2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第104期

2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West. Of course, the region was no stranger to population booms. Throughout much of its history, western settlement had been characterized by spurts, rather than by a pattern of gradual and steady population growth, beginning with the gold and silver rushes of the 1850s and 1860s. The decade after the First World Warthe 1920switnessed another major surge of people pouring into the West, particularly into urban areas. But the economic depression of the 1930s brought this expansion to a halt; some of the more sparsely settled parts of the region actually lost population as migrants sought work in more heavily industrialized areas. By 1941 when the United States entered the Second World War and began to mobilize, new job opportunities were created in the western part of the nation.If the expansion of industries, such as shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, was most striking on the pacific coast, it also affected interior cities like Denver. Phoenix, and Salt Lake City, Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants is Oregon and Washington and the burgeoning steel industry in Utah and California. The flow of people into these areas provided an enormous impetus to the expansion of the service industriesbanks, health care services and schools. Although strained to the limit by the influx of newcomers, western communities welcomed the vast reservoir of new job opportunities. At the same time, the unprecedented expansion of government installations in the West, such as military bases, created thousands of new civilian openings. As land had served as a magnet for western migrants in the late nineteenth century, so wartime mobilization set in motion.There is another major expansion of population. Indeed, it could be said that the entire western United States became a giant boomtown during the Second World War. This was especially true of California: Of more than eight million people who moved into the West in the decade after 1940, one-half went to the Pacific coast. In fact, between 1940 and 1950, Californias population surged by more than three million people.16. What is the main point of the passage?17. The word “triggered” is closet in meaning to _.18. Why does the author mention “the gold and silver rushes of the 1850s and 1860s” in the first paragraph?19. According to the passage, the depression of the 1930s caused which of the following?20. Which of the following statements about the shipbuilding industry is suggested by the passage?问题1选项A.California dominated the economic growth of the West during the Second World War.B.Industrial growth during the 1940s attracted large numbers of people to the West.C.The military drew people away from civilian jobs the 1940s.D.The West experienced gradual and steady economic growth from 1900 to 1940.问题2选项A.was connected toB.generatedC.interfered withD.illuminated问题3选项A.As causes of gradual population growth.B.As contrasts to late patterns of population growth.C.As illustrations of a market economy.D.As examples of western population booms.问题4选项A.A lack of population growth in the West.B.The building of new suburbs.C.A creation of more job opportunities.D.A growth in immigration from abroad.问题5选项A.It came into being during the First World War.B.Many new shipbuilding yards were established on the Pacific coast during the 1940s.C.Denver was considered to be a poor location for shipbuilding factories.D.Shipbuilding was the dominant industry in Oregon and Washington.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】16.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲经济扩张使西部人口激增，第二段讲述工业发展吸引人到西方，又因为人口流动推动服务业发展创造许多工作机会，再次推动人口流向这里，第三段具体讲述人口的流动情况，所以B选项“20世纪40年代的工业发展吸引了大量的人到西方”正确。A选项“加州在第二次世界大战期间主导了西部的经济增长”：根据第二段第二句Phoenix, and Salt Lake City, Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants is Oregon and Washington and the burgeoning steel industry in Utah and California.（俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的铝厂的建立，以及犹他州和加利福尼亚州蓬勃发展的钢铁工业，都产生了同样引人注目的影响。），可知不只加州推动了经济增长，表述错误。C选项“20世纪40年代，军事工业把人们从文职工作中吸引过来”：根据第二段倒数第二句the unprecedented expansion of government installations in the West, such as military bases, created thousands of new civilian openings.（西部政府设施的空前扩张，如军事基地，出现数千个新的平民的工作机会。），创造的新的工作机会大多被移民进来的平民消化，而不是把做文职工作的人转移到军事行业。D选项“从1900年到1940年，西方经历了缓慢而稳定的经济增长”文章没有提到。因此B选项正确。17.语义推测题。Trigger的意思为“触发，引发”。根据第一段第一句The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West.（第二次世界大战引起的经济扩张在西部引发了大规模的人口激增。），可推测这里在讲经济扩张和人口激增的关系，结合第一段第三句western settlement had been characterized by spurts, rather than by a pattern of gradual and steady population growth, beginning with the gold and silver rushes of the 1850s and 1860s.（从19世纪50年代和19世纪60年代的淘金热开始，美国西部移民的特点是人口的快速增长，而不是逐渐稳定的增长模式。），可推测经济扩张导致人口激增，所以B选项“引发”正确；A选项“有联系”不具体，不是最佳答案；C选项“妨碍”和D选项“照亮”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。18.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West.（第二次世界大战引起的经济扩张在美国西部引发了大规模的人口激增。）和第二句Of course, the region was no stranger to population booms.（当然，该地区对人口激增并不陌生。），接着举出例子，可知这一段通过论点和例子表达西部人口激增，所以D选项“作为西部人口激增的例子”正确。A选项“作为人口逐渐增长的原因”和B选项“与人口增长的后期模式形成对比”不是表达的重点。C选项“作为市场经济的例证”文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。19.事实细节题。根据第一段第四句和第五句witnessed another major surge of people pouring into the West, particularly into urban areas. But the economic depression of the 1930s brought this expansion to a halt（见证了另一场大规模的人口涌入美国西部，尤其是涌入城市地区的浪潮。但是20世纪30年代的经济萧条使这种扩张停止了），这个扩张指的是人口涌入西方，所以经济萧条导致人口增长停滞，A选项“西部缺乏人口增长”正确，D选项“国外移民的增长”错误。B选项“新郊区的建设”和C选项“创造更多的就业机会”跟经济萧条无关。因此A选项正确。20.推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句和第二段第一句By 1941new job opportunities were created in the western part of the nation. If the expansion of industries, such as shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, was most striking on the pacific coast（到1941年美国西部地区创造了新的就业机会。如果说造船和飞机制造等工业的扩张在太平洋沿岸最为显著），可知B选项“20世纪40年代，太平洋沿岸建立了许多新的造船厂”正确，C选项“人们认为在丹佛办造船工厂的位置不好”没有提到。A选项“在第一次世界大战期间形成”：文章没有提到第一次世界大战期间的情况，而是在那之后美国西部的情况。D选项“造船是俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的主导产业”：根据第二段第二句Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants is Oregon and Washington（俄勒冈州和华盛顿州建立铝厂所产生的影响也同样引人注目），不可得出造船是俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的主导产业，属于过度推断。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题What makes a great communicator? A willingness to share that driving sense of mission and a burning faith that others will embrace, too.As an entrepreneur, you have an extraordinary story to tell. But whether youre pitching or promoting a service, product, company, or cause, how you craft and deliver your message could mean the difference between making the sale or being shown the door. Some people are simply better than others at articulating their message.Raising the barMy work takes me across the country and exposes me to spokespeople in a variety of industries. But the goals are always the same: To articulate a message that meets the demands of contemporary audiences, who want their speakers to be passionate, inspiring, brief, captivating, and clear.As the majority of us are accustomed to PowerPoint shows, 24-hour cable news, and MTV-style videos, our perception of great corporate speakers has changed. The great spokespeople of our time have raised the bar on what it means to be a business communicatorand youre being compared to them.When CNBC interviews Apple CEO Steve Jobs, youre being compared to him. When C-SPAN brings British Prime Minister Tony Blair into our living rooms every week, youre being compared to him. When Cisco CEO John Chambers delivers a dazzling PowerPoint show, youre being compared to him. Theyve mastered 10 techniques that set them aparttechniques that I uncovered while researching my new book, “10 Simple Secrets of the Worlds Greatest Business Communicators.”Pitching with oomphBut enough talk about “the secrets”. Lets get started. Extraordinary entrepreneurs and business professional credit their communication skills for much of their success, and each is fueled by passionate commitment to their service, product, company, or cause. Passion separates the worlds top pitchmen from the vast majority of mediocre presenters. Without passion, you will fail to motivate, inspire, and electrify your audiences.Starbucks Chairman Howard Schultz didnt build one of the most admired brands in the world because he blends the right mix of espresso, steamed milk, and foam. While interviewing Schultz for “10 Simple Secrets”, I quickly realized he doesnt leave his passion at the office. While many of us like coffee even love it, Schultz is passionate about it. Really passionate.During a now-famous trip to Italy, on a piazza in Milan, Schultzs life was forever changed. The Italians were passionate about their coffee, he excitedly told his wife. Schultz brought that passion back to America and transformed a small Seattle coffee-bean store into an American institution. His zeal convinced investors to buy into his concept of bringing Italian-style cafes to Americaand without it, we never would have been introduced to mocha frappuccinos!Emotional rapportAt this point, some of you might be saying, “My passion is to get rich.” Fine. But Im urging you to dig deeper. You see, Ive personally met and interviewed several entrepreneurs who have joined the billionaires club. Ive watched them address staff, customers, and investors. Not once did they ever discuss how much joy they get out of being wealthy. Instead, they build an emotional rapport with their listeners by sharing their connection to the topictheir passionthrough personal stories, anecdotes, and examples.Now ask yourself, “Whats my connection to my message?” If youre a financial planner, is it to help your customers avoid the painful debt you saw your parents fall into? It is for Suze Orman, who tapped into that passion to fuel her success as an author and television host. Of you sell networking hardware, is your passion fueled by the desire to change the way the world lives, works, plays, and learns? It is for Cisco Systems CEO John Chambers, whose passionate vision of the future has earned him a spot as one of the most admired chief executives in corporate America.If you manage a coffee shop or restaurant, is your passion to create a welcoming “third place” between home and work for your customers to enjoy? It is for Howard Schultz, whose passion has literally changed the daily habits of millions of people around the world. So whether youre addressing and audience of 1 or 1,000, reveal your passion by identifying and sharing your personal connection to your company message. It will set you apart as a speaker.26. Whats the relationship between the last two paragraphs?27. The passage indicates that it is important to _ in business communication.28. This passage is meant to target the following groups of readers EXCEPT _.29. What does the “third place” in the last paragraph refer to?30. By saying “Raising the bar” (Paragraph 3), the author means _.问题1选项A.They both support the same topic sentence.B.They present opposing ideas respectively.C.The latter is the illustration of the former.D.The latter is the logical result of the former.问题2选项A.establish personal friendshipB.show passion in conveying messageC.employ high communicative skillsD.meet listeners emotional demands问题3选项A.entrepreneursB.salespersonsC.public speakersD.shop owners问题4选项A.A place to enjoy.B.A shop to share your personal information.C.A coffee shop or restaurant.D.A private place to reveal your passion.问题5选项A.a higher standard for business communicatorsB.a better articulation of messages in communicationC.that business communicators should master 10 techniquesD.that business communicators are being compared to figures like spokespeople【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】26.推理判断题。根据第十段第一句Now ask yourself, “Whats my connection to my message?”（现在问问你自己，“我和我表达的信息有什么联系？”）和最后一段reveal your passion by identifying and sharing your personal connection to your company message（通过识别并分享你与公司信息的个人联系来展现你的热情），可知这两段都在讲通过表达自己与自己表达的信息联系来加强情感联系，所以A选项“支持同一个主题句”正确。B选项“分别提出相反的观点”，C选项“后者是前者的例证”和D选项“后者是前者的结果”不符合题意，故错误。因此A选项正确。27.推理判断题。根据第六段第三句Extraordinary entrepreneurs and business professional credit their communication skills for much of their success, and each is fueled by passionate commitment to their service, product, company, or cause.（卓越的企业家和商业专业人士将他们的成功归功于他们的沟通技巧，每个人都对自己的服务、产品、公司或事业充满热情。），可知激情在商务交流上最重要，所以B选项“在传达信息时表现出热情”正确。A选项“建立私交”：根据第九段some of you might be saying, “My passion is to get richNot once did they ever discuss how much joy they get out of being wealthy. Instead, they build an emotional rapport with their listeners by sharing their connection to the topictheir passionthrough personal stories, anecdotes, and examples.（你们中的一些人可能会说，“我的激情是致富他们从来没有讨论过他们从富有中得到了多少快乐。相反，他们通过分享自己的故事、轶事和例子，与听众建立起一种情感上的融洽），这里表达的是激情不是来自于对致富的渴望，而不是说在商务交流中建立交情很重要，故错误。C选项“运用高度的沟通技巧”和D选项“满足听众的情感需求”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。28.推理判断题。根据第二段第二句But whether youre pitching or promoting a service, product, company, or cause, how you craft and deliver your message could mean the difference between making the sale or being shown the door.（但无论你是在推销或推广一项服务、产品、公司或事业，你如何精心制作和传递你的信息可能意味着成功销售或被解雇的区别。）和第六段倒数第二句Passion separates the worlds top pitchmen from the vast majority of mediocre presenters.（激情将世界上最优秀的推销员与绝大多数平庸的演讲者区分开来。），可知本文一直强调的激情对于需要销售的职业来说很重要，而演说家不那么需要，所以B选项“售货员”正确，A选项“企业家”，C选项“演说家”和D选项“店主”错误。因此B选项正确。29.语义推测题。根据最后一段第一句If you manage a coffee shop or restaurant, is your passion to create a welcoming “third place” between home and work for your customers to enjoy?（如果你经营一家咖啡店或餐厅，你的激情会是在家庭和工作之间创造一个受欢迎的“第三空间”让你的顾客享受吗？），可知第三空间是拿来享受的，所以A选项“一个享受的地方”正确，B选项“一个分享你个人信息的商店”，C选项“咖啡店或餐厅”和D选项“一个可以展示你激情的私密场所”：不符合题意，故错误。因此A选项正确。30.语义推测题。根据第四段第二句The great spokespeople of our time have raised the bar on what it means to be a business communicatorand youre being compared to them.（我们这个时代的伟大发言人提高了作为一名商业沟通者的意义你被拿来和他们比较。），可知各个领域的发言人让商务交流的标准更高，所以A选项“对商务交流者的更高标准”正确。B选项“沟通中信息的更好表达”：表述不准确，故错误。C选项“商务交流者应该掌握的10种技巧”和D选项“商务交流者被拿来和发言人比较”：是一方面的内容，不足以概括这部分主旨，故错误。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题_ any previous experience, John doesnt stand a chance of getting that job.问题1选项A.Not havingB.Not having hadC.Having notD.Having not had【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：约翰因为没有相关经验，没有机会得到那份工作。句子前半部分是后半部分的现在分词的否定形式是not doing，A选项Not having符合题意，C选项用法错误。非谓语动词不体现时态，B选项Not having had是现在完成时，D选项用法错误。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题_ sleep is crucial to the health of adults, new research suggests that lack of sleep may affect teens health, too.问题1选项A.Just asB.As long asC.Despite thatD.No matter how【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配辨析。A选项Just as“正像”；B选项As long as“只要”；C选项Despite that“尽管”；D选项No matter how“不管怎样”。句意：_睡眠对成年人的健康至关重要，新的研究表明，睡眠不足也可能影响青少年的健康。根据too可知睡眠不足会同时影响青少年和成年人，所以Just as“正像”让句子通顺，符合题意。因此A选项正确。5. 翻译题When a company unexpectedly finds itself losing market share and taking a beating at the hands of its competitors, its a clear signal that a change is needed. For a variety of reasons, any company can suddenly lose the competitive advantage that it previously enjoyed. (36) The mark of a strong business, however, is its ability to overcome such setbacks and reclaim its positions as the front runner in its field.One of the greatest variables in the process, however, is technology, which on one hand makes business more efficient and thus profitable than previously thought possible, but changes at such a rapid pace that few businesses utilize it to its full potential. Those companies that invest heavily in the latest technology of the day may find their machines out dated and obsolete the next year, thus losing the advantage that they hoped to gain, and also a substantial amount of investment money as well. (37) Those who are more cautious and buy less of the latest machine may learn that technology changes more slowly, and their competitors who invested more heavily now hold the upper hand. Its a game of hit or miss.Because of the uneven and unpredictable pace of progress between technological fields, (38) companies are devoting more and more resources to not only acquiring more of the latest developments, but researching the factors that determine their production so as to position themselves better to adapt to the next change. This strategy has been producing positive results for those who employ it, but it is a massively expensive one, limiting its viability to only the largest companies, who are already enjoying many advantages in the market.Such dynamics make it increasingly difficult for new setup companies to break into established markets, lacking the funding and cash reserves necessary to play the game way as the big boy do. The same technology that keeps the large companies on top, however, can still topple them. (39) New and smaller companies have less to lose and thus can afford to gamble on new technologies that larger companies consider too risky to devote themselves to. (40) In the rare occurrences when these risky endeavors bear fruit, providing themselves with the way of future, the rewards to those daring enough, or small enough, to invest in them prove well worth the effort.【答案】36. 然而，一个强大企业的标志是它有能力克服这些挫折，重新成为该领域的领跑者。37. 那些更谨慎、较少购买最新产品的公司可能会发现，技术进步越缓慢，他们竞争对手投资越多现在越占据上风。38. 企业投入越来越多的资源，来换取更多的最新发展和研究生产要素，以便更好地定位自己，从而适应下一次变化。39. 新公司和小公司因为损失更小，所以能够在新技术上赌一把，而大公司会认为风险太大而放弃投入。40. 这些冒险的努力很少会取得成果，继而为他们指明未来的道路。而对于那些非常敢于投资或小型企业来说，回报会证明这样的投资是值得的。6. 单选题A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow mostpeople with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomeshe would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview as a time of rising prices. “In a few months,” she said, “well have to pay more for meat and milk; well have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyers resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just dont pay these prices; they are too high.”Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered. The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conductive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people have become accustomed to consider them “right” and expect them to remain stable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining s