2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前模拟强化练习题61（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题If a person fails to conform to conventional behavior, he is likely to be by others.问题1选项A.preservedB.instructedC.avoidedD.selected【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据关键信息fails to conform to conventional behavior可知，这种行为不合常规。那么别人有可能会因此生厌，敬而远之。词组be avoided by others表示“被他人远离（或排挤）”，最符合句意，A选项preserved表示“保护，保存”；B选项instructed表示“指示，教育，指导”；C选项表示“”；D选项selected表示“选择，挑选”。因此，本题正确答案为C项。【句意】如果一个人行为不合常规，那么别人很可能对他敬而远之。2. 单选题Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd. The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra, with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich, has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebra intermix for grazing, each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger, both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.1.Choose the drawing that describes a commensalist state.2.The difference between mutualism and commensalism is that（ ）.3.In paragraph 2, the Word that refers to（ ）.4.Which of the following drawing describes what happens when a lion approaches a zebra and an ostrich?5.From the passage, we can learn that（ ）.问题1选项A.B.C.问题2选项A.commensalism is a two-sided state.B.the partners live on a give-and-take basis in mutualism.C.the host gives while the guest takes in mutualism.D.mutualism occurs between two similar organisms; however, commensalism, two unlike organisms.问题3选项A.running speedB.strengthC.weaknessD.eyesight问题4选项A.B.C.D.问题5选项A.the zebra often offers more help than the ostrich to detect the attack of the lion.B.the zebra and the ostrich are complementary in their abilities of avoiding being attacked byC.both the zebra and the ostrich possess great speed and keen eyesight.D.with great speed, the zebra and the ostrich run faster than any predator.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段“Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes”可知，互利共生与偏利共生的共生状态并不相同，因为偏利共生是一种单向状态，即宿主给予，寄生物索取。由此可知B项“宿主寄生物”表述正确，故本题正确答案为B项。2.细节事实题。题干询问哪一项符合互利共生和偏利共生的区别。根据原文第一段“Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. ”可知，互利共生是一种共生关系，当两个不同的有机体生活在一种互惠的状态时就会发生。根据后文叙述的“Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes.”可知，互利共生与偏利共生的共生状态是不同的，偏利共生是一种单向的状态，即宿主给予而寄生物索取。由此可知A项“偏利共生是一种双向状态”表述错误；B项“靠彼此相互给予和索取合伙共生”表述正确；C项“在互利共生中，宿主给予而寄生物索取”表述错误；D项“互利共生发生在两种类似的生物之间，而偏利共生却发生于两种不同的生物之间”与原文不符。因此，本题正确答案为B项。3.推理判断题。根据原文第二段“The zebra, with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich, has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich.”可知，斑马的奔跑速度与鸵鸟相当，听觉和嗅觉都很好，但缺乏鸵鸟敏锐的视力。由此可知这里的that指代“running speed（奔跑速度）”，故A项正确。B项strength表示“力量”；C项weakness表示“弱点”；D项eyesight表示“视力”。4.理判断题。根据原文第二段“If either animal senses danger, both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.”可知，如果两者（即斑马和鸵鸟）中任一种动物觉察到危险，那么两种动物都会警觉起来并迅速奔跑。凭借这两种动物的奔跑速度，它们能够超越猎豹以外的任何捕食者。因此，本题正确答案为D项。5.推理判断题。根据原文第二段可知，斑马和鸵鸟属于互利共生的关系，它们都是狮子的猎物，都没有能力独自抵抗狮子的攻击，所以它们要进行协同防御，提醒对方可能有危险。如果两者中任一种动物觉察到危险，那么这两种动物都会警觉起来并迅速奔跑。凭借这两种动物的奔跑速度，它们能够超越猎豹以外的任何捕食者。由此可以判断，B项“斑马和鸵鸟在躲避攻击的能力上是互补的”表述正确。而A项“在发现狮子的攻击时，斑马往往比鸵鸟提供更多的帮助”；C项“斑马和鸵鸟都有极快的速度和敏锐的视力”以及D项“由于有非常快的速度，斑马和鸵鸟跑得比任何食肉动物都快”均与原文不符，可排除。3. 单选题The president made a（ ）speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.问题1选项A.vigorousB.tediousC.flatD.harsh【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。vigorous “充满活力的，精力充沛的”; tedious “冗长的，单调乏味的”；flat “平淡的，平坦的”；harsh “严酷的，恶劣的”。句意：校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。根据下文which从句的内容可知这个演讲是慷慨激昂的，故A项符合题意，答案选A。4. 单选题To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must（ ）the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.问题1选项A.improveB.enhanceC.gearD.guarantee【答案】C【解析】近义词辨析题。A选项improve“改善，增加”；B选项enhance“提高，加强”；C选项 gear“使.适合”，后面通常接介词to；D选项guarantee“担保，保证”。句意：为了在国家间激烈的贸易竞争中生存，我们必须使我们生产的产品的质量和种类适应世界市场的需求。选项C更符合语境。5. 单选题The president made a （ ）speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.问题1选项A.vigorousB.tediousC.flatD.harsh【答案】A【解析】句意:校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。考查形容词辨析。vigorous 充满活力的，精力充沛的;tedious 冗长的，啰唆的，单调乏味的；flat 平淡的，单调的，平坦的；harsh 严酷的，严厉的，恶 劣的。根据后半句句意可知A正确。6. 单选题The American Revolution 1775-1783, was a struggle by which the thirteen colonies that were to become the United States won independence from Britain. By the middle of the 18th century, differences in life, thought, and especially economic interests had formed between the colonies and the mother country. The British Government tried to regulate colonial commerce in the British interest, and provoked colonial opposition. The colonists convened the Continental Congress and petitioned the king for redress of their grievances. In 1774 Britain responded with the coercive Intolerable Acts. Fighting erupted on April 9, 1775 at Lexington and Concord. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army and on July 4, 1776. adopted the Declaration of Independence. The colonial victory in the Saratoga Campaign helped forge a French-American alliance, which brought vital aid to the colonists. The surrender. October 1781, of General Cornwallis ended the fighting and the Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized the U.S. as a nation.The American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.Americas War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and parliament.1.The American Revolution broke out mainly as a result of conflicts between the thirteen colonies and Britain in（ ）.2.The word coercive in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to （ ）.3.Which of the following elements directly contributed to the victorious conclusion of the American Revolution?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the loyalists who escaped to Canada were （ ）.5.What will the paragraph following the passage most probably discuss?问题1选项A.ideological trendsB.life stylesC.cultural differencesD.economic interests问题2选项A.compelling by forceB.compensating the lossC.coming to terms by negotiationD.reconciling by a compromise问题3选项A.The Lexington Campaign.B.The Continental Congress.C.The Declaration of Independence.D.The French American alliance.问题4选项A.RussianB.FrenchC.BritishD.Australian问题5选项A.The transport of prisoners to Australia.B.The creation of new state governments.C.Events leading up to the American Revolution.D.How Canada and the United States became friends.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段第二句提到到了18世纪中叶，殖民地和母国之间在生活、思想，尤其是经济利益方面形成了差异（By the middle of the 18th century, differences in life, thought, and especially economic interests had formed between the colonies and the mother country），由此可知，殖民地与母国发生冲突最大的原因是因为经济利益。选项D符合题意。2.词义题。根据Fighting erupted on April 9, 1775 at Lexington Concord，战争爆发是由于母国的武力强制，因此选项A符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到萨拉托大捷帮助建立了法美联盟，为殖民地人民带来了至关重要的援助（The colonial victory in the Saratoga Campaign helped forge a French-American alliance, which brought vital aid to the colonists），因此选项D符合题意。4.推理判断题。文章第三段提到加拿大的第一大批讲英语的流入人口来自于成千上万英王的效忠者，这些人从美国逃到了加拿大（One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States），可知这些逃到加拿大的人是英国王室的效忠者，所以选项C符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“接下来的一段最可能讨论什么问题？”最后讲述了政治的颠覆并不像人们想象的那样具有革命性。以一些州为例，战争在很大程度上认可了已经存在的殖民自治，英国官员被地方统治阶级代替。选项B“新的州政府的建立”与最后一段关系密切，符合题意。7. 单选题Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginning of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it.But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasnt easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last 75 years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions dont agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They dont always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. Its as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained.Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label the la Brea Tar Pits of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.1.Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their（ ）.2.According to the writer, peoples opinions of leadership are on the whole quite（ ）.3.The writer thinks that（ ）.4.The la Brea Tar Pits probably signifies things that（ ）.5.This passage is mainly concerned with（ ）?问题1选项A.different styles of leadershipB.effective exercise of leadershipC.contributions to the theory of leadershipD.wisdom in applying the theory of leadership问题2选项A.dividedB.originalC.misleadingD.sophisticated问题3选项A.many people have labored to be leadersB.leaders are beyond our understandingC.the essence of leadership has not been graspedD.the definitions of leadership should vary问题4选项A.can be traced back to the prehistoric ageB.are traps for those who want to inquireC.are located in one place foreverD.dont deserve full investigation问题5选项A.the inaccurate definitions of leadershipB.the famous leaders and their theoriesC.the changes in the trend of leadershipD.the inconsistent theories of leadership【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问：第一段中提到这几位伟人的名字是为了表明什么？根据题干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我们对领导力的初识源于历史和社会的研究，尤其是从反思性实践者的思想而来，譬如摩西、凯撒大帝和詹姆斯麦迪逊；在我们自己的时代就来源于甘地、温斯顿丘吉尔、毛泽东和亨利基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位领导人的目的，是想表明他们对于领导力理论的贡献。因此本题正确答案选C。2.观点态度题。题干询问：作者认为，人们对领导力的看法总体上是怎样的。根据原文第三段Multiple interpretations of leadership exist.以及 Most of these definitions dont agree with each other可知，人们对领导力存在多种解释 并且大多数的定义都不一致。因此，作者认为人们对于领导力的观点是分化的，故本题正确答案为A项。3.观点态度题。由原文第二段Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last 75 years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.可知，几十年的学术分析为我们提供了350多种领导力的定义。仅在过去的75年里，人们就对领导者进行了成千上万的实证研究，但对于如何区分领导者和非领导者，或许更重要的是如何区分有效的领导者和无效的领导者，以及有效的组织和无效的组织，却没有明确的认识。由此可知，C选项 “领导力的本质还没有被掌握”符合题意，故本题正确答案为C项。4.词汇题。将the la Brea Tar Pits定位到原文最后一段， 由后文信息Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.可知，这些沥青坑位于洛杉矶，里面存放着一长串史前动物的遗骸，这些动物前来调查，但从未离开过这个地区。由此可知，这些沥青坑是那些想要问问题的人的陷阱。故本题正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了多年来，我们对什么是领导以及谁能行使领导职能的看法发生了很大变化；第二段虽然我们对领导力的认识有了更进一步的认识，但是这样的研究还远远不够；最后两段讲了关于领导力的解释五花八门，但这些解释都不充分且互相抵触，许多理论都只是暂时的，经不住时间的考验。由此可知，文章主要阐述的是对于领导力的理论不一致，故本题正确答案为D项。8. 单选题（ ） that night. the union government would have been overthrown.问题1选项A.If he were assassinatedB.Were he assassinatedC.He had been assassinatedD.Had he been assassinated【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。在if虚拟条件句中，如果是对过去情况的虚拟，则条件从句中谓语动词用过去完成时，主句用would/could/should+have+动词过去分词形式。如果虚拟条件句中有were，had或should，则可以将if省略，将这几个词提到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。句意：如果他那天晚上被暗杀，那么联邦政府可能就已经被推翻了。故本题正确答案为D。9. 单选题Over a third of the population was estimated to have no（ ）to the health service问题1选项A.assessmentB.accessC.assignmentD.exception【答案】B【解析】考查词组的固定搭配。A选项assessment表示“评定，估价”；B选项access表示“进入，通道，机会”；C选项assignment表示“分配，任务”；D选项exception表示“例外，异议”。词组have access to可表示“使用，接近，可以利用”，其余3项不可与have构成搭配。句意：估计有超过三分之一的人口没有享受到医疗服务。因此本题正确答案为B选项。10. 单选题The innocent child objected to（ ） like this.问题1选项A.treatingB.be treatedC.have been treatedD.being treated【答案】D【解析】考察固定搭配。object to 后面要接doing，因此to在这里是介词。根据前后文可知这些无辜的孩子是“被对待”，所以要用被动语态，因此选项D符合题意。句意：那些无辜的孩子反对被这样对待。11. 单选题Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, come from one sourcecrude oil found below the earths surface as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the earths surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earths interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source of pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in42-gallon barrels.Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but those are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residue fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.1.Which of the following is NOT true?2.Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible because （ ）.3.Which of the following is true?4.How is crude oil brought to the surface?5.Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oil?问题1选项A.Crude oil is found below land and water.B.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.C.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.D.A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.问题2选项A.the petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearanceB.complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structureC.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positionsD.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes molecular transformation问题3选项A.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.B.Heating and condensation produce the various products.C.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products.D.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the various products.问题4选项A.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.B.Pressure and pumping.C.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.D.Expansion and contraction of the earths surface.问题5选项A.Distillate oil.B.Gas