2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第68期

2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题If a foreign object becomes lodged in the eye, medical help is necessary.问题1选项A.deposited inB.resided inC.blurry toD.isolated from【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。lodge in意为“固定在，留在”；deposit in意为“存放，存在”；reside in意为“居住，存在于”；blurry to意为“模糊到”；isolate from意为“与隔离”。句意：如果有异物卡在眼睛内，需要医疗救助。2. 单选题Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job, education is one of the most（ ）areas in Japanese life.问题1选项A.sophisticatedB.competitiveC.considerateD.superficial【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。sophisticated意为“见多识广的，老练的”；competitive意为“竞争的，比赛的”；considerate意为“考虑周到的，体贴的”；superficial意为“肤浅的，表面的”。由前面because引导的原因状语，可知好大学的学位意味着好更好的工作，故此推测教育领域具有竞争性，因此选B。句意：因为一所好大学的学位是获得更好工作的手段，所以教育是日本人生活中最具竞争的领域之一。3. 翻译题We have inherited a world of relative abundance, one where we can still for the most part meet our needs. We can be thankful for the wisdom of our forebears, who evidently took their responsibility for the future seriously. Yet, imagine a world without the amazing diversity of species from which we now benefit, a world without decent soil to farm, air to breathe, or water to drink. Such a world is one that any generation could inherit if its predecessor did not find wisdom in its responsibility to the future.What we are today depends to a great extent upon how we have been formed by the generations that have preceded us. When we look to future generations, our position toward them is analogous to the position of past generations toward us. We are the data out of which the future will be formed. What we are and do today will limit or create their options, and in this way we profoundly help to shape their destiny. What kind of world we leave to the future is essentially a question of moral responsibility.【答案】【参考译文】我们继承了一个相对富饶的世界，在这个世界里，我们仍能在很大程度上满足自己的需求。我们应该感谢我们祖先的智慧，他们显然认真地承担了他们对未来的责任。然而，想象一个没有我们现在受益的惊人物种多样性的世界，一个没有像样的土壤可以耕种、没有空气可以呼吸、没有水可以饮用的世界，那么在这样的世界中，如果前辈们没有从对未来的责任中发现智慧，任何一代人都能对其进行继承。我们今天是什么样子，在很大程度上取决于我们的前辈如何塑造我们。当我们对将来的几代人负责时，我们对他们的态度就类似于过去几代人对我们的态度。我们是构成未来的“数据”。我们今天的状况和所作所为将会限制或塑造他们的选择，而通过这种方式，我们在他们命运形成的过程中具有深远意义。我们留给未来什么样的世界，从本质上说，是一种道德责任的问题。4. 单选题Many people think of deserts as（ ）regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there.问题1选项A.barrenB.virginC.voidD.wretched【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。barren意为“贫瘠的，不毛的”；virgin意为“未开发的，原始状态的”；void意为“无效的，空的”；wretched意为“不幸的，悲惨的”。but前后的内容含义转折关系，再根据人们通常对desert（沙漠）的印象是广阔无垠的荒地，因此选A。句意：许多人认为沙漠是不毛之地，但是许多种类的植物和动物已经适应了那里的生活。5. 翻译题在网上购物尚未走俏的时候，在空调、个人计算机、视频游戏、英特网、手机、克隆技术、基因工程，以及其他一堆使这个人造世界越发诱人的发明出现之前，有人就表现出了忧虑。人造世界是为我们而建造的。它用美味佳肴供我们充饥，用精神粮食滋养我们的心灵。它给我们提供庇护，不受疾患和不适的侵害。它告知天下我们是如何聪颖；它满足了我们的虚荣，蜷缩在由钢铁和混凝土，硅以及塑料构筑的泡沫世界里，我们可以假装在驾驭这个星球。与之形成鲜明对照的是，自然世界的产生不是为了我们的舒适和方便。它在数十亿年前就存在了，而人类的诞生则是在数十亿年之后的事，但自然界的寿命却要比人类更长久。自然界嘲笑我们的虚荣，因为它超越了我们对它的理解和控制。【答案】【参考译文】Some people voiced these worries before the triumph of online shopping and before the advent of air-conditioning, personal computers, video games, the Internet, cell phones, cloning technology, genetic engineering and a slew of other inventions that have made the artificial world ever more seductive. The artificial world is made for us. It feeds our bellies and minds with tasty pabulum; it shelters us from discomfort and sickness; it proclaims our ingenuity; it flatters our pride. Snug inside bubbles fashioned from concrete and steel, from silicon and plastic and words, we can pretend we are running the planet.By contrast, the natural world was not made for our comfort or convenience. It precedes us by some billions of years, and human being comes into being billions of years later, but the natural world will outlast us; it mocks our pride, because it surpasses our understanding and control.6. 单选题The corporation expects only（ ）increases in sales next year despite a yearlong effort to revive its retailing business.问题1选项A.modestB.predictableC.dynamicD.expanding【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项modest“适度的，谦虚的”；B选项predictable“可预言的”；C选项dynamic“动态的，动力的，有活力的”；D选项expanding“扩大的，扩展的”。句意：尽管用过去一年的时间去努力恢复零售市场，但是公司仅仅期盼业绩（ ）增长即可。题干中的despite表转折，因此空格所填单词应该与despite所引导的句子产生的结果相反，正常情况下，付出了努力必然期盼有回报，所以这里应填与increase意思相反的词汇。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题The young artist creates（ ）.问题1选项A.marble translucent sculpturesB.translucent marble sculpturesC.marble sculptures translucentD.translucent sculptures marble【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词序。当名词前有多个形容词做定语时，这些形容词的排序为：限定词（冠词、指示代词、物主代词、数词等）+表示观点的描述性形容词+形状、大小、长短、高低+年龄、新旧+颜色+国籍、地区+物质材料+中心词。translucent（半透明的）指颜色，marble（大理石）指物质材料，sculpture（雕像）是中心词，因此选B。句意：这位年轻的艺术家创造了半透明的大理石雕像。8. 翻译题At the start of the 21st century, humankind finds itself on a non-sustainable coursethe course that, unless it is changed, could lead to grand scale catastrophes. At the same time, we are unlocking formidable new capabilities that lead to more exciting lives and glorious civilizations. This could be either humanitys last century or the century that sets the world on a course toward a spectacular future.We live on a small, beautiful and a totally isolated planet, but its population is becoming too large; enormous new consumer societies are growing, of which China is the largest; and technology is becoming powerful enough to wreck the planet. We are traveling at breakneck speed into an age of the extremesextremes in wealth and poverty, extremes in technology and the experiments that scientists want to perform, extreme forces of globalism, weapons of mass destruction and terrorists acting in the name of religion. If we are to survive, we have to learn how to manage this situation.The set of problems has a set of solutions. If we humans implement these solutions, we can gradually achieve sustainable development and a sustainable but affluent life. Working toward sustainability requires many different types of actions in different subject areas. In light of rapidly advancing technology, however, sustainability alone is not enough. We need to be concerned with survivability. There must be a move away from the untenable course we are on today toward a world where we learn to control the diverse forces we are unleashing.【答案】【参考译文】在21世纪开始之际，人类意识到自己正走上了一条走不下去的路。除非改变方向，否则这条路会将人类引向巨大的灾难。可是同时，我们也正释放出种种新的巨大潜能，而借助这些潜能，人类能迎来各种更令人激动的生活和更光辉的文明。这可能是人类的最后一个世纪，但也可能是人类拨正航程，朝光辉灿烂未来驶去的一个世纪。我们生活在一个与其他星球隔绝的美丽的小星球上，但是地球的人口已经太多；庞大的新兴消费社会正在成长，而中国是其中最大的一个；科技也正变得无比强大到足以毁坏这个星球。我们正疯狂地奔向一个极端的时代：极端的富有，极端的贫困，极端的科学技术，极端的科学实验，极端的全球化影响力，大规模毁灭性武器，还有以宗教名义进行的恐怖活动。假如想要逃此一劫，我们就得学会如何驾驭这一形势。这一系列的问题也有一系列的解决方案。如果我们人类能将这些方案付诸实施，我们就能渐渐地达到可持续发展的目标，享有一种既可持续但仍富裕的生活。达到可持续这个目标需要在不同的领域采取不同的行动。然而考虑到科技的快速发展，仅仅可持续是不够的。我们需要关注能否存活。我们必须放弃今日我们采取的已无出路的方向，朝一个新方向前行，而新世界要求我们学会掌控我们释放出的各种能量。9. 单选题During the nineteenth century, the mechanization of farming and the fencing of range land opened the agriculture heart of North America to intensive development. As the natural geographic center of this region, Chicago became the crossroads of a vast transportation network. The great waterway systems of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes were linked in Chicago in 1847, when the Illinois-Michigan Canal was opened to traffic. Within the next year, rail lines began to operate trains to and from the city. The rise of agricultural activity demanded facilities for the storage and milling of grain, the slaughtering of cattle, and the processing and shipment of meat. The manufacture of farm machinery branched out into the basic metal-fabricating and woodworking industries. This soon attracted banks and other financial institutions. Four years after the end of the Civil War, Chicago was already established as the focal point of the largest system of inland waterways in the world and the hub of a rail network that extended to Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts. The productive potential of the city was unparalleled, and the pace of its industrial expansion reached explosive proportions.1.Why did Chicago initially begin to grow?2.When did the Illinois-Michigan Canals first service begin?问题1选项A.It was located in the middle of a productive area.B.Its industries attracted jobless people.C.It could provide food for a large local population.D.Its wealthy inhabitants invested their money there.问题2选项A.1846B.1847C.1848D.1869【答案】第1题:A第2题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章的第二句As the natural geographic center of this region, Chicago became the crossroads of a vast transportation network.（作为该地区的自然地理中心，芝加哥成为一个巨大交通网络的十字路口）可知A选项“它位于生产区的中间”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章的第三句The great waterway systems of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes were linked in Chicago in 1847, when the Illinois-Michigan Canal was opened to traffic.（1847年，密西西比河流域和五大湖的水路系统在芝加哥相连，同年，伊利诺斯州与密歇根州的运河通车）可知伊利诺斯州与密歇根州的运河于1847年正式开通，因此选B。10. 单选题The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a/an（21）for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it fulfils a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the（22）of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest.（23）by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly identify themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the prevalence of violence in the media and its（24）harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media（25）, such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, along with television,（26）public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our young generation（27）by the media, is body image.（28）forces can influence body image positively or negatively. For one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing impact our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of（29）beauty fill magazines and newspapers, beam from our televisions and entertain us at the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media play on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a（30）defined standard of attractiveness, an ideal that carries unrealistic physical expectations.问题1选项A.alternativeB.preferenceC.substituteD.representative问题2选项A.riskB.mercyC.heightD.expense问题3选项A.AbsorbedB.AttractedC.ArousedD.Addicted问题4选项A.disposedB.seemingC.implicitD.potential问题5选项A.mergedB.emergedC.immergedD.submerged问题6选项A.promoteB.propelC.promptD.prosper问题7选项A.inspiredB.imposedC.deliveredD.contributed问题8选项A.ExternalB.ExteriorC.ExplicitD.Exposed问题9选项A.generalizedB.regularizeC.standardizedD.categorized问题10选项A.barelyB.carefullyC.narrowlyD.subjectively【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B第6题:C第7题:B第8题:A第9题:C第10题:C【解析】21.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项alternative“二中择一，可供替代的选择”；B选项 preference与介词for搭配时意为“对的偏爱，爱好”；C选项substitute“替代品，代替品”，常与介词for连用；D选项representative“代表，典型”，一般指人。句意：大众传媒作为一些机构和社会关系的（ ），影响着我们年轻人的生活。根据句意可知空格处应填最能体现大众传媒和一些机构之间的关系的名词，因此C选项正确。22.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A选项“at the risk of （冒的危险）”；B选项“at the mercy of （受支配）”；C选项“at the height（在的最盛时，在的高潮中）”；D选项“at the expense of （以为代价）”。句意：花在电视屏幕前的时间通常是以休闲为（ ）的：用于游戏、娱乐和休息的时间更少了。根据句意可知后半句是前半句的补充说明，所以D选项更符合句意，意为“花在电视屏幕前的时间通常是以休闲为代价的”，因此D选项正确。23.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项absorb常与介词in搭配，表示“注意力集中于，被吸引”；B选项attract常和介词by搭配，意为“被吸引，对感兴趣”；C选项arouse“使行动起来，激发”；D选项addict常与介词to搭配动词，意为“使入迷，使成瘾”。句意：孩子们被屏幕上发生的事情（ ），不仅模仿他们所看到的，而且直接把自己和不同的人物联系起来。空格处是过去分词结构作状语，因此填入的分词要和后面的介词by搭配，而且要符合上下文意。因此B选项正确。24.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项disposed“有倾向的；打算做的”；B选项seeming“表面上的，看似的”；C选项implicit“（语言上）含蓄的，暗示的”；D选项potential“潜在的，可能的”，指将来可能形成的。句意：美国人关注媒体中暴力的流行及其对儿童和青少年的（ ）危害至少有40年了。由上下文中的“concern about（关注）”和“for at least forty years（至少40年了）”可知，人们担忧的是一种潜在的危害。因此D选项正确。25.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项merge“结合，融合”；B选项emerge“出现，显现，浮现”；C选项immerge“浸入，隐没”；D选项submerge“淹没，完全掩盖”。句意：这一时期，电子游戏、有线电视、音乐视频、互联网等新媒体不断（ ）。media的修饰词是new，因此空格处应当表达“出现”的含义，因此B选项正确。26.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项promote“促进，推动”；B选项propel“推进，促使”；C选项prompt“促使，导致，激起”；D选项prosper“（使）繁荣，昌盛”。句意：随着它们的不断普及，这些媒体和电视一起，引起了公众的关注和研究的注意。因此C选项正确。27.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项inspired“ 激发，鼓舞”；B选项imposed“迫使，把强加于”；C选项delivered“递送，发表，履行诺言，移交”；D选项contributed“有助于，促成”。句意：媒体对我们年轻一代施加的另一个社会关注是身体形象。因此B选项正确。28.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项external“ 外界的，外来的，指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容”；B选项exterior“外部的，外表的，外面的，强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分”；C选项explicit“清楚明白的，直截了当的”；D选项exposed“遮蔽的，无保护的（常用来修饰地方或人）”。句意：外部力量可以正面或负面地影响身体形象。因此A选项正确。29.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项generalized“广义的，普遍的，无显著特点的”；B选项regularized“使有规律的，使正规化”；C选项standardized“标准的，标准化的”；D选项categorized“分类的”。句意：在大众媒体中，标准的美女形象充斥着杂志和报纸，从电视中出现，在电影中为我们带来欢乐。因此C选项正确。30.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查副词辨析。A选项barely“仅仅，勉强，几乎不”；B选项carefully“小心地”；C选项narrowly“狭隘地，狭窄的，勉强地”；D选项subjectively“主观地，臆想地”。句意：年轻人面对的是一个狭隘的吸引力标准，一个带有不切实际的生理期望的理想。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题Tony has not the least（ ）of giving up his research work.问题1选项A.intentionB.interestC.wishD.desire【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项intention“打算，意图，意向”，后可接of 短语，也可以接不定式短语；B选项interest“兴趣，爱好，利息，趣味”，后接介词in；C选项wish“希望，愿望；祈求，心愿；祝愿，祝福”与D选项desire“欲望；要求，心愿”后一般接不定式。句意：托尼毫无放弃其研究工作的打算。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题Many countries have now succeeded in （ ）the malarial mosquito.问题1选项A.erasingB.eradicatingC.abolishingD.demolishing【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。erase意为“清除，消除，擦掉”，多指清除债务，记忆等；eradicate意为“摧毁，完全根除”，强调彻底清楚；abolish意为“废除，废止”，一般指废除有关习俗、制度、法律、制度等；demolish意为“摧毁，拆毁”，多指拆掉建筑物。句意：许多国家现已成功根除疟疾蚊子。13. 单选题The original elections were declared（ ）by the former military ruler.问题1选项A.voidB.vulgarC.surplusD.extravagant【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。void意为“无效的，空的”；vulgar意为“庸俗的，粗俗的，粗野的”；surplus意为“过剩的”；extravagant意为“奢侈的，挥霍的，过分的”。句意：最初的选举被先前军事统治统治者宣布无效。14. 翻译题Peer tutoring is an effective way to improve learning for both the tutee and the tutor, and no one doubts the value of this strategy for meeting individual needs within a classroom. However, it takes more than simply pairing off students to make peer tutoring result in improved learning.Although you are likely to use informal tutoring practices in your classroom every day (e.g. asking one student to help another student with a problem), establishing a formalized tutoring program requires more involved planning. The following strategies can help you create and sustain an effective program within your classroom. As with most initiatives, if you can work with your building administrator and other teachers to establish a school-wide tutoring program, you will be able to serve the needs of all students more successfully. Typically, training will be minimal and will include basic instruction in modeling, prompting responses from tutees, using corrective feedback and praise/reinforcement, alternating teaching methods and materials (i.e., using multisensory methods), and recording and reporting progress. If this is a school-wide initiative, classroom teachers or even parents or paraprofessionals can train students who will tutor as part of an extracurricular service activity.【答案】【参考译文】同伴教学是一种对受教者和施教者的学习都有改进的有效方法，没有人怀疑这种策略在课堂里满足个人需求的价值。然而，要想让同伴辅导提高学习效果，仅仅把学生配对是不够的。虽然你可能每天在你的课堂里使用非正式的辅导实践（例如，要一位学生去帮助另一位学生解决问题），但是建立一个正式的辅导课程却需要更复杂的设计。下面的策略可以帮助您在课堂里创建并维持一个有效的辅导课程。与大多数的倡议一样，如果您能与大楼管理员和其他教师共同去建立一个全校性的辅导课程，那么您将能够更成功地满足所有学生的需求。通常，培训是小规模的，并且包括建模的基本指令，提示来自受教者的回应，使用矫正反馈和称赞/强化，交替教学方法和材料（如使用多感官的方式），记录和报告进展。如果这是一次全校性的倡议，那么将辅导作为部分课外服务活动的课堂老师，甚至家长或辅导专职人员都可以训练学生。15. 单选题A manufacturer of sports shoes starts selling consumer electronics. A soft drink lends its name to a range of urban clothing. Whats going on? In simpler times, you knew where you were with brands. One brand name meant good-quality sports shoes, another a soft drink. No confusion. Today, however, big companies try to redefine brands as not so much a product, more a way of life, and stretch them into new areas. In the early years of the consumer society, a brand name on a box simply identified what was inside. People were looking for products that would improve their quality of life, and choose brands most likely to achieve that purpose. But as people in industrialized nations became more affluent and fulfilled their basic needs, brands acquired other attributes. The functionality of the product was still important, but people also started using brands to say something about themselves, for example, choosing a brand of cosmetics which would suggest that they were sophisticated jet-setters.Now, we have entered a third age of branding, in which so many companies are making roughly the same product at roughly the same price that functionality rarely succeeds as a point of differentiation. Instead, companies are trying to make their brands stand out by emphasizing their emotional aspects, hoping consumers will identify with the set of values the brand represents.One disadvantage of a product-based brand is that if the product goes out of fashion, the brand goes with it. This is a serious concern for manufactures of breakfast cereals, who are struggling to counter weak demand for the products that bear their names. So far, their marketing efforts seem to be having little effect. The advantage for emotional brands is that companies can transfer their brand strength into other areas, increasing revenues and reducing their exposure to the lifespan of a single product.The elasticity of brands seems to be related to their position on a spectrum ranging from those rooted in solid, tangible assets to those with highly intangible emotional qualities. At the one end, you have train companies that tend to associate themselves with infrastructure and their ability to get you from A to B, and at the other end would be a leisure brand that positions itself on dreams and making people have fun. It is the latter which has the maximum potential for stretch.But even emotional brands have a limit to their elasticity. The merchandise has to be consistent with the brand promise. Just to sell merchandise with your logo on it is a short-term, mistaken idea. From this viewpoint, the decision to move from sports shoes into consumer electronics makes sense. Most items in the range, such as the two-way radio for hikers, are sports-focused, even though the products may be adopted as fashion accessories, and the sports shoe customers will probably snap them up.When the move was made from soft drinks into clothing, however, it left the branding consultants cold. It was a difficult mental leap into clothing from the drink so closely associated with that particular brand name. On the other hand, the emotional attributes that youngsters seem to find appealing in the drink, like its heritage and global appeal, are fashionable at the moment, and in fact response to the clothes with the same name has been overwhelming. Maybe this just shows that an inspired moveand by all accounts a snap decisionsometimes pays off against the odds, leaving the manufacturer laughing all the way to the bank.1.According to the writer, an attribute of the third age of branding is that（ ）.2.The writer mentions manufacturers of breakfast cereals to illustrate how（ ）.3.The writer argue that the stretch from sports shoes into consumer electronics is likely to be successful because（ ）.4.The writer argues that the stretch form soft drinks into clothing（ ）.问题1选项A.competing products may serve their purpose equally wellB.the range of products available is too large for all to surviveC.consumers are becoming confused about the products ava