选项enjoying“欣赏，享受；喜爱；使过得快活”；D选项gaining“增加；利润；收获；获得；赚到”。根据固定搭配gain the benefit“得到益处/好处”可知该题选gaining。句意：你现在正受益于你以前的节俭。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题The commission would find itself（ ）at every turn if its members couldnt reach an agreement.问题1选项A.collidedB.savagedC.crumbledD.hampered【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项collided“（偶然）碰撞，冲突，（不同的观念、想法等）碰撞（而产生有趣结果）”；B选项savaged“乱咬，粗暴的对待，凶猛地攻击”；C选项crumbled“弄碎，破碎”；D选项hampered“阻碍，限制”。句意：如果委员们不能达成一致意见，该委员会将处处受阻。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题The shuttle Columbia was doomed in part because NASA relied on flawed computer simulations and mathematical formulas that failed to accurately predict damage to the shuttle from flying pieces of foam, documents released by the space agency and the group investigating the accident show.Nuclear and aviation industry safety experts who are familiar with the sorts of analyses NASA used say space agency officials were wrong to rely on the simulations to gauge risks. Instead, the experts say, they should have performed tests on shuttle components to determine the damage that foam from the fuel tank might do to its wing.These simulations and formulas some done before the launch, others done during the mission often were based on erroneous assumptions about the ability of the shuttle to withstand damage. NASA managers assumed it was safe for Columbia to return to Earth even though foam had struck the wing.The foam hit the left wing 82 seconds after liftoff and broke through one of the carbon panels designed to protect the wings from the intense heat of re-entry. Columbia broke apart as it re-entered Earths atmosphere on Feb.1. All seven astronauts were killed.Today, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board Will issue its findings on what caused the accident. In addition to detailing how the blow from the foam led to the break-up, the board will document how decisions by NASA managers underestimated the peril Columbia faced and how they ignored warnings, according to previous public statements from board members.The independent boards report also is expected to find that the NASA safety office was ineffective and underfunded.Among the areas to be discussed is NASAs reliance on computer simulations and mathematical models. Before the missionand again after fuzzy photos showed the foam had hit Columbias wing-simulations and other analyses led to poor decisions by NASA managers, documents show. The simulations appear to have blinded them to danger signals about foam on earlier flights and led them to dramatically underestimate the threat to Columbia. The independent boards report also is expected to find that the NASA safety office was ineffective and underfunded.In one case, during the Columbia mission, at least 75 shuttle experts with NASA and its contractors were so concerned about the poor quality of data in an analysis they were preparing that they recommended taking photos of the shuttle in space, sources say. Those photos could have shown whether foam had damaged the left wing.Instead, NASA managers trusted the analysis that the experts said was so flawed. The analysis wrongly estimated where the foam hit and concluded that the shuttle had not sustained significant damage. Had NASA known the extent of the damage, the agency might have launched a rescue mission to try to save Columbias crew.Engineers connected to the analysis say they are angry and puzzled that NASA would not seek photos from satellites or telescopes. NASA managers say they were not told of the limitations on computer simulations and analyses.By necessity, NASA relies heavily on computer models and other analysis tools to provide clues about what happens to the shuttle from launch until re-entry. It cannot easily recreate the extreme temperatures of space in a lab. Used properly, such analyses can improve safety. Indeed, analysis techniques routinely help design safer jet wings and nuclear plants.But safety experts in high-risk industries say theyve learned the hard way mathematical formulas and computer simulations cannot fully mimic nature. Several major aviation crashes and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident were caused by poor analyses, experts say.“You need to take into account the uncertainties” says Elizabeth Pate-Cornell, chairman of the management sciences and engineering department at Stanford University. “Its the old story: garbage in, garbage out.”As Columbia orbited, engineers erroneously concluded the foam could not damage the wings carbon panels. The analysis was based on earlier tests of small ice pellets hitting the panels. But those tests could not predict whether a large chunk of foam would cause damage.A computer program known as Crater, which engineers used to predict whether the foam damaged the ceramic tiles beneath Columbias wing, had not been designed to account for impacts from large pieces of foam.1. Nuclear and aviation safety experts（ ）.2. In the authors opinion, NASA managers（ ）.3. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board will issue its findings with regard to the following EXCEPT（ ）.4. NASA managers made poor decisions because they did NOT（ ）.5. Safety experts in high-risk industries indicate that computer simulations（ ）.问题1选项A.know very well the sorts of analyses made by NASA managersB.indicate that space agency officials relied on the wrong analysesC.believe that space agency officials should have made more simulationsD.strongly criticize space agency officials for being unscrupulous问题2选项A.made wrong hypothesis conclusions about the safety of ColumbiaB.in fact knew clearly what kind of danger Columbia would faceC.felt it difficult to predict what might happen to Columbia as it returned to EarthD.did not realize that the left wing of Columbia was hit by the foam after liftoff问题3选项A.why the shuttle broke apart as it returned to EarthB.how the foam hitting the left wing caused the accidentC.how decisions by NASA managers were madeD.how NASA managers misunderstood danger signals问题4选项A.get all the findings of data analysesB.know the shuttle had significant damageC.get along well with shuttle expertD.trust the analysis produced by simulation问题5选项A.are not reliable at allB.yielded poor analysesC.have severe limitationsD.should be abandoned【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文章第二段第一句话“Nuclear and aviation industry safety experts who are familiar with the sorts of analyses NASA used say space agency officials were wrong to rely on the simulations to gauge risks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全专家说，航天局官员错误地依赖模拟来衡量风险。）”。A选项“非常了解NASA管理人员所做的各种分析”文中没有提到；B选项“指出太空总署官员依赖错误的分析”正确；C选项“认为太空总署的官员应该做更多的模拟”没有直接在文中明说；D选项“强烈批评航天局官员的肆无忌惮”文中没有提到，因此B选项正确。2.作者意图题。由题干可定位到第三段第一句话“These simulations and formulas some done before the launch, others done during the mission often were based on erroneous assumptions about the ability of the shuttle to withstand damage.（这些模拟和公式，有些是在发射前完成的，而在任务期间所做的其他模拟和公式往往是基于对航天飞机承受损害能力的错误假设。）”。A选项“对哥伦比亚号的安全性做出错误的假设结论”正确；B选项“事实上很清楚哥伦比亚将面临什么样的危险”说法错误，管理人员低估了自己的错误对哥伦比亚号造成的危险；C选项“觉得很难预测哥伦比亚号返回地球时会发生什么”说法错误，管理人员觉得哥伦比亚号能安全返回地球；D选项“没有意识到哥伦比亚号的左翼在升空后被泡沫击中”说法错误，管理人员预测到了，只是他们错误地评估了航天飞机的承伤能力，因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。由题干定位到文中第五段“Today, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board Will issue its findings on what caused the accident. In addition to detailing how the blow from the foam led to the break-up, the board will document how decisions by NASA managers underestimated the peril Columbia faced and how they ignored warnings, according to previous public statements from board members.（今天，哥伦比亚事故调查委员会将发布事故原因的调查结果。根据此前董事会成员公开声明，除了详细说明泡沫的打击如何导致分解外，委员会还将记录NASA管理人员如何低估哥伦比亚面临的危险以及他们如何忽视警告。）”。A选项“为什么航天飞机在返回地球时分裂了”；B选项“泡沫是如何撞击左翼造成事故的”；C选项“NASA管理者是如何做出决定的”都在文中提到过，只有D选项“NASA管理者如何误解危险信号”没有提到，因此D选项正确。4.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中说到安全专家非常担心他们准备的分析数据的质量太低，他们建议在太空中给航天飞机拍照，然而管理人员相信自己的实验数据，所以引发了事故。A选项“得到所有数据分析的结果”；B选项“知道航天飞机有严重的损坏”；C选项“与航天飞机专家相处融洽”都不符合原文，D选项“相信模拟产生的分析”正确，因此D选项正确。5.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第十段“NASA managers say they were not told of the limitations on computer simulations and analyses.（美国宇航局的管理人员说，他们没有被告知计算机模拟和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“But safety experts in high-risk industries say theyve learned the hard way mathematical formulas and computer simulations cannot fully mimic nature.（但高风险行业的安全专家说，他们已经学到了数学公式和计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然的艰难方法。）”。由此可知计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然危险，因此具有局限性。A选项“完全不可靠”；B选项“产生不良分析”和D选项“应该被废弃”都不正确，C选项“有严重的局限性”符合题意，因此C选项正确。13. 单选题The proposed change in the federal estate tax, in the deal worked out with President Obama and Congressional Republicans, has ramifications for the California estate tax.问题1选项A.outcomeB.projectionsC.recommendationsD.prospects【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项outcome“结果，结局；成果”；B选项projections“投射；规划；突出；发射；推测”；C选项recommendations“推荐；建议；推荐信”；D选项prospects“前景；预期；潜在顾客；远景展望”。句意：根据与奥巴马总统和国会共和党人达成的协议，联邦遗产税的拟议修改对加州遗产税有影响。ramifications“衍生物；分支，分叉；支流；（衍生的）结果、影响”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。14. 翻译题Since Alfred Nobel died in 1896 we have entered an age of storm and tragedy. The power of man has grown in every sphere except over himself. Never in the field of action have events seemed so harshly to dwarf personalities. Rarely in history have brutal facts so dominated thought or has such a widespread individual virtue found so dim a collective focus.We in Europe and the western world who have planned for health and social security, who have marveled at the triumphs of medicine and science, and who have aimed at justice and freedom for all, have nevertheless been witnesses of famine, misery, cruelty, and destruction before which pale the deeds of Genghis Khan. And we who, first in the League of Nations and now in the United Nations, have attempted to give an abiding foundation to the peace of which men have dreamed so long have lived to see a world marred by cleavages and threatened by discords ever graver and more violent than those which convulsed Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.Alfred Nobel has left behind him a bright and enduring beam of culture, of purpose, and of inspiration to a generation which stands in sore need. This world-famous institution points a truepath for us to follow. Let us, therefore, confront the clatter and rigidity we see around us with tolerance, variety, and calm.【答案】自阿尔弗莱德诺贝尔先生1896年去世后，我们就进入了一个狂暴而悲惨的时代。人类的势力在每个领域都有所发展，只有其自身除外。在战场上从未有过如此残酷之事，人格如此卑微，历史上思想受控于残酷的事实也是罕有，广为舍弃的美德也从未如此黯淡无光。我们所在的欧洲和西方社会，曾注重医疗事业和社会安全事业，曾在医学和科学上取得惊人成功，曾致力于全人类的正义和自由，可我们现在却见证了饥荒、痛苦、残忍和毁灭。这些足以使成吉思汗的丰功伟绩黯然失色。从起初的国际联盟到今天的联合国，我们一直尝试着给人们梦想已久的和平，建立一个持久的基础。我们目睹了分崩离析、战火纷飞的破损社会，其动荡比罗马帝国崩溃后对欧洲的震动更惨重和剧烈。阿尔弗莱德诺贝尔先生将辉煌而不朽的文化、意志和灵感的灯火留给了急需滋养的一代。这个举世闻名的机构指出了一条真正的道路，引领我们前行。所以让我们用忍耐、机敏与冷静，来对抗我们身边嘈杂与僵化的环境吧。15. 单选题The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-days flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example.Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travelers that it is worth coining halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western. Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbor, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher.Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad. Relatively stable politic ally within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners.More than 150,000 people are directly involved in Chiles tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US$950 million each year The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a world-wide campaign, taking part in trade fairs, and international events to attract visitors to Chile.Chiles great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5,000km long. With the Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services.But the trump card is the Andes mountain range. There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hours drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the regions rivers.However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts as their European counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks.Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. While Chiles two largest airlines have extensive networks within South America, they operate only a small number of routes to the United States and Europe, wh