2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前模拟强化练习题14（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.If you say to your children “Im sorry I got angry with you, but.what follows that “but” can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day” or “your noise was giving me a headache” leaves the person who has been injured felling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “Im sorry youre upset”; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “Im useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement.These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other childrens expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not.1.If a mother adds “but” to an apology（ ）.2.According to the author, saying “Im sorry youre upset” mostly probably means（ ）.3.It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because（ ）.4.We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry（ ）.5.It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is （ ）.问题1选项A.she doesnt feel that she should have apologizedB.she does not realize that the child has been hurtC.the child may find the apology easier to acceptD.the child may feel that he owes her an apology问题2选项A.You have good reason to get upsetB.Im aware youre upset, but Im not to blameC.1 apologize for hurting your feelingsD.Im at fault for making you upset问题3选项A.it gets one into the habit of making empty promisesB.it may make the other person feel guiltyC.it is vague and ineffectiveD.it is hurtful and insulting问题4选项A.the complexities involved should be ignoredB.their ages should be taken into accountC.parents need to set them a good exampleD.parents should be patient and tolerant问题5选项A.a social issue calling for immediate attention.B.not necessary among family membersC.a sign of social progressD.not as simple as it seem【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“如果一个母亲在道歉后加一个但是”。文章第二段提到“但是后面的内容可以让该道歉变得无效”（what follows that “but” can render the apology ineffective），选项D“小孩可能会觉得自己还欠母亲一个道歉”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“在作者看来，很抱歉让你烦恼了意味着”。文章第三段提到“这表明你在某种程度上是错误的，让你自己因为他人的所作所为感到烦恼”（this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done），选项B“我意识到你心烦了，但这不是我的错”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“不建议使用笼统的、涵盖一切的道歉是因为”。文章第四段对“笼统道歉”的解释是避免需要去提及特别令人受伤或者受辱的具体行为，道歉的人应该承诺不会再犯（which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again），这种道歉并不会起作用，比如“我是一个无用的家长”，并不会让一个人去具体改进，因此这种含糊其辞的道歉是不可取的，选项C符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“从最后一段教小孩子道歉可知”。文章最后一段提到“但是即使孩子看到了真诚悔过的例子，他们仍然需要帮助去认识到道歉的复杂性”（But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry），随后举了不同年龄阶段的孩子应该怎样教授道歉，由此可以推断在教小孩子道歉时，年龄是需要考虑的因素，选项B符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文章中可知，适当的道歉”。文章提到了道歉需要技巧；道歉并没有那么简单，在教授孩子道歉时要考虑其年龄等，说明道歉并没有看上去那么容易，选项D符合题意。2. 单选题Mr. Duffy raised his eyes from the paper and gazed out of his window on the cheerless evening landscape. The river lay quiet besides the empty distillery and from time to time a light appeared in some house on Lucan Road. What an end! The whole narrative of her death revolted him and it revolted him to think that he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred. The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach. Not merely had she degraded herself; she had degraded him. His souls companion! He thought of the hobbling wretches whom he had seen carrying cans and bottles to be filled by the barman. Just God, what an end! Evidently she had been unfit to live with, without any strength of purpose, an easy prey to habits, one of the wrecks on which civilization has been reared. But that she could have sunk so low! Was it possible he had deceived himself so utterly about her? He remembered her outburst of that flight and interpreted it in a harsher sense that he had ever done. He had no difficulty now in approving of the course he had taken.As the light failed and his memory began to wander, he thought her hand touched his. The shock which had first attacked his stomach was now attacking his nerves. He put on his overcoat and hat quickly and went out. The cold air met him on the threshold; it crept into the sleeves of his coat. When he came to the public house at Chapel Bridge he went in and ordered a hot punch.The proprietor served him obsequiously but did not venture to talk. There were five or six workingmen in the shop discussing the value of a gentlemans estate in County Kildare. They drank at intervals from their huge pint tumblers, and smoked, spitting often on the floor and sometimes dragging the sawdust over their heavy boots. Mr. Duffy sat on his stool and gazed at them, without seeing or hearing them. After a while, they went out and he called for another punch. He sat a long time over it. The shop was very quiet. The proprietor sprawled on the counter reading the newspaper and yawning. Now and again a team was heard swishing along the lonely road outside.As he sat there, living over his life with her and evoking alternately the two images on which he now conceived her, he realized that she was dead, that she had ceased to exist, that she had become a memory. He began to feel ill at ease. He asked himself what else he could have done. He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best. How was he to blame? Now that she was gone he understood how lonely her life must have been, sitting night after night alone in the room. His life would be lonely too until he, too, died, ceased to exist, became a memory-if anyone remembered him.1.Mr. Duffys immediate reaction to the report of the womans death was that of（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that the reporter wrote about the womans death in a（ ）manner.3.The word “obsequiously” in the third paragraph probably means（ ）.4.We can infer from the last paragraph that Mr. Duffy was in a(n)（ ）mood.5.According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?问题1选项A.disgustB.guiltC.griefD.compassion问题2选项A.detailedB.provocativeC.discreetD.sensational问题3选项A.compassionatelyB.servilelyC.feverishlyD.passionately问题4选项A.angryB.fretfulC.irritableD.remorseful问题5选项A.Mr. Duffy once confided in the woman.B.Mr. Duffy felt an intense sense of shame.C.The woman wanted to end the relationshipD.They became estranged probably after a quarrel.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“Duffy先生对关于这个女人死亡的报告的即刻反应是什么”。文章第一段第四句话提到“关于她死亡的整个叙述令他厌恶”（The whole narrative of her death revolted him），第五句话提到报到者用谨慎的语言掩盖了粗俗的死亡，让他倒胃口（The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach），因此选项A“反感”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“通过文章可知，报道者用方式报道了那个女人的死亡”。文章第一段第五句话提到报到者用谨慎的语言掩盖了粗俗的死亡，让他倒胃口（The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach），因此，选项C“谨慎的”符合题意。3.词义题。题目问的是“单词obsequiously的意思是”。文章第三段第一句话提到“店主地为他服务但是不敢跟他说话”（The proprietor served him obsequiously but did not venture to talk），根据店主服务客人的原则可以推测店主是非常殷勤的，因此选项B“屈从地”符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文章最后一段我们可得知Duffy先生的心情”。文章最后一段提到“他不能与她公开生活。他做了看起来对他最好的事情。”（He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best）；“他的生活将会一直孤独，直到死亡”（is life would be lonely too until he, too, died），说明Duffy先生非常后悔当初的做法，选项D“后悔的”符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“通过文章可知下列哪个表述不正确”。文章第一段提到“他曾经跟她说过”（he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred），因此选项A可以排除；文章最后一段提到“现在，她死了，他明白了她先前的生活是那么孤独”（Now that she was gone he understood how lonely her life must have been, sitting night after night alone in the room），以及“他不能与她公开生活。他做了看起来对他最好的事情。”（He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best）能推断Duffy先生内心的悔恨，选项B可以排除；文章第一段提到“她的突然离开”（her outburst of that flight）可推测他们之间有过争吵，选项D符合题意。3. 单选题It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder Americans, life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duly to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work though their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Summer Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs all Internet start-lip in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be over-funding the quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.1.What is implied in the first sentence?2.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that（ ）.3.The authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remark is one of（ ）.4.In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（ ）.5.The text intends to express the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C.Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.问题2选项A.medical resources are often wastedB.doctors arc helpless against fatal diseasesC.some treatments are too aggressiveD.medical costs are becoming unaffordable问题3选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题4选项A.more flexiblyB.more extravagantlyC.more cautiouslyD.more reasonably问题5选项A.medicine will further prolong peoples livesB.life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC.death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD.excessive demands increase the cost of health care【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“第一句话暗含着”。文章第一段第一句提到“据说，死亡在英国是迫在眉睫，在加拿大是不可避免，而在加利福尼亚是可以选择的”（It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional），第二三句提到“很少有人怀疑美国人的寿命在上个世纪已经几乎翻倍。坏死的髋骨可以更换”（Small wonder Americans, life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced），由此可以看出美国人对自己的医疗技术非常有信心，选项C“美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者使用癌症患者的例子去表明”。文章第一段倒数第三句话提到“由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们要求尽可能为我们做任何治疗，尽管这些治疗毫无用处”（Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless），然后提到癌症治疗，由此可以推测作者认为这种做法使得医疗资源被浪费了，选项A符合题意。3.观点态度题。题目问的是“作者对理查德拉姆的评论的态度是”。理查德拉姆认为“老人和虚弱的病人应该坦然面对死亡，为他人让路”。文章第三段提到“我不会那么极端”（I would not go that far），即在某些程度上不认同理查德的观点；最后一段提到“但是社会在延长人的寿命的追求上是有极限的”（Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit），所以在这个意义上作者同意理查德的看法，因此选项B“保留意见”符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“与美国相比，日本和瑞典正资助自己的医疗”。文章最后一段提到“在医疗上的花费远远低于我们的日本和瑞典人，获得比我们更长，更健康。作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求无效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在提高人们生活质量的普通医疗方面花钱太少”（people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be over-funding the quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives），由此可推测，日本与瑞典在医疗上的花费更合理。选项D符合题意。5.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章试图阐述”。文章第一段提到“但是，即使是一个伟大的医疗保健系统也无法治愈死亡，而我们未能正视这一现实。死亡是正常的，即使在理想的条件下，基因也会解体和灭亡”（But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions），因此选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Nowadays, a cell-phone service is available to everyone, everywhere. Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so Im going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning.The technology has been working well for me at the office, but there are infinite applications, virtually in any public space.Say you work at a big university with lots of talky faculty members buzzing about. Now, say you need to use the restroom. The trip down the hall will take approximately one hour, because a person cant walk into those talky people without getting pulled aside for a question, a bit of gossip, a new read on a certain line of Paradise Lost.So, a cell-phone. Any cell-phone. Just pick it up. Dont dial. Just hold that phone to your face and start talking. Walk confidently down the hall engaged in fake conversation, making sure to tailor both the topic and content to the person standing before you whom you are trying to evade.For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business: “Yes, Im glad you called, because we really need to hammer out the details. Whats that? Yes, I read Page 12, but if you look at the bottom of 4, I think you can see the problem begins right there.”Be animated. Be engaged in your fake fone conversation. Make eye contact with the people passing nod to them, gesture keen interest in talking to them al a later time, point to your Phone, shrug and move on.Shoppers should consider fake foning anytime they spot a talky neighbor in the produce department pinching(用手捏)unripe peaches. Without your phone at your face, youd be in for a 20-minute speech on how terrible the world is.One important caution about fake foning. The other day I was fake foning my way past a colleague, and he was actually following me to get my attention. I knew he wanted to ask about a project I had not yet finished. I was trying to buy myself some time, so 1 continued fake foning with my doctor. So I dont need the operation? Oh, doctor, that is the best news.”And then: Biirnig! Binurg! Bnnrrg! My phone started ringing, right there while it was planted on my face. My colleague looked at me, and I at him, and naturally I gasped. “What is the matter with this thing?” I said, pulling the phone away to look at it, and then putting it back to my car. “Hello? Are you still there?” Oops1.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?2.What is fake foning?3.In the authors opinion, in order to make fake foning look real one has to（ ）.4.What does the last example show?5.After his phone suddenly began ringing, the author（ ）.问题1选项A.Cell-phone service is popular among people.B.Cell-phone has much use in office.C.Fake foning is a new cell-phone service.D.Fake foning is a new discovery.问题2选项A.A strategy to avoid people.B.A device newly produced.C.A service provided everywhere.D.A skill of communication.问题3选项A.talk about interesting mattersB.behave politely to people passing byC.hold the phone while walkingD.appear absorbed in conversation问题4选项A.One effective way is to fake fone ones doctor.B.One has to be careful while fake foning.C.Fake foning may not deceive people.D.Fake foning is always quite successful.问题5选项A.immediately started talking to the callerB.immediately started talking to his colleagueC.put the phone away and stopped talkingD.continued with his fake conversatio【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列表述哪个是不正确的”。文章第一段提到“也许成千上万人已经开始使用，但是我刚刚才知道”（Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so Im going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning），由此可知，fake foning已经出现很久了，并不是才出现，所以选项C的陈述“新功能”是不正确的，符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“假装打电话是什么”。文章第五段提到“ 去避开同事的标准的假打电话，我建议假聊业务”（For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business），由此可知选项A“避开人的一个策略”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“在作者看来，为了让假装打电话看起来逼真，应该”。文章第六段前面两句提到“假装打电话要逼真与专注”（Be animated. Be engaged in your fake fone conversation），选项D“看上去专注于谈话”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“最后一个例子说明”。文章倒数第二段举了自己为了给自己争取时间，而假装跟医生聊天的例子，说明假装打电话的时候一定要小心。选项B符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“在自己的电话突然开始响起后，作者”。文章最后一段提到“我自然地喘气，我说这事情到底怎么回事，随后我将电话移开并放到我的车上”（and naturally I gasped. “What is the matter with this thing?” I said, pulling the phone away to look at it, and then putting it back to my car），选项D“继续假装谈话”符合题意。5. 单选题Our heritage and our culture have caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving goodbye is the way to summon a Filipino to ones side, or that in Italy curling the finger in a beckoning motion is a gesture of farewell.Those Private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after W.W. II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not both