2022年考博英语-大连工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第100期

2022年考博英语-大连工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Wealthy nations have fallen far behind on their aid（ ）to the worlds poor.问题1选项A.commitmentsB.engagementsC.responsibilitiesD.applications【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。A选项commitment“承诺，保证”；B选项engagement“约会，诺言”；C选项responsibility“责任，职责”；D选项application“应用，申请”。句意：富裕国家在对援助世界穷国的责任方面远远落后。选项C符合句意。2. 单选题The（ ）of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.问题1选项A.originB.generationC.descentD.cause【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。A选项origin“起源”；B选项generation“产生”；C选项descent“下降”；D选项cause“原因”。句意：这个词的起源尚不清楚，但肯定不是来自希腊语。选项A符合句意。3. 单选题In general , the（ ）amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total for living expenses.问题1选项A.acceptableB.advisableC.availableD.applicable【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项acceptable“可接受的”；B选项advisable“明智的”；C选项available“可获得的”；D选项applicable“可应用的”。句意：一般来说，学生在住房上的花费应控制在可支配的生活费的五分之一以内。available其后常接介词for或to构成形容词短语，作后置定语。所以选项C正确。4. 单选题Excellent films are those which（ ）national and cultural barriers.问题1选项A.transcendB.traverseC.abolishD.suppress【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。A选项transcend“胜过，超越”；B选项traverse“穿过；C选项 abolish“废除，取消”；D选项suppress“抑制”。句意：优秀的电影是那些超越国家和文化障碍的电影。选项A符合句意。5. 单选题To ensure its sustained progress in economy, the government has （ ）a series of policies.问题1选项A.reservedB.issuedC.deliveredD.expressed【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。A选项reserve“预定”；B选项issue“发行”；C选项deliver“交付”；D选项express“表达”。句意：为保证经济的持续发展，政府出台了一系列政策。选项B更符合语境，所以正确。6. 单选题There are several possible explanation for the greater job（ ）in Japan in contrast to the great job mobility in the United State.问题1选项A.sensitivityB.creativityC.stabilityD.security【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项sensitivity“敏感性”；B选项creativity“创造性”；C选项stability“稳定性”；D选项security“安全性”。句意：日本工作的稳定性和美国工作的流动性形成对比，对此有几种可能的解释。根据下文的关键词“mobility”可知，选项C正确。7. 单选题This diploma is important, which（ ）that you have completed high school.问题1选项A.amplifiesB.certifiesC.clarifiesD.magnifies【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。A选项amplify“放大，扩大”；B选项certify“证明”；C选项clarify“澄清，阐明”；D选项magnify“赞美，夸大”。句意：这个文凭很重要，它能证明你已经完成高中学业。选项B符合句意。8. 单选题The train came to a/an （ ） stop, making many passengers fall off their seats.问题1选项A.hastyB.incidentalC.swiftD.abrupt【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项hasty“草率的，匆忙的”；B选项incidental“偶然的”；C选项swift“迅速的，敏捷的”；D选项abrupt“突然的”。句意：火车突然停了下来，许多乘客从座位上摔了下来。选项D更符合语境。9. 单选题It is often difficult to（ ）between a mere exaggeration and a deliberately lying.问题1选项A.disguiseB.cultivateC.originateD.discriminate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项disguise“掩饰，隐瞒”；B选项cultivate“培养”；C选项originate“引起，创作”；D选项discriminate“区别，辨别”。句意：人们常常很难区分纯粹夸张和故意撒谎。选项D符合语境。10. 单选题As a lawyer（ ）for his good judgment and eloquence, he is often invited to those grand banquets and meets those distinguished people from all circles.问题1选项A.notoriousB.notableC.nastyD.notified【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项notorious“声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”；B选项notable“显著的，著名的”；C选项nasty“极差的，恶意的”；D选项notified“通知”。句意：作为一个以良好的判断力和口才著称的律师，他经常被邀请参加那些盛大的宴会，会见来自各界的杰出人士。选项B符合句意。11. 单选题A product is to be regarded as being （ ）when introduced into another country at less than its normal value.问题1选项A.dischargedB.discardedC.disposedD.dumped【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项discharged“排出，卸货”；B选项discarded“丢弃，废弃”；C选项disposed“处理，配置”；D选项dumped“倾销，抛售”。句意：当一种产品以低于正常价值的价格引进另一个国家时，就被视为倾销。选项D更符合语境。12. 翻译题Translate the following paragraph into English.中国发展已经取得了巨大的成就，但我们清楚地认识到，中国还是最大的发展中国家，人均国内生产总值(per capita GDP)在世界排名不高，科技水平与发达国家有较大差距。经济正在进行提质增效，但仍然存在着很多制约发展的体制和机制(systemic and institutional) 障碍。中国要实现更大更好的发展，到21世纪中叶进入中等发达国家行列，关键是坚持走改革创新之路，进一步解放思想，把人民群众的创造潜能充分激发出来，使整个社会充满生机活力，形成支撑发展源源不断的动力。【答案】China has made great achievements in its development. But we are fully aware that China is still the largest developing country. Its per capita GDP is not high in the world ranking, and its level of science and technology lags far behind that of developed countries. The economy is improving in quality and efficiency, but there are still systemic and institutional obstacles to development. To achieve greater and better development and join the ranks of medium-developed countries by the middle of the 21st century, the key for China is to stay on the path of reform and innovation, further emancipate the mind, fully unleash the creative potential of the people, invigorate the whole society, and create a steady stream of driving force for development.13. 单选题Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals.Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a small stone as a hammer. Stones suitable or use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil. The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose. To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves.Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey.Tools may also be used for defense. Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies. Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they （ ）.3.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch?4.According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by（ ）.问题1选项A.Primates are superior to other animals in using tools.B.The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species.C.Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals.D.Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools.问题2选项A.use tools to gather foodB.use more than one tool to accomplish a taskC.transport tools from one place to anotherD.hide their tools from other animals问题3选项A.It uses its break as a weapon against its enemies.B.It uses the same twig to look for food in different trees.C.It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest.D.It avoids areas where cactus grows.问题4选项A.attacking the octopus with their clawsB.using stones as weaponsC.defending themselves with sea anemonesD.hiding under sea plants【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章讨论的主要问题是”。文章第一段提到动物使用工具，主要是灵长类，但也有其他一些哺乳动物、鸟类等；第二段提到很多种类的动物使用工具来捕捉食物；第三段提到有些动物使用工具来挖洞或者找昆虫；最后一段提到动物使用工具来攻击。由此可知选项D“许多动物开发了工具的有效使用方式”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章，象牙海岸的黑猩猩是最引人注目的动物工具使用者，因为”。文章第二段提到“它们选择一块大而平的石头做砧板，另一块小一点的石头当锤子，有时候会推着坚果走到超过40米外的地方找合适的砧板”（They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer, sometimes carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil），由此可知选项B“使用不止一种工具来完成任务”符合题意。3.判断推理题。题目问的是“下面哪个选项可以从文章中推断出啄木鸟的行为”。文章第三段最后一句话提到“啄木鸟会带着它的细枝在树木之间飞来飞去”（Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey），可以推断出啄木鸟这么做是为了找虫子，选项B符合题意。4.细节判断题。题目问的是“根据文章内容可知，研究发现寄居蟹能够把章鱼赶走是通过”。文章第四段提到“寄居蟹用钳子抓住海葵作武器赶跑敌人”（Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies），选项C符合题意。14. 单选题The doctor told the students that a(n) （ ） disease was one that could be passed from one person to another.问题1选项A.effectiveB.infectiousC.coherentD.inherent【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项effective“有效的，起作用的”；B选项infectious“传染的”；C选项coherent“连贯的，一致的”；D选项inherent“固有的，内在的”。句意：医生告诉学生传染病是一种可以从一个人传染给另一个人的疾病。infectious disease意为“传染病”，所以选项B正确。15. 单选题When Steven finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, everyone present was（ ）.问题1选项A.smuggledB.startledC.appealedD.stabilized【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。A选项smuggle“走私，偷运”；B选项startle“使惊奇，使吓一跳”；C选项appeal“呼吁”；D选项stabilize“使稳固，使安定”。句意：当史蒂文30天后终于从山洞里出来时，在场的人都吓了一跳。选项B符合句意。16. 单选题The school has been （ ）as the meeting place for the evening art club.问题1选项A.designedB.designatedC.divertedD.diagnosed【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。A选项design“设计，构思”；B选项designate“指定，指派”；C选项 divert“转移”；D选项diagnose“诊断”。句意：这所学校被指定为晚间艺术俱乐部的会址。选项B符合句意。17. 单选题Most of the rubbish that we usually（ ）of can be recycled.问题1选项A.disposedB.dischargeC.dispatchD.dissolve【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。A选项dispose“处理，安排”；B选项discharge“释放”；C选项dispatch“派遣”；D选项dissolve“溶解”。句意：我们通常处理的大部分垃圾都可以回收利用。选项A更符合语境。18. 单选题After his recovery from illness, he is determined to（ ）hat he had been doing to attain the goal.问题1选项A.assumeB.consumeC.presumeD.resume【答案】D【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项assume“承担”；B选项consume“消耗，挥霍”；C选项presume“假定，推测”；D选项resume“（中断后）重新开始，继续”。句意：他病好后，决心继续为实现目标而努力。选项D符合语境。19. 单选题Various innovations have been introduced as ways to break off our system which forces students through a serious of identical classrooms in which teachers do most of the talking and students have little opportunity to respond. Among these innovations are team teaching and teaching aides, non-graded elementary and secondary schools, independent study, curricula focused on helping students discover things for themselves rather than on trying to tell them everything, and schools designed for maximum flexibility so that students can work alone, or in small groups, or take part in large-group instruction via diverse media. The aim of all these innovations is to adapt instruction more precisely to the needs of each individual student. Many people who have a strong dislike to organizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new technology into the schools and colleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigid. The vast differences in the ways students learn are disregarded when they are taught the same thing, in the same way, at the same time. There is no escaping the evidence that many students themselves feel little enthusiasm and even outright hostility for the present way schools and colleges are organized and instruction is handled. Many of them resent technology, but what they object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large number of students. Or it is programming which merely reproduces conventional classroom responds and learns, reaching new plateaus from which to climb to higher levels of understanding. Technological media can store information until it is needed or wanted. They can distribute it over distances to reach the students where he happens to be. They can present the information to the student through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in many ways. In short, the students opportunities for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional technology. All the available resources for instruction, including the teachers, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning.1.The author is mainly concerned with （ ）.2.It can be inferred from the article that a good educational system must （ ）.3.The negative reactions of students to technology are the result of（ ）.4.All of the following are mentioned as a capability are the result of（ ）.问题1选项A.providing the possibility for students to take the courses they wantB.making technology an active tool in the schoolC.relieving the teacher from routine dutiesD.meeting the needs of each student问题2选项A.not depend on teachersB.make use of varying methods of teachingC.place a renewed emphasis on scienceD.not organize their instruction问题3选项A.unknown factorsB.a general hostility toward educationC.its misuseD.its newness in the schools问题4选项A.make it easier for students to obtain needed informationB.provide many ways of teaching the same thingC.make learning easy and funD.provide students with enrollment exam【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据原文第三句“The aim of all these innovations is to adapt instruction more precisely to the needs of each individual student. 所有这些创新的目的是调整教学使之更加精确来适应每个学生的需要。”由此可知，作者最关心的是满足每个学生的需求。选项D正确。2.判断推理题。根据原文最后一句“All the available resources for instruction, including the teachers, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning. 所有可用的教学资源，包括教师，可以共同努力，为最大限度地有效学习创造条件。”由此可推测，选项B正确。3.细节事实题。根据原文第七句“Many of them resent technology, but what they object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large number of students. 他们（学生）中的许多人讨厌技术，但他们反对的通常是技术被用作处理大量学生的手段。”也就是说，大多数学生反对技术是因为技术被错误的使用，所以选项C正确。4.细节事实题。根据原文后半部分“They can present the information to the student through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in many ways. In short, the students opportunities for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional technology. 它们（技术）可以通过各种判断把信息呈现给学生。它们可以给学生机会，以多种方式对事物作出反应。总之，学生的学习机会可以通过使用广泛的教学技术来增加和提高。”由此可知，只有选项D没有提及，所以本题选D。20. 单选题It goes without saying that people who refuse to（ ）with the law will be punished.问题1选项A.concealB.consentC.abideD.comply【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项conceal“隐藏，隐瞒”；B选项consent“同意，准许”；C选项abide“忍受”；D选项comply“遵守”。句意：不言而喻，拒绝遵守法律的人将受到惩罚。comply with意为“遵守”，所以选项D正确。