2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷35

2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题I usually let my children make their own decisions, now that they have grown up, I wouldnt（ ）to interfere.问题1选项A.assumeB.consumeC.resumeD.presume【答案】D【解析】句意:我经常让孩子们自己拿主意，既然他们已经长大，那么我就不会擅自进行干涉。考查动词辨析。assume 采取，承担，假设，想当然;consume 消耗，消费；resume重新开始，继续；presume假定，推测，擅自。因此D符合句意。2. 单选题His（ ）brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.问题1选项A.richB.quickC.productiveD.fertile【答案】D【解析】句意:他脑子很灵,己经想出了一个靠谱的治疗方法。考查形容词辨析。rich 富有的,肥沃的,昂贵的;quick 快的,迅速的;productive 生产的,多产的,富有成效的；fertile （土地）富饶的，肥沃 的；（人的头脑）主意多，有创造力的；能生育的。3. 单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brain s neural （祌经的）network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”，he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today（ ）.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research steins from（ ）.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to（ ）.4. Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement?5. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “the only game in town” （Line 3, Para.4）?问题1选项A.are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD.the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence develop in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.B.Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effortD.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.问题5选项A.The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.B.The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.C.The only area worth studying in computer science.D.The only choice that people are offered with.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。A:能可靠地识别物体的形状,B:接近展现似人类的行为,C:它们在性能上与50年代的那些电脑没有多大不同,D:仍然不能用人类语言与人类进行交流,第一段指出: But as useful as computers are, they re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid (但是，如电脑一样有用的它们，却远不能取得任何丝毫类似这些早期对似人类行为的渴望。更谈不上复杂程度如交谈一样的事情：最强大的电脑尽力才能可靠地识别物体的形状，而这对一个10岁的小孩而言却是最基本的任务),由此可知A及B不正确,C项文章并未提及,D项正确。2.细节事实题。第二段指出: The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence (科学家们称，问题是人工智能一直都试图去分开设最高级、最抽象的如语言和数学样的思维，且用有逻辑的一步一步的程序去辅助它们。另一方面，人工智能一个新发展却更关注自然想出智能的更迂回的方式),因此B项“相信人类智能不能用有逻辑的一步一步的程序去被复制”正确。3.判断推理题。第二段指出: A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence (人工智能的一个新运动，不同方向，注重自然产生智力的更迂回的方式),第三段指出: Imitating the brain s neural （神经的）network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence(仿大脑的神经网络是迈向正确方向的巨大一步，计 算机科学家和生物物理学家迈克尔康纳德说，但它仍然漏掉了自然智能的一个重要方面), 以及后面指出:他（康纳德）称人们倾向于将大脑看成似乎它 是由颜色编码的晶休管，但它不仅是一个聪明的交换器网络。大脑细胞本身的内部进行着很多重要的事情。康拉德特别地认为，大脑的很多能力来源于组成每个大脑细胞的单个分子的样式识别能力。由此推测选C: 研究出智力在自然中 如何形成。4.观点态度题。第三段指出:The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field (这些早期努力的结果是独特的也是有希望的，虽然这项新的基于自然的人工智能运动发展缓慢，但却将无疑地走在这个领域的最前沿),由此可见作者对于人工智能新趋势的态度是:认为它在复制人类思维过程中是一个突破。5.语义题。“the only game in town”出现在最后一段,前面一段指出: The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills (他（即康纳徳） 宣称，制作人工智能设备的最佳方法将是围绕这种同样的分子技能),由此可知“ the only game in town”指代“制作人工智能电脑的唯一方式”,故选A。4. 单选题For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly（ ）by a dictator.问题1选项A.depressedB.immersedC.oppressedD.cursed【答案】C【解析】句意:多少年来，那个偏僻国度的人民一直遭受着一个独裁者的压迫。考查动词辨析。四个选项分别为对应动词的过去分词形式表被动,表示“被独裁者”。depress使沮丧，压抑，使萧条;immerse （in） 沉浸，使专心于；oppress 压迫;curse 诅咒。故C符合句意。5. 单选题As a junior assistant manager, he had been selected for（ ）.问题1选项A.interruptionB.promotionC.considerationD.intuition【答案】B【解析】句意:作为一个年轻的副经理,他已被选中为提拔对象。考查名词辨析。Interruption 中断时间,打扰,插嘴; promotion 提升,提拔,晋升; consideration仔细考虑,深思,斟酌; intuition直觉力,(一种)直觉。故B符合句意。6. 单选题The evidence showed that the hanged man could be（ ）of murder.问题1选项A.ignorantB.innocentC.indecentD.tolerant【答案】B【解析】句意:证据表明那个被处以绞刑的男人是无罪的。考查形容词辨析。ignorant 无知的，愚昧的;innocent 无辜的，无罪的，无知的;indecent 下流的，不礼貌的;tolerant 宽容的，容忍的，有耐药力的。be innocent of 没有的,无罪的。7. 单选题The（ ）from Africas booming oil sales rarely reaches the people who live where the oil is produced.问题1选项A.currencyB.revenueC.tariffD.exchange【答案】B【解析】句意:非洲蓬勃发展的石油销售收入很少到达在石油生产地生活的人的手中。考查名词辨析。Currency通货,货币,通用,流行; revenue财政收入,税收收入,收益; tariff关税,(旅馆、饭店或服务公司的)价目表,收费表; exchange交流,兑换。因此B符合句意。8. 单选题These books are both interesting and instructive, no wonder they（ ）the reading public.问题1选项A.appeal toB.apply toC.approve ofD.ascend to【答案】A【解析】句意:这些书既有趣又有教育意义，难怪它们对广大读者有吸引力。考查短语辨析。appeal to 呼吁，上诉，对有吸引力；apply to适用于，应用于；approve of 赞成；ascend to 上溯，上升。根据前半句句意“这些书既有趣又有教育意义”可知A符合句意。9. 单选题Land belongs to the city; there is（ ）tiling as private ownership of land.问题1选项A.no such aB.not suchC.not such aD.no such【答案】D【解析】句意:土地属于城市，没有诸如土地私人所有的事情。考查固定句式。there is no such thing as. 没有如样的事情。10. 单选题The machine might work if we（ ）it very carefully.问题1选项A.obtainB.operateC.opposeD.object【答案】B【解析】句意:如果我们非常小心地操作这台机器,那么它可能会运转。考查动词辨析。obtain (尤指经努力)获得,赢得,存在;operate 运转,工作,操作,控制,使运行;oppose 反对,对抗;object 反对,拒绝。空格处动词的宾语为it,即指代前面的machine(机器),因此B符合句意。11. 单选题Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help（ ）friendly relations between our two universities.问题1选项A.fosterB.harnessC.installD.exhibit【答案】A【解析】句意:频繁的文化交流必将有助于促进我们两所大学之间的友好关系。考查动词辨析。foster 培养,促进;harness 驾驭,利用;install 安装,安顿：exhibit 展览,显示,提出。由题干关键词“friendly relations(友好关系)”可知A符合句意。12. 单选题The remarkable（ ）of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.问题1选项A.classificationB.variationC.varietyD.modification【答案】C【解析】句意:加拉帕戈斯群岛的不同寻常的生物多样性激发了达尔文创立进化论的灵感。考查名词辨析。classification归类，分级，类别；variation （数量，水平等）变化，变更，变奏；variety 多样性，种类；modification 修改，改进，改变。故选C。13. 单选题A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880s, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packing-houses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked.The history may be too optimistic because most of its data from the 1880s and the information provided from that decade are insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880s and continued to decline after the 1880s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industrys workers from the 1880s on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched. The authors misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty generalizations.The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packers the giant yards and the intricate plants - than of the unity and vibrancy(活跃)of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicagos South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.1. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing（ ）.2.The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT（ ）.3.The author of the passage mentions the “social movement” (in the last paragraph) generated by Chicagos South Side community primarily in order to（ ）.4.According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880s were influenced by（ ）.5. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to（ ）.问题1选项A.how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industryB.why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industryC.why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurateD.what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packers role in the national labor movement问题2选项A.data from the University of ChicagoB.social workersC.a recent history of the meat-packing industryD.historical sources for the late nineteenth century问题3选项A.inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period of time covered by the historyB.introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the meat-packers and Chicagos ethnic communitiesC.salvage the historys point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unityD.suggest the historys limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explain adequately问题4选项A.the workers determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their workB.the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packing-housesC.the workers ability to perform the industrys complex tasksD.improvements in the industrys packing process that occurred in the 1880s问题5选项A.summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passageB.explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by criticsC.evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the premises of the history discussed in the passageD.present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the passage【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。第一段指出: The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform (这个作品忽视了十九世纪八十年代是美国劳工 历史上重要时期的事实和肉类加工工人的努力是美国全国性劳工改革运动的一部分)以及第三段指出:The authors misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty generalizations (作者对肉类加工商对其工业区的感受的起源的误解，可能是历史错误概括的原因)。因此该文章主要讨论“为何有关芝加哥肉类加工业情况的叙述是错误的”。2.细节事实题。题干问:本文作者提到以下所有描述肉类包装行业负面状况的内容，除了。A:来自芝加哥大学的资料,第二段指出: Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work(来自芝加哥大学的附加资料表明肉类加工厂的工作环境是危险的),因此A符合原文所述。B:社会工作者, 由第二段中 “while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked(与此同吋，社会工作者发现大多数工人收入非常差且工作过度)”可知B正确。C:肉类加工业的近代史, 第一段指出: Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious(作者（即近代史的作者）辩称，肉类加工工人的工资待遇、工资条件和发展前景都不错，且肉类加工工人没有与劳工纠纷鼓动者合作的 原因是该行业的劳工关系非常和睦),因此C项错误。D:第二段指出:In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions(事实上，其它针对十九世纪晚期的历史资料记录了由于低工资和不健康的工作环境导致的工业区内住房的不断恶化、高患病率和婴儿死率),由此可知D正确。因此本题选C。3.判断推理题。第一段指出: The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers5 efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform (这个作品忽视了十九世纪八十年代是美国劳工历史上重要吋期的这个事实和肉类加工工人的努力是美国全国性劳工改革运 动的一部分),故选D“通过指出这段历史记录未能适当地解释的一种情况表现这段历史记录的局限性”。4.细节事实题。第三段指出: While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process （though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent）, pay and conditions for the latter were wretched (虽然前者（即有技能的肉类加工工人）的状况因其在复杂的屠宰、切割和包装步骤中的关键重要性可能是可容忍的（尽管工人经常抱怨工作的速度和条件），但是后者的（即没有技能的肉类加工工人）的收入和状况却是无法容忍的),因此C项“这些工人去履行这个行业复杂工作的能力”正确。5.判断推理题。第一段首先指出近代史的作者辩称，肉类加工工人的工资待遇、工资条件和发展前景都不错，且肉类加工工人没有与劳工纠纷鼓动者合作的原因是该行业的劳工关系非常和睦。第二段说: In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work (事实上，其它针对十九世纪晚期的历史资料记录了由于低工资和不健康的工作环境导致的工业区内住房的不断恶化、高患病率和婴儿死亡率。来自芝加哥大学的附加资料暗示肉类加工厂的工作环境是危险的),由此看出第二段是对第一段内容的反驳。故选D“提出证据来反驳文中讨论的这段历史记录的论据”。14. 单选题While typing Helen has a habit of stopping（ ）to give her long and flowing hair smooth.问题1选项A.occasionallyB.simultaneouslyC.eventuallyD.promptly【答案】A【解析】句意:当Helen打字的时候，她有一个习惯：偶尔停下来平整她飘逸的长发。考查副词辨析。occasionally 偶尔，有吋候;simultaneously 同吋地；eventually最终；promptly迅速地，敏捷地。根据题干关键词“stop to give(停下来去)”可知A项符合句意。15. 单选题Helen wrote a book about how her father（ ）cancer before he succumbed to it.问题1选项A.contended forB.complied withC.recovered fromD.fought against【答案】D【解析】句意: 海伦写了一本有关她的父亲在死于癌症之前如何与其作斗争的书。考查短语辨析。选项均为对应短语的过去式。contend for 争夺；comply with 照做，遵守；recover from复原，从重新获得；fight against对抗，反对，与作斗争。因此D符合句意。16. 单选题The word “science” is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. However, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true science, distinguishing facts from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger so long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature of that questions are unansw